it was on his recommendation that it was introduced into that country. He also made large natural history collections, not only of the productions of the country round Saharunpoor, but also of the valley of Kashmir and the countries to the north of it, exploring at the same time the glacier on the southern flank of the Muztagh range, and the great glaciers of Arindoh and of the Braldoh valley. He was compelled by illness to leave India in 1842, and during his stay in England, besides reading various papers on his discoveries before several learned societies, he occupied himself with the classification and arrangement of the Indian fossils presented to the British Museum and East India House, chiefly by himself and Captain Cautley. In 1848 he was appointed superintendent of the Calcutta botanical garden, and professor of botany in the medical college; and on entering on his duties he was at once employed by the Indian Government and the Agricultural and Horticultural Society as their adviser on all matters connected with the vegetable products of India. Being compelled by the state of his health to leave India in 1855, he spent the remainder of his life chiefly in examining fossil species in England and the Continent corresponding to those which he had discovered in India. In the course of his researches he became interested in the question of the antiquity of the human race, and actually commenced a work on " 'Primeval Man," which, however, he was not spared to finish. He died 31st January, 1865. He was a member of many learned societies, both British and foreign. Shortly after his death a committee was formed for the promotion of a "Falconer Memorial." This took the shape of a marble bust, which was placed in the rooms of the Royal Society of London, and of a Falconer scholarship of the annual value of £100, open for competition to graduates in science or medicine of the university of Edinburgh. Dr. Falconer's botanical notes, with 450 colored drawings of Kashmir and Indian plants, have been deposited in the library at Kew, and his Paleontological Memoirs and Notes, comprising all his papers read before learned societies, have been edited, with a biographical sketch, by Charles Murchison, M.D., London, 1868. FALCONER, WILLIAM, our greatest naval poet,-Charles Dibdin taking rank as second,- -was born in Edinburgh, February 11, 1732. His father was a wig-maker, and car ried on business in one of the small shops with wooden fronts at the Netherbow Port, an antique castellated structure which remained till 1764, dividing High Street from the Canongate. The old man, who is described as a sort of humorist, was unfortunate. Of his three children two were deaf and dumb; he became bankrupt, then tried business as a grocer, and finally died in extreme poverty. William, the son, having received a scanty education, was put to sea. He served on board a Leith merchant vessel, and in his eighteenth year was fortunate enough to obtain the appointment of second mate of the "Britannia," a vessel employed in the Levant trade, and sailed from Alexandria for Venice. The "Britannia" was overtaken by a dreadful storm off Cape Colonna and was wrecked, only three of the crew being saved. Falconer was happily one of the three, and the incidents of the voyage and its disastrous termination formed the subject of his poem of The Shipwreck. "In all Attica," says Byron, "if we except Athens itself and Marathon, there is no scene more interesting than Cape Colonna. To the antiquary and artist, sixteen columns are an inexhaustible source of observation and design; to the philosopher the supposed scene of Plato's conversations will not be unwelcome; and the traveller will be struck with the beauty of the prospect over 'isles that crown the Egean deep.' But for an Englishman Colonna has yet an additional interest, as the actual spot of Falconer's Shipwreck. Pallas and Plato are forgotten in the recollection of Falconer and Campbell 'Here in the dead of night, by Lonna's steep, The seaman's cry was heard along the deep.'' After the wreck of the "Britannia" and his return to England, Falconer, in his nineteenth year, appeared as a poet. He printed at Edinburgh an elegy on Frederick, prince of Wales,-a puerile inflated performance, and afterwards contributed short pieces to the Gentleman's Magazine. Some of these descriptive and lyrical effusions possess merit. The fine naval song of The Storm ("Cease, rude Boreas"), reputed to be by George Alexander Stevens, the dramatic writer and lecturer, has been ascribed to Falconer, but apparently on no authority. It is foreign to his usual style. Had he been the author he would assuredly have claimed it. Falconer continued in the merchant service until the spring of 1762, when he gained the patronage of Edward, duke of York, by dedicating to him his poem of The Shipwreck, which appeared in May of that year, "printed for the author." The duke advised him to enter the royal navy, and before the end of summer the poet-sailor was rated as a midshipman on board the "Royal George." But as this ship was paid off at the peace of 1763, and as Falconer's period of service had been too short to enable him to obtain the commission