City, San Francisco; Mt. Diablo (F. B. Leach coll.); Santa Rosa, Napa, Galt, Oroville, Redding. Possibly a distinct variety occurs from San Francisco north.

TYPES.—Adults and galls at the Philadelphia Academy, The American Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, and in the Beutenmuller collection (?). Redwood City, California; 1878 and 1880; "Q. Hindsii?" (=Q. lobata); Wm. Sutton collector.

The adult of this variety is morphologically very similar to spongiolus, except in color, but it has a very distinct range and (consequently?) distinct hosts. The young galls were just beginning development at Palo Alto on March 13, and further north at Galt on March 29; adults emerge in October. Very probably an alternate generation occurs with a life history of at least five months.

The two oaks on which this variety occurs are distinct but not unrelated species, are confined to the same geographic area, and have about the same distribution, tho one occurs in somewhat different soil and averages a different elevation above sea-level. Under such circumstances it appears possible for a cynipid to inhabit both oaks without consequent variation, for as far as the material I have seen would show there are not apparent differences between insects and galls from Quercus lobata and Q. Douglasii.

Andricus californicus variety spongiolus (Gillette)

Andricus spongiola Gillette, 1894, Can. Ent., XXVI, p. 235. Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1902, Gen. Ins. Hymen. Cynip., p. 65; 1910, Das Tierreich, XXIV, pp. 529, 803, 830. Thompson, 1915, Cat. Amer. Ins. Galls, pp. 8, 34. Felt, 1918, N.Y. Mus. Bull., 200, p. 62. Andricus quercus-californicus Swezey, 1916, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., III, p. 222.

FEMALE.-Shows the following characters in addition to those common to all varieties of the species: Color almost entirely dark rufous brown, blackish in the foveal depression and on the metathorax; antennæ very dark brown or blackish, "15-jointed" (according to Gillette); parapsidal grooves rather fine, even at the scutellum, not extending much more than half the length of the mesonotum, median groove very short or lacking; scutellum with the anterior depression forming more or less smooth, indistinctly bounded foveæ; length “5 mm." (according to Gillette).

GALL.-Differs from the galls of other varieties of the species as follows: Color light straw yellow to a unique, salmon yellow, weathering dark brown to black; occasionally bearing a few, short, blunt, tuberculate projections; internally usually softer than in the other varieties,

more often not completely filled, the tissue whiter; galls more often smaller and in compact clusters, thus becoming greatly compressed and flattened basally; maximum length observed 92. mm. On Quercus gar

ryana.

RANGE.-North of the other varieties. California: Yreka. Oregon: Ashland, Grants Pass, Roseburg, Junction City, Canby; Eugene (Swezey). Washington: Olympia (Gillette); White Salmon.

TYPES. C. P. Gillette collection (?).

The adult is distinguishable from the adult of variety californicus primarily in color, but this difference is not as insignificant as it might seem for it is constant and is correlated with a physiologic difference shown in the gall, and a very distinct geographic range and (consequently?) distinct host. Swezey reported live adults cut from galls in July; Gillette had adults emerge thru November; I failed to find young galls yet developing on April 15. Very probably an alternate generation occurs with a life period of at least six months.

Andricus californicus variety fructiformis, new variety

FEMALE.-Shows the following characters in addition to those common to all varieties of the species: Color almost entirely brownish rufous, only slightly darker than in variety californicus, sometimes blackish on the anterior parallel and lateral lines and in the foveæ; whole antennæ almost black, distinctly longer than in the other varieties, not particularly enlarged terminally, with 15 distinct segments; parapsidal grooves moderately narrow at the scutellum, finer anteriorly, but distinct to the pronotum (!); scutellum with quite distinct foveæ, wholly smooth laterally, separated anteriorly by a fine ridge; length 3.0-3.7 mm.

