furnish their only food, and this they prepare by simply mixing toge ther a little flour and water, which they swallow without any further process; if water fails them, they supply its place with the urine of their camels, and, in fact, can resist the strongest calls of hunger and thirst for many days.

In war, they face danger and death with all the intrepidity which fanaticism inspires; and if to these physical and moral qualities, were united a knowledge of regular military tactics and discipline, we might regard them as almost invincible, and nothing could save all Asia from their yoke. Whilst they could invade, according to their usual mode of warfare, the surrounding nations, their own desert plains, their barren mountains and valleys, parched by the burning sun, would effectually prevent an enemy from retaliating. Nature has surrounded their country with the strongest barriers; but even should the foe be successful, the Wahabis would abandon, without the least regret, their miserable habitations, and take refuge among places inaccessible to other men.

This immense tribe may be divided into three classes, the guezous, or military, the laborers, and artists. Some travellers have noticed their dislike to agriculture, but it is certain that they are not less addicted to it than the other inhabitants of the desert; they cultivate likewise a few mechanical arts, and the author of this memoir has seen specimens of their ingenuity in basket-work, in the manufactory of wool and cotton, and even in the use of iron and of copper, which proved them fully equal to the other Arabs.

Conscious of the horror with which most nations regard them on account of their cruelty, the Wahabis seldom address themselves to strangers, unless to purchase powder, lead, arms, or such other articles as their own country does not afford, and then they borrow the character of Eguellis, or Muntefiks. Turkish and Hungarian coin, Venetian Sequins, and Spanish patachs, are generally in use among them; they have besides a particular kind of copper money, established by Ebn Sehoud.

Until the year 1801, no measures were adopted to check the alarming progress of these new sectaries by the Ottoman government; at last, Suleiman, Pasha of Bagdad, received an order to attack them, and a combined army of Turks and Arabs, under Ali Kiaya, penetrated, although with much loss and considerable difficulty, into the district of Lahsa, but Abdalaziz, the Wahabi Chief, having bribed Shawi-zadeh, the principal adviser of Ali Kiaya, this Musulman General retreated to Bagdad at the moment when he might have triumphed over his enemies; the treason, however, was soon discovered, and when Ali Kiaya became Pacha himself, Shawi-zadeh was put to death. A few months after this retreat of Ali Kiaya, the ferocious Wahabis surprised and pillaged Imam Hussein, where they perpetrated the most horrible cruelties; they also demolished the chapel which contained the tombs of Ali's sons, so venerated by all Persians, and returned to Drehyeh with two hundred camels bearing their immense booty.

This occurrence spread consternation all over Bagdad, and at

Tehran, (the capital of Persia,) whence Feth Ali Shah wrote a letter of reproach to Suleiman Pasha, and threatened that he would send an army of his own Persians to exterminate those new enemies of the Musulman religion. The Pasha, in reply, assured his Majesty, that he would be more vigilant in future, and act with unremitting activity against the common foe; yet Abdalaziz every day became more formidable, and extended his dominion over many towns which the fate of Imam Hussein deterred from opposition.

These successes encouraged the Wahabis to greater achievements, and the severest wound which could be inflicted on the Mahomedan faith, was the surrender of Mecca, the holy city; where, as the inhabitants had not resisted, their lives were spared, with the exception of twenty Sheikhs, who had publicly declaimed against the new religion. The Wahabis were induced, on this occasion, to act with less cruelty than usual, by the respect which they entertain, as we before mentioned, for the Caaba. In the midst of this successful career, Abdalaziz was assassinated, (November 13, 1803,) by a Persian, who had lost his three sons in the massacre at Imam Hussein, and from a desire of revenge had assumed the character of a Wahabi he was burnt alive, but the Musulmans, who regard him as a holy martyr, declare that the flames not having deprived him of life, he was delivered to an executioner, and suffered decapitation.

Sehoud was proclaimed successor to his father Abdalaziz, by the unanimous suffrages of the Wahabis, and he continues to preserve amongst them such a spirit of religious fanaticism, and ambition of conquest, as not only renders them a terror to bordering nations, but seems to insure them the universal monarchy of Asia. In the mean time, their respect for the English will be sufficiently evinced by the following anecdote :-Some Wahabis of the desert having intercepted a messenger from Mr. Manesty, the British agent at Bassora, detained one of his letters; this gentleman complained of the insult, and demanded satisfaction in a high tone. The Sheikh exerted himself to discover the guilty person, and having found him, cut off his head, then dipped his hand in the unfortunate Wahabi's blood, impressed his sanguinary fingers on the letter, and sent it to Mr. Manesty, desiring him to consider the marks which it exhibited as proofs of his attachment, and of his promptness in punishing the culprit.