of lieutenant, he was advised to exchange the military for the civil department of the navy, and in the course of the same year he received an appointment as purser of the "Glory" frigate, a situation which he held until that vessel was laid up on ordinary at Chatham. In 1764 he published a new edition of The Shipwreck, corrected and enlarged, and printed, not for the author, as in the former instance, but for Andrew Millar, the publisher of Hume and Robertson, and whoin Johnson called the Maecenas of the age. About nine hundred lines were added to this new edition of the poem, including what may be termed its character-painting and elaborated description and episodes. In the same year, 1764, Falconer published a political satire, a virulent rhyming tirade against Wilkes and Churchill, entitled The Demagogue; and in 1769 appeared his Universal Marine Dictionary, an elaborate and valuable work. While engaged on this dictionary, Mr. Murray, a bookseller in Fleet Street, father of Byron's munificent publisher and correspondent, wished him to join him as a partner in business. The poet declined the offer, probably because his dictionary was then near completion, and he might reasonably anticipate from its publication some favorable naval appointment. He did receive this reward; he was appointed purser of the "Aurora" frigate, which had been commissioned to carry out to India certain supervisors or superintendents of the East India Company. Besides his nomination as purser, Falconer was promised the post of private secretary to the commissioners. Before sailing he published a third edition of his Shipwreck, which had again undergone "correction," but not improvement. Mr. Stanier Clarke conceived that the poet, in his agitation and joy on being appointed to the Aurora," had neglected this edition, and left the last alterations to his friend Mallet; but Mallet had then been more than four years in his grave, and Falconer, in the "advertisement" which he prefixed to the volume, and which is dated from Somerset House, October 1, 1769, said he had been encouraged by the favorable reception the poem had met with to give it "a strict and thorough revision." The day after this announcement the poet sailed in the "Aurora" from Spithead. The vessel arrived safely at the Cape of Good Hope, and having passed a fortnight there, left on the 27th of December. She was never more heard of, having, as is supposed, foundered at sea. The captain was a stranger to the navigation, and had obstinately persisted in proceeding by the Mozambique Channel instead of stretching as usual into the Indian Ocean south of Madagascar. Every commander of a vessel, as Fielding has remarked, claims absolute dominion in his little wooden world, and in too many instances shows the dangerous consequences of absolute power. Thus miserably perished William Falconer in the thirtyHis fame rests on his poem cf seventh year of his age. The Shipwreck, and rests securely. In that work he did not aspire to produce a great effect by a few bold touches, or the rapid and masterly grouping of appalling or horrible circumstances. He labors in detail, bringing before us the events as they arise, and conducting us with an interest constantly increasing towards the catastrophe. Such a tremendous picture of shipwreck as that which Byron has, in wild sportiveness, thrown out in Don Juan, immeasurably transcends the powers of Falconer, and, indeed, stands alone in its terrible sublimity; but, on the other hand, the naval poet, by the truth and reality of his descriptions, ultimately impresses the mind of the reader, if not with such vivid force, perhaps with even more enduring effect. Some of the classic invocations to the shores of Greece, and some descriptive passages, are a little tawdry, but the grand incidents of the poem are never forgotten. The personification of the ship in its last struggles is sublime as well as affecting, and the reader's anxiety and sympathy with the prin cipal characters and the hapless crew never slumber. Nor are the technical expressions and directions a drawback to the general reader. They are explained in footnotes, and give a truth and reality to the narrative; and they do not occur in the more, impassioned scenes. (R. CA.) FALCONET, ÉTIENNE MAURICE (1716-1791), a French sculptor, was born at Paris in 1716. His parents were poor, and he was at first apprenticed to a carpenter, but some of his clay-figures, with the making of which he occupied his leisure hours, having attracted the notice of Lemoine, that sculptor made him his pupil. While diligently prosecuting his profession he found time to study Greek and Latin, and also wrote several brochures on art, in which many names both ancient and modern of great reputation are treated in a remarkably disparaging way. His artistic productions are characterized by the same defects as his writings, for though manifesting considerable cleverness and some power of imagination, they display in many cases a false and fantastic taste, the result most probably of an excessive striving after originality. One of his most successful statues was one of Milo of Crotona, which secured his admission to the membership of the