GALL.-Differs from the galls of other varieties of the species as follows: Color always red or reddish brown, very brilliant apple red when fresh; internally with large cavities, the little tissue which it contains, other than the woody core, being brittle, dark, resinous, appearing fused; galls usually small and monothalamous, tho the maximum length observed is 90. mm. On Quercus dumosa.

RANGE.-South of the other varieties. California: Descanso, Alpine, Fallbrook, Sorrento, El Toro, Upland, Pasadena, Paso Robles.

TYPES.—12 females, 30 galls. Holotype female, paratype females, and galls at The American Museum of Natural History; paratype females and galls at the U.S. National Museum, Stanford University, and with the author. Galls at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the Philadelphia Academy. Labelled El Toro, California; February 14, 1920; Q. dumosa; Kinsey collector.

Morphologically the insects of this variety are remarkably similar to those of other varieties except in color and

size, and in having a complete parapsidal groove. Inasmuch as the difference between a distinctly incomplete and a distinctly complete parapsidal groove has been considered of generic significance among several groups of Cynipidæ, it is very significant to find both conditions among varieties of a single species, and possibly within this single variety. Insects from Pasadena material agree with El Toro material. Variety intermedius comes very close to this variety.

The Descanso record, based on galls alone, may need further investigation, for there is indication from other sources that a distinct faunal area occurs in the very southern part of California. Galls taken on Quercus lobata, at the Encino Ranch near Zelzah, appear to be of this variety rather than of californicus, which is the variety normally on lobata. I do not have insects from these galls, so I cannot be sure of their relations. If further collecting proves they are fructiformis we shall have an extremely important case of the same species occurring on quite different oaks without material effect by the host upon the insect. This is an extreme southern station for Quercus lobata, and is quite distant from other stations. A very low pass between the Sierra Madre and the Santa Monica Hills connects this part of the San Fernando Valley with southern California.

A few insects had not emerged at Upland on February 3; in the same latitude, a few adults emerged from the Pasadena galls after February 7, tho most of them had emerged previously. Forty miles south of Pasadena, at El Toro, on February 14, many of the galls contained live adults, with some of the insects previously emerged. At the same time young galls were found in several stages of development. At Fallbrook, by February 26 all the adults had emerged, and fresh galls grown almost to full size were abundant. The emergence period then seems to be early February, earlier in the north; the fresh galls soon appear, rapidly attaining a considerable size. It is possible that an alternate generation takes just about one or two years for its life; but it is also possible that the fresh galls of late February are the products of eggs laid by the adults emerging in early February, without an alternate generation's intervening. If the Zelzah material proves of this variety, there will arise the further question of a difference in life history there. Tho the old galls

were very abundant at this place on March 3, no new galls were in evidence.

Undoubtedly this distinct variety, previously undescribed, has been repeatedly observed by numerous entomologists, including collectors of Cynipidæ, but it and its inviting problems of such general biologic import have probably been dismissed with the remark, quoting from the literature: “The familiar 'oak-apple" ".

Andricus californicus variety intermedius, new variety

FEMALE.-Shows the following characters in addition to those common to all varieties of the species: Color rich rufous brown, mostly dark, darker than in any other variety, blackish on the lateral lines, in the foveæ, on the edges of the mesopleuræ, on the abdomen dorso-basally, and elsewhere; antennæ dark brown, only somewhat enlarged terminally, not very short, with only 14 segments; parapsidal grooves fine at the scutellum, finer anteriorly, extending only two-thirds to the pronotum; median groove lacking; scutellum with the anterior depression partly smooth and shining, forming quite distinct foveæ; areolet of moderate size, distinctly smaller than in fructiformis; length 3.7 mm.

GALL.-Practically identical with the galls of variety fructiformis. On Quercus dumosa.

RANGE.-California: San Bernardino Mountains. Probably confined to this mountain range.

TYPES.-1 female, 7 galls. Holotype female, paratype gall at The American Museum of Natural History; paratype galls at Stanford University, the U.S. National Museum, and with the author. Labelled San Bernardino, California; January 31, 1920; Kinsey collector.