During the year 1806, several of those pious Musulmans, who formed the caravan of Hajis, or pilgrims, on their way to Mecca, were massacred by the Wahabis; these sectaries levied a heavy contribution on those whom they suffered to live and broke the sacred mahmel, or box, containing the Grand Signior's offerings to the tomb of Mohammed, a circumstance regarded by the Turks at Aleppo as portending the fall of Musulmanism. The few pilgrims who were permitted to enter Mecca, had the mortification of finding all the Mosques destroyed, the exterior ceremonies of their worship abolished, and the ministers of their holy religion exterminated; the Caaba alone remained uninjured.

Medina has since become a prey to these fanatics, and although they have experienced occasional repulses, yet there is reason to apprehend that Syria and Mesopotamia will also yield to their power. Bagdad,

Bassora, Mousul, Aleppo, and Damascus, the principal cities of those provinces, however fortified they may be, cannot long resist the overwhelming torrent; for although the Wahabis never think of besieging a place according to the rules of military art, yet by plundering the villages, stripping all caravans, and preventing all means of obtaining relief or provisions; their enterprises are generally rendered successful.

In 1807, the town of Ana, situated on the River Euphrates, was sacked by the Wahabis, who destroyed by fire and sword, not only the place, but most of the male inhabitants, carrying off immense booty, and a great number of women and children, whom they keep as slaves.

NOTICE OF

ANIMADVERSIONES IN JUVENALIS SATIRAS, SIVE CENSURA EDITIONUM RUPERTIANARUM, AUCTORE J. R. AUG. HEINECKE, Halis Sax. 1804. Octavo, pp. 108.

THE Student, who wishes to make himself a master of Juvenal, will find it worth his while to pay some attention to these few pages, which successfully illustrate many a difficult passage in this popular, but obscure author. They will at the same time enable our readers to make a proper estimate of Ruperti's edition, which has always appcared to us to enjoy a higher reputation than its merits ought to have secured to it, partly from the pompous recommendation of its own utility and pretensions by the Author himself, partly from the circumstance of its being a bulky volume, which seems to contain every thing valuable in the preceding commentators, and partly from the circumstance of its being published by one of the Germans, upon whose industry, learning, and knowledge of their subject, we are accustomed to rely, and especially by a man, who had been previously introduced to our notice. The Clarendon-Press, by the recent republication of Ruperti's own epitome (with but few additions and alterations) in one volume octavo, has made our countrymen more familiar with Ruperti's work, and we are therefore the more auxious to put the Student upon his guard. Conformably to the plan, which we have adopted in our sketch of Kuster's Edition of Xenophon's Economics, we shall cite the whole Preface with the introductory stricture, and then make some other extracts from the Work, without any comments, to prove the

truth of our opinion with respect to Ruperti's merits as a Critic and a commentator, and with respect to the worth of our Author's own observations:

LECTORI ÆQUO ET ERUDITO.

Triennium fere est, quum in colligenda materia ad grammaticam Latinam, qua scribo, argenteæ, quam vocant, ætatis scriptores, excutere inciperem. Mox ad Juvenalem accessi, quippe qui primum poëtas mihi tractandos sumerem, eumque jam aliquanto ante lectum accuratius cognoscere studui,, adhibitis omnibus commentariis, quotquot nancisci possem, ut etiam ex his congererem, quæcunque ad grammaticam linguæ Latinæ rationem pertinerent. Sed statim in initio lectionis animadverti, quantum ii, qui ad Juvenalem édendum accessere, futuro editori reliquissent elaborandum, talique modo enata est cupido novæ editionis paranda. Sepositis igitur tantisper aliis laboribus totum me Juvenali dedi, ut justam familiaritateni cum eo contraherem, et cum omnibus scriptoribus, quos aliquid ad Juvenalem sive emendandum, sive illustrandum facturos, arbitrabar. Postulari id par est ab unoquoque editore, maxime si Critici partes agere velit. Sed parum hoc adbuc factum est ab editoribus Juvenalis. Loquar tantum de recentioribus. Henninius maxime hoc nomine meritus est de Juvenale quod ea, quæ hic, illic, ad Juvenalem illustrandum scripta essent, in unum corpus colligeret; ipse de suo pauca admodum bona addidit. Post Henninii labores pauci inventi sunt, qui Juvenali operam suam dicarent. Tandem exortus est cl. Rupertius, qui in præfatione, suæ editionis, quam anno 1801 cum docto et indocto orbe communicavit, multa et egregia promittit, et id se præstare voluisse testatur, ut qui suam editionem haberent, ceterarum evolvendarum cura supersedere possent. Sed quod pace viri cl. dixerim, rem longe aliter inveni. Inutiles conjecturæ, quarum vix una probanda, multi errores in interpretando ubique apparent; ut breviter dicam, nulli fere loco difficiliori lux ailata est. Quod judicium ne cui iniquum videatur, speciminis loco censuram editionis Rupertianæ agere institui. Jam quum nuper nova editio Satirici a cl. Rupertio parata prodiit, et hujus rationem habebo. Quamquam non ita multum a majore differt, et omnia vitia hic iterum invenias; animadversiones tantum in epitomen redactæ. Neque tamen in eo solum acquiescam, ut cl. Rupertium et superiores editores corrigam, sed etiam sub examen revocabo, si qua alia ad Juvenalem illustrandum scripta a cl. R. haud notata sunt. Molestum sane scribendi genus, quod in aliorum erroribus refutandis versatur, sed solo veritatis amore hunc laborem suscepi, sine ira et studio, quorum caussas procul habeo.