Academy of Fine Arts. Many of his works, being placed in churches, were destroyed at the time of the French Revolution. At the invitation of the empress Catherine he went to St. Petersburg, where he executed a colossal statue of Peter the Great in bronze. On his return to Paris in 1788 he became director of the French Academy of Painting. He died 4th January, 1791. Among his writings are Réflexions sur la sculpture (Par. 1768), and Observations sur la statue de Marc Aurèle (Par. 1771). The whole were collected under the title of Euvres littéraires (6 vols., Lausanne, 1781-82; 3 vols., Paris, 1787). FALCONRY, the art of employing falcons and hawks in the chase, a sport the practice of which is usually termed hawking. Falconry was for many ages of the Old World's history one of the principal sports. Probably it may be considered as having been always as purely a sport as it is at the present day; for even in the rudest times man must have been possessed of means and appliances for the capture of wild birds and beasts more effectual than the agency of hawks, notwithstanding the high state of efficiency to which, as we may still see, well-trained hawks may be brought. The antiquity of falconry is very great. It seems impossible to fix the exact period of its first appearance. There appears to be little doubt that it was practised in Asia at a very remote period, for which we have the concurrent testimony of various Chinese and Japanese works, some of the latter being most quaintly and yet spiritedly illustrated. It appears to have been known in China some 2000 years B.C., and the records of a King Wen Wang, who reigned over a province of that country 689 B.C., prove that the art was at that time in very high favor. In Japan it appears to have been known at least 600 years B.C., and probably at an equally early date in India, Arabia, Persia, and Syria. Sir A. H. Layard, as we learn from his work on Nineveh and Babylon, considers that in a bas-relief found by him in the ruins of Khorsabad "there appeared to be a alconer bearing a hawk on his wrist," from which it would ppear to have been known there some 1700 years B.C. In all the above-mentioned countries of Asia it is practised at the present day. Little is known of the early history of falconry in Africa, but from very ancient Egyptian carvings and drawings it seems to have been known there many ages ago. It was probably also in vogue in the countries of Morocco, Oran, Algiers, Tunis, and Egypt, at the same time as in Europe. The older writers on falconry, English and Continental, often mention Barbary and Tunisian falcons. It is still practised in Africa; the present writer has visited two hawking establishments in Egypt. Perhaps the oldest records of falconry in Europe are supplied by the writings of Pliny, Aristotle, and Martial. Although their notices of the sport are slight and somewhat vague, yet they are quite sufficient to show clearly that it was practised in their days-between the years 384 B.C. and 40 A.D. It was probably introduced into England from the Continent about 860 A.D., and from that time down to the middle of the 17th century falconry was followed with an ardor that perhaps no sport in our country has ever called forth, not even our grand national sport of fox-hunting. Stringent laws and enactments, notably in the reigns of William the Conqueror, Edward III., Henry VIII., and In Elizabeth, were passed from time to time in its interest. Falcons and hawks were allotted to degrees and orders of men according to rank and station,—for instance, to royalty the jerfalcons, to an earl the peregrine, to a yeoman the goshawk, to a priest the sparrow-hawk, and to a knave or servant the useless kestrel. The writings of Shakespeare furnish ample testimony to the high and universal estimation in which it was held in his days. About the middle of the 17th century falconry began to decline in England, to revive somewhat at the Restoration. It never, however, completely recovered its former favor, a variety of causes operating against it, such as enclosure of waste lands, agricultural improvements, and the introduction of fire-arms into the sporting field, till it fell, as a national sport, almost into oblivion. Yet it has never been even temporarily extinct, and it is still very successfully practised at the pres ent day. In Europe the game or quarry" at which hawks are flown consists of grouse (confined to the British Isles), blackgame, pheasants, partridges, quails, landrails, ducks, teal, woodcocks, snipes, herons, rooks, crows, gulls, magpies, jays, blackbirds, thrushes, larks, hares, and rabbits. former days geese, cranes, kites, ravens, and bustards were also flown at. Old German works make much mention of the use of the Iceland falcon for taking the great bustard, a flight scarcely alluded to by English writers. In Asia the list of quarry is longer, and, in addition to all the fore going, or their Asiatic representatives, various kinds of bustards, sand grouse, storks, ibises, spoonbills, pea-fowl, jungle-fowl, kites, vultures, and gazelles are captured by trained hawks. In Mongolia and Chinese Tartary, and among the nomad tribes of Central Asia, the sport still