Most of the adults had emerged by January 31, but one live female was still in the gall. The galls were abundantly eaten into, probably by birds.

This variety shows evident relationship to variety fructiformis, but is astounding in its distinctness. The galls of the two are remarkably similar. Tho fructiformis has complete parapsidal grooves, this closely related variety has distinctly incomplete grooves, further emphasizing the lack of generic value to this character. There is no indication in this variety of a division in the fourteenth segment of the antenna, and fructiformis regularly shows fifteen distinct segments.

Intermedius may be largely confined to the San Bernardinos, as are most other varieties of cynipids found in that range, as far as we know. Of all instances of this remarkable. distribution, intermedius furnishes one of the most distinct.

Andricus dimorphus variety verifactor, new variety

Cynips vacciniiformis [gall only!] Beutenmuller, 1913, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXIX, p. 247. Felt, 1918, N.Y. Mus. Bull., 200, p. 80.

FEMALE. Hairy; parapsidal grooves not continuous, smooth at bottom; foveæ distinct; areolet large; most of the wing veins faint. HEAD: Not as wide as the thorax, somewhat enlarged behind the eyes; rufo-piceous, almost black toward the mouth; finely roughened, shallowly and finely rugose on the face; distinctly hairy except on the vertex; without malar groove. Antennæ brownish, darker in places, especially terminally; distinctly but not greatly thickened terminally; with 14 segments, the second slightly elongate, the third half again as long as the fourth, the last not quite twice the length of the preceding. THORAX: Wholly black; mesonotum finely coriaceous and rather closely punctate and hairy; parapsidal grooves moderately broad posteriorly, rather shallow, smooth at bottom, arcuately convergent posteriorly, finer anteriorly, extending only half way to the pronotum; median groove lacking; anterior parallel lines not prominent, slightly divergent posteriorly; lateral lines rather broad, not quite smooth; scutellum longer than wide, moderately rounded posteriorly, finely coriaceous rugose, punctate, and hairy, a slight median ridge indicated posteriorly; foveæ distinct but shallow, quite rounded, smooth at bottom, rather broadly separated; pronotum rugoso-striate laterally; mesopleuræ hairy and punctate about the edges, centrally more smooth and naked, limitedly aciculate in the very center. ABDOMEN: Piceous to black, browner posteriorly, the second segment smooth, with patches of hairs latero-basally, the other segments microscopically punctate and mostly naked; distinctly longer than high, not produced dorsally, the second segment covering two-thirds of the area, its posterior edge almost vertical, rounded ventrally; ventral spine long and slender, ventral valves at about 60°. LEGS: Piceous black, yellow brown at the joints and on the tibiæ and tarsi of the front and middle legs; hairy; tarsal claws of moderate weight, simple. WINGS: Clear; only the hind margins ciliate: long and rather narrow; subcosta and cross-veins light brown, the others fine and faint; areolet of moderate size or larger; cubitus not continuous; radial cell open, moderately long and wide, the second abscissa of the radius rather distinctly curved, the first abscissa distinctly angulate, without a projection. LENGTH: 2.2-3.2 mm., averaging nearer 3.0 mm.

GALL.-Clustered, seed-like leaf galls. Each gall monothalamous, elongate, rather cylindrical, urn-shape, broadest at the middle, less broad apically, flattened at the end, taper-pointed basally, up to 4.0 mm. in diameter by 6.0 mm. in length; colored dark green when young, becoming a dark red or purplish red when old. Mostly solid and fleshy when young, becoming hard, thin-walled, and hollow when old, without a distinct larval cell lining. In compact clusters of up to 30 galls, attached to the midrib, on the under sides of leaves of Quercus stellata (and Q. breviloba?).

RANGE.-Texas: Buffalo, Hearne, Elgin, (Leander?), Austin.