Scrip. Halis. d. 1. Jun. 1804.

Cl. Rupertius in præfatione consilium, quod in hac editione secutus sit, copiose exponit, i. e. præfationem, quæ Siliano carmini præfixa est, ad verbum fere repetiit. In hoc certe impedire potuit, ne libri moles nimis augeretur, nam ea semel legisse satis erat. Sed aliter visum viro docto, siquidem in præfationé ad minorem e nitionem eadem fere recoxit. Inde factum est, ut verba cl. Heynii in præf. Virg. quater legenda sint, apud eum ipsum, ad Silium, et bis ad Juvenalem.

Vix, puto, ipse vir doctus tantum pretium statuit verbis suis. Sed hæe verbo notasse sufficiat. Duplex editoris officium est. Alterum consistit. textu constituendo; alterum in interpretando. Ad integritatem textus restituendam requiruntur codd. MSS. et veteres editiones. In his colligendis felicissimus fuit cl. R. quippe qui tum veteres editiones, tum codd. MSS. undique nactus sit, ut merito gloriari possit nulli superiorum editorum tantam copiam ad manum fuisse. In his subsidiis sunt quoque conjecturæ Schraderi, ut hune potissimum nominem, quæ ex margine editionis Hennini eorrasæ satis magno numero ad el. R. venere. Sed ex his conjecturis vix una alterave tanto viro digna est, Maximam partem, aut Herbell qui misit, aut el. R. melius suppressissent, quod Schraderumi fecisse, si suas conjecturas ei retractare licuisset, mihi persuasum est. Ex MSS. et edd. cl. R. collegit varr. leett. easque sub textu posuit. Utilem sane navavit operam, sed in eo reprehendendam, quod et manifesta vitia enotavit. Nonne ridiculum est hujusmodi var. lec. offerre? Sat. 1, 61. pro Automedon, Autumedon, Authimeden, Autromedow. Sat. 2, 6. pro Pittaeon, Pictacon, Pyctacon, ibidem 92, pro Cecropiam, Cetropeam, Cyetopiam, et pro Ciytto, Coeyton. Sat. 3, 103. pro Endromidem, andromydem, andromedem, andromadem; ibidem 184. pro Cossum, Quossum, Quonssum ; ibidem 217. pro Euphranoris, Eufrinoris, Efranoris, et pro Polycleti Polydreti, Pollideti, Polludeti, Pollicheo. Sat. 6. 110. pro Hyacinthos, Ja cinctos, Jyacinetos, Zacynthos. Sed satis est nugarum. Facile consentientem in his quæ dixi habebo cl. R., quum ipse acerbe ejusmodi laborem vituperet in præf. min. edit. p. 11. Rudem et indigestam congerunt molema variarum lectionum," (loquitur de Criticis maxime Batavis) "vel potius, longe maximam certe partem, quisquiliarum sordiumque monachicarum, quibus librariorum tam stupor, tum negligentia inquimavit antiquas editiones et codices MSS. qui pæne omnes sunt recentes et vix digni, in quibus excutiendis conferendisque oleum et operami perdas." Multa loca ex fide codd. MSS. se correxisse ait, aliorumique qualicunque ingenio suo emendandorum periculum fecisse, neque tamen conjecturas suas in textum recepisse, nisi ubi vulgata plane inepta esset, et quisque eas probaret, qui rei criticæ usum haberet et linguam Latinam probe calleret, Praf. ad Silium p. 75, ad Juvenal. p. 29. et min. ed. p. 18. Designatæ maximam partem conjecturæ sunt Præf. p. 28. sed, quod jam monui, ex omnibus his conjecturis vix una probari potest. Ommes fere probant editorem neque rei critica usum habuisse, neque lingua Latinam satis callere. Sæpius ludere videtur, v. c. Sat. 14. 316. seqq

Mensura tamen quæ
Sufficiat census, si quis me corsulat, edam:

In quantum sitis, atque fames et frigora poscunt.

Hie in var. lect. annotatur: "En quantum suspicari possis, at vide Comment." Et in commentario hæc loquendi ratio illustratur. Sed quid opus est conjectura, si in quantum bene se habet, quod non solum argenteæ ætatis scriptoribus, sed etiam aureæ frequentatum, docet magnus Ruhnkenius ad Vellei. 1.9.