flourishes; and though some late accounts are not satis factory either to the falconer or the naturalist, yet they leave no doubt that a species of eagle is still trained in those regions to take large game, as antelopes and wolves. Mr. Atkinson, in his account of his travels in the country of the Amoor, makes particular mention of the sport, as does also Mr. Shaw in his work on Yarkand; and in a letter from the Yarkand embassy, under Mr. Forsyth, C. B., dated Camp near Yarkand, Nov. 27, 1873, the following passage occurs:-"Hawking appears also to be a favorite amusement, the golden eagle taking the place of the falcon or hawk. This novel sport seemed very successful." It is questionable whether the bird here spoken of is the golden eagle. In Africa gazelles are taken, and also partridges and wildfowl. The hawks used in England at the present time are the three great northern falcons, viz., the Greenland, Iceland, and Norway falcons, the peregrine falcon, the hobby, the merlin, the goshawk, and the sparrow-hawk. In former days the saker, the lanner, and the Barbary or Tunisian falcon were also employed. (See FALCON.) Of the foregoing the easiest to keep, most efficient in the field, and most suitable for general use at the present day are the peregrine falcon and the goshawk. In all hawks, the female is larger and more powerful than the male. Hawks are divided by falconers all over the world into two great classes. The first class comprises "falcons," "long-winged hawks," or "hawks of the lure," distinguished by Eastern falconers as "dark-eyed hawks." In these the wings are pointed, the second feather in the wing is the longest, and the irides are dark-brown. Merlins must, however, be excepted; and here it would seem that the Eastern distinction is the best, for though merlins are much more falcons than they are hawks, they differ from falcons in having the third feather in the wing the longest, while they are certainly "dark-eyed hawks." The second class is that of " hawks," "short-winged hawks," or "hawks of the fist," called by Eastern falconers "yellow (or rose) eyed hawks." In these the wings are rounded, the fourth feather is the longest in the wing, and the irides are yellow, orange, or deep-orange. The following glossary of the principal terms used in falconry may, with the accompanying woodcut, assist the reader in perusing this notice of the practice of the art. Useless or obsolete terms are omitted:Bate.-A hawk is said to "bate" when she flutters off from the fist, perch or block, whether from wildness, or for exercise, or in the attempt to chase. Bewits.-Straps of leather by which the bells are fastened to hawk's legs. Bind.-A hawk is said to "bind" when she seizes a bird in the air and clings to it. This term is properly only applied to the seizure of large quarry, taken at a height in the air. Block. The conical piece of wood, of the form of an inverted flower-pot, used for hawks to sit upon; for a peregrine it should be about 10 to 12 inches high, 5 to 6 in diameter at top, and 8 to 9 in diameter at base. Brail.-A thong of soft leather used to secure, when desirable, the wing of a hawk. It has a slit to admit the pinion joint, and the ends are tied together. Cadge.-The wooden frame on which hawks, when numerous, are carried to the field. Cadger.-The person who carries the cadge. Calling off.-Luring a hawk (see Lure) from the hand of an assistant at a distance for training or exercise is called "calling off." Carry. A hawk is said to "carry" when she flies away with the quarry on the approach of the falconer. Oast.-Two hawks which may be used for flying together are called a "cast." | Eyas.-A hawk which has been brought up from the nest is an "eyas." Eyry. The nest of a hawk. Foot.-A hawk is said to "foot" well or to be a "good footer" when she is successful in killing. Many hawks are very fine flyers without being "good footers." Frounce.-A disease in the mouth and throat of hawks. Get in.-To go up to a hawk when she has killed her quarry is to "get in." Hack. The state of partial liberty in which young hawks must always at first be kept-loose to fly about where they like, but punctually fed early in the morning and again in the day, to keep them from seeking food for themselves as long as possible. Haggard.-A wild-caught hawk in the adult plumage. Hood.-The cap of leather used for the purpose of blindfolding the hawk. (See woodcut.) Hoodshy.-A hawk is said to be "hoodshy" when she is afraid of, or resists, having her hood put on. Imping. The process of mending broken feathers is called "imping." (See 8 in cut.) 1. Hood; 2. Back view of hood, showing braces, a, a, b, b; by draw. ing the braces b, b, the hood, now open, is closed; 3. Rufter hood; 4. Imping-needle; 5. Jess; d is the space for the hawk's leg; the poin: and slit a, a, are brought round the leg and passed through slit b, after which the point c and slit c, and also the whole remaining length of jess, are pulled through slits a and b; c is the slit to which the upper ring of swivel is attached; 6. Hawk's leg with bell a, bewit b, jess c; 7. Jesses, swivel and leash; 8. Portion of first wing-feather of male peregrine falcon, "tiercel," half natural size in process of imping; a, the living hawk's feather; b, piece supplied from another tiercel, with the imping-needle e pushed half its length into it and ready to be pushed home into the living bird's feather. a Casting. The oblong or egg-shaped ball, consisting of feathers, | Pull bird other than the intended object of pursuit,-for in- Clutching. Taking the quarry in the feet as the short-winged Come to.-A hawk is said to "come to" when she begins to get tame. Coping.-Cutting the beak or talons of a hawk is called "coping." Crabbing.-Hawks are said to "crab" when they seize one another fighting. Creance.-A long line or string. Orop, to put away.-A hawk is said to "put away her orop" when the food passes out of the crop into the stomach. Deck-feathers.-The two centre tail-feathers. Imping-needle.-A piece of tough soft iron wire from about 1 to 24 inches long, rough filed so as to be three-sided and tapering from the middle to the ends. (See 4 in cut.) Intermewed.-A hawk moulted in confinement is said to be "intermewed." Jesses.-Strips of light but very tough leather, some 6 to 8 Leash.-A strong leathern thong, some 2 or 3 feet long, Make hawk.-A hawk is called a "make hawk" when, as Pannel. The stomach of a hawk, corresponding with the Passage. The line herons take over a tract of country on their way to and from the heronry when procuring food in the breeding season is called a "passage." Passage hawks.-Are hawks captured when on their passage or migration. This passage takes place twice a year, in spring and autumn. Pelt.-The dead body of any quarry the hawk has killed. Pitch.-The height to which a hawk, when waiting for game to be flushed, rises in the air is called her "pitch." Plume.-A hawk is said to "plume" a bird when she pulls off the feathers. Point.-A hawk "makes her point" when she rises in the air in a peculiar manner over the spot where quarry has saved itself from capture by dashing into a hedge, or has otherwise secreted itself. through the hood.-A hawk is said to pull through the hood when she eats with it on. Put in.-A bird is said to "put in" when it saves itself from the hawk by dashing into covert or other place of security. Quarry.-The bird or beast flown at. Rake out.-A hawk is said to "rake out" when she flies, while "waiting on" (see Wait on), too far and wide from her master. Red hawk.-Hawks of the first year, in the young plumage, are called "red hawks." Ringing.-A bird is said to "ring" when it rises spirally in the air. Rufter hood.-An easy fitting hood, not, however, convenient for hooding and unhooding-used only for hawks when first captured (see 3 in cut). Seeling.-Closing the eyes by a fine thread drawn through the lid of each eye, the threads being then twisted together above the head,-a practice long disused in England. Serving a hawk.-Driving out quarry which has taken refuge, or has "put in." Take the air. A bird is said to "take the air" when it seeks eye. ened. Up to this time she should be fed on lean beefsteak with no castings, but as soon as she is tolerably tame and submits well to the hood, she must occasionally be fed with pigeons and other birds. This should be done not later than 3 or 4 P.M., and when she is placed on her perch for the night in the dark room, she must be unhooded and left so, of course being carefully tied up. The falconer should enter the room about 7 or 8 A.M. next day, admitting as little light as possible, or using a candle. He should first observe if she has thrown her casting; if so, he will at once take her to the fist, giving her a bite of food, and re-hood her. If her casting is not thrown it is better for him to retire, leaving the room quite dark, and come in again later. She must now be taught to know the voice,-the the fist for food, the voice being used every time she is shout that is used to call her in the field, and to jump to fed. When she comes freely to the fist she must be mad acquainted with the lure. Kneeling down with the hawk on his fist, and gently unhooding her, the falconer casts out a lure, which may be either a dead pigeon or an artificial lure garnished with beefsteak tied to a string, to a distance of a couple or three feet in front of her. When she jumps down to it, she should be suffered to eat a little on it-the voice being used--the while receiving morsels from the falconer's hand; and before her meal is finished she must be taken off to the hand, being induced to forsake the lure for the hand by a tempting piece of meat. This treatment will help to check her inclination hereafter to carry her quarry. This lesson is to be continued till the falcon feeds very boldly on the lure on the ground, in the falconer's presence-till she will suffer him to walk round her while she is feeding. All this time she will have been held by the leash only, but in the next step a strong but light creance must be made fast to the leash, and an assistant holding the hawk should unhood her, as the falconer, standing at a distance of 5 to 10 yards, calls her by shouting and casting out the lure. Gradually day after day the distance is increased, till the hawk will come 30 yards or so without hesitation; then she may be trusted to fly to the lure at liberty, and by degrees from any distance, say 1000 yards. This accomplished, she should learn to stoop at the lure. Instead of allowing the hawk to seize upon it as she comes up, the falconer should snatch the lure away and let her pass by, and immediately put it out that she may readily seize it when she turns round to look for it. This should be done at first only once, and then progressively until she will stoop backwards and forwards at the lure as often as desired. Next she should be entered at her quarry. Should she be intended for rooks or herons, two or three of these birds should be procured. One should be given her from the hand, then one should be released close to her, and a third at a considerable distance. If she take these keenly, she may be flown at a wild bird. Care must, however, be taken to let her have every possible advantage in her first flights,-wind and weather, and the position of the quarry with regard to the surrounding country, must be considered. The training of hawks affords much scope for judgment, experience, and skill on the part of the falconer, who must carefully observe the temper and disposition as well as the constitution of each bird; and various practices are resorted to which cannot be here described. It is through the appetite principally that hawks, like most wild animals, are tamed; but to fit them for use in the field much patience, gentleness, and care must be used. Slovenly taming necessitates starving, and low condition and weakness are the result. The aim of the falconer must be to have his hawks always keen, and the appetite when they are brought into the field should be such as would induce the bird in a state of nature to put forth its full powers to obtain its food, with, as near as possible, a corresponding condition as to flesh. The following is an outline of the process of training hawks, beginning with the management of a wild-caught peregrine falcon. When first taken, a rufter hood should be put on her head, and she must be furnished with jesses, swivel, leash, and bell. A thick glove or rather gauntlet must be worn on the left hand (Eastern falconers always carry a hawk on the right), and she must be carried about as much as possible, late into the night, every day, being constantly stroked with a bird's wing or feather, very lightly at first. At night she should be tied to a perch in a room with the window darkened, so that no light can enter in the morning. The perch should be a padded pole placed across the room, about four and a half feet from the ground, with a canvas screen underneath. She will easily be induced to feed in most cases by drawing a piece of beefsteak over her feet, brushing her legs at the time with a wing, and now and then, as she snaps, slipping a morsel into her mouth. Care must be taken to make a peculiar sound with the lips or tongue, or to use a low whistle as she is in the act of swallowing; she will very soon learn to associate this sound with feeding, and it will be found that directly she hears it, she will gripe with her talons, and bend down to feel for food. When the falconer perceives this and other signs of her Young hawks, on being received by the falconer before "coming to," that she no longer starts at the voice or touch, they can fly, must be put into a sheltered place, such as an and steps quietly up from the perch when the hand is placed outhouse or shed. The basket or hamper should be filled under her feet, it will be time to change her rufter hood for with straw. A hamper is best, with the lid so placed as to the ordinary hood. This latter should be very carefully form a platform for the young hawks to come out upon to chosen, an easy fitting one, in which the braces draw feed. This should be fastened to beam or prop a few closely and yet easily and without jerking. An old one feet from the ground. The young hawks must be most previously worn is to be recommended. The hawk should plentifully fed on the best fresh food obtainable-good beefbe taken into a very dark room,-one absolutely dark is steak and fresh-killed birds; the falconer when feeding best, and the change should be made if possible in total them should use his voice as in luring. As they grow darkness. After this she must be brought to feed with her old enough they will come out, and perch about the roof hood off; at first she must be fed every day in a darkened of their shed, by degrees extending their flights to neighroom, a gleam of light being admitted. The first day, the boring buildings or trees, never failing to come at feedinghawk having seized the food, and begun to pull at it freely, time to the place where they are fed. Soon they will be the hood must be gently slipped off, and after she has eaten continually on the wing, playing or fighting with one ana moderate quantity, it must be replaced as slowly and gen- other, and later the falconer will observe them chasing other tly as possible, and she should be allowed to finish her meal birds, as pigeons and rooks, which may be passing by. As through the hood. Next day the hood may be twice re- soon as one fails to come for a meal, it must be at once moved, and so on; day by day the practice should be con- caught with a bow net or a snare the first time it comes tinued, and more light gradually admitted, until the hawk back, or it will be lost. It must be borne in mind that will feed freely in broad daylight, and suffer the hood to be the longer hawks can be left at hack the better they are taken off and replaced without opposition. Next she must likely to be for use in the field, those hawks being always be accustomed to see and feed in the presence of strangers the best which have preyed a few times for themselves be and dogs, etc. A good plan is to carry her in the streets of fore being caught. Of course there is great risk of losing a town at night, at first where the gaslight is not strong, hawks when they begin to prey for themselves. When a and where persons passing by are few, unhooding and hood- hawk is so caught, she is said to be "taken up" from hack. ing her from time to time, but not letting her get fright-She will not require a rufter hood, but a good deal of the management described for the passage falcon will be necessary. She must be carefully tamed and broken to the hood in the same manner, and so taught to know the lure; but, as might be expected, very much less difficulty will be experienced. As soon as the eyas knows the lure sufficiently well to come to it sharp and straight from a distance, she must be taught to "wait on." This is effected by letting the hawk loose in an open place, such as a down. It will be found that she will circle round the falconer looking for the lure she has been accustomed to see,-perhaps mount a little in the air, and advantage must be taken of a favorable moment when the hawk is at a little height, her head being turned in towards the falconer, to let go a pigeon which she can easily catch. When the hawk has taken two or three pigeons in this way, and mounts immediately in expectation, in short, begins to wait on, she should see no more pigeons, but be tried at game as soon as possible. Young peregrines should be flown at grouse first in preference to partridges, not only because the season commences earlier, but because, grouse being the heavier birds, they are not so much tempted to "carry" as with partridges. The training of the great northern falcons, as well as that of merlins and hobbies, is conducted much on the above principles, but the jerfalcons will seldom wait on well, and merlins will not do it at all. The training of short-winged hawks is a simpler process. They must, like falcons, be provided with jesses, swivel, leash, and bell. In these hawks a bell is sometimes fastened to the tail. Sparrow-hawks can, however, scarcely carry a bell big enough to be of any service. The hood is seldom used for short-winged hawks,-never in the field. They must be made as tame as possible by carriage on the fist and the society of man, and taught to come to the fist freely when required, at first to jump to it in a room, and then out of doors. When the goshawk comes freely and without hesitation from short distances, she ought to be called from long distances from the hand of an assistant, but not oftener than twice in each meal, until she will come at least 1000 yards, on each occasion being well rewarded with some food she likes very much, as a freshkilled bird, warm. When she does this freely, and endures the presence of strangers, dogs, etc., a few bagged rabbits should be given to her, and she will be ready to take the field. Some accustom the goshawk to the use of the lure, for the purpose of taking her if she will not come to the fist in the field when she has taken stand in a tree after being baulked of her quarry, but it ought not to be necessary to use it. evaded that she cannot spring up to the proper pitch for the next stoop, and has to make another ring to regain her lost command over the heron, which is ever rising, and so on, the "field" meanwhile galloping down wind in the direction the flight is taking till she seizes the heron aloft, "binds" to him, and both come down together. Absurd stories have been told and pictures drawn of the heron receiving the falcon on its beak in the air. It is, however, well known to all practical falconers that the heron has no power or inclination to fight with a falcon in the air; so long as he is flying he seeks safety solely from his wings. When on the ground, however, should the falcon be deficient in skill or strength, or have been mutilated by the coping of her beak and talons, as was sometimes formerly done in Holland with a view to saving the heron's life, the heron may use his dagger-like bill with dangerous effect, though it is very rare for a falcon to be injured. It is never safe to fly the goshawk at a heron of any description. Short-winged hawks do not immediately kill their quarry as falcons do, nor do they seem to know where the life lies, and seldom shift their hold once taken even to defend themselves; and they are therefore easily stabbed by a heron. Rooks are flown in the same manner as herons, but the flight is generally inferior. Although rooks fly very well, they seek shelter in trees as soon as possible. For game-hawking eyases are generally used, though undoubtedly passage or wild-caught hawks are to be preferred. The best game hawks we have seen have been passage hawks, but there are difficulties attending the use of them. It may perhaps be fairly said that it is easy to make all passage hawks "wait on" in grand style, but until they have got over a season or two they are very liable to be lost. Among the advantages attending the use of eyases are the following:-they are easier to obtain and to train and keep; they also moult far better and quicker than passage hawks, while if lost in the field, they will often go home by themselves, or remain about the spot where they were liberated. Experi ence, and, we must add, some good fortune also, are requisite to make eyases good for waiting on for game. Slight mistakes on the part of the falconer, false points from dogs, or bad luck in serving, will cause a young hawk to acquire bad habits, such as sitting down on the ground, taking stand in a tree, raking out wide, skimming the ground, or lazily flying about at no height. A good game hawk in proper flying order goes up at once to a good pitch in the airthe higher she flies the better-and follows her master from field to field, always ready for a stoop when the quarry is sprung. Hawks that have been successfully broken and judiciously worked become wonderfully clever, and soon learn to regulate their flight by the movements of their master. Eyases were not held in esteem by the old falconers, and it is evident from their writings that these hawks have been very much better understood and man aged in the nineteenth century than in the Middle Ages It is probable that the old falconers procured their passage and wild-caught hawks with such facility, having at the same time more scope for their use in days when quarry was more abundant and there was more waste land than we have now, that they did not find it necessary to trouble themselves about eyases. We here quote a few lines from one of the best of the old writers, which may be taken as giving a fair account of the estimation in which eyases were generally held, and from which it is evident that the old falconers did not understand flying hawks at hack. Simon Latham, writing in 1633, says of eyases :— Falcons or long-winged hawks are either "flown out of the hood," i. e., unhooded and slipped when the quarry is in sight, or they are made to "wait on" till game is flushed. Herons and rooks are always taken by the former method. Passage hawks are generally employed for flying at these birds, though we have known some good eyases quite equal to the work. For heron-hawking a well-stocked heronry is in the first place necessary. Next an open country which can be ridden over-over which herons are in the constant habit of passing to and from their heronry on their fishing excursions, or making their "passage." A heron found at his feeding place at a brook or pond affords no sport whatever. If there be little water any peregrine falcon that will go straight at him will seize him soon after he rises. It is sometimes advisable to fly a young falcon at a heron so found, but it should not be repeated. If there be much water the heron will neither show sport nor be captured. It is quite a different affair when he is sighted winging his way at a height in the air over an They will be verie easily brought to familiaritie with the man not in the house only, but also abroad, hooded or unhooded, open tract of country free from water. Though he has no chance whatever of competing with a falcon in straight-hooded than when hooded, for if a man doe but stirre or speake nay, many of them will be more gentle and quiet when un. forward flight, the heron has large concave wings, a very in their hearing, they will crie and bate as though they did delight body proportionately, and air-cells in his bones, and sire to see the man." Likewise some of them being unhooded, can rise with astonishing rapidity, more perpendicularly, when they see the man will cowre and crie, showing thereby or, in other words, in smaller rings, than the falcon can, with their exceeding fondness and fawning love towards him. very little effort. As soon as he sees the approach of the... These kind of hawks be all (for the most part) taken falcon, which he usually does almost directly she is cast off, out of the nest while verie young, even in the downe, from he makes play for the upper regions. Then the falcon whence they are put into a close house, whereas they be alwaies commences to climb too to get above him, but in a very fed and familiarly brought up by the man, untill they bee able different style. She makes very large circles or rings, to flie, when as the summer approaching verie suddenly they travelling at a high rate of speed, due to her strength and alwaies warm and temperate; thus they are still inured to are continued and trained up in the same, the weather being weight and power of flying, till she rises above the heron. familiaritie with the man, not knowing from whence besides to Then she makes her attack by stooping with great force at fetch their relief or sustenance. When the summer is ended the quarry, sometimes falling so far below it as the blow is they bee commonly put up into a house again, or else kept in |