to preserve or heighten his felicity. The glorious reward conferred upon our Saviour doth not pre-

Judice the freeness of his love to man. There was no tie upon God to save man. The object of inercy

is man in his lapsed state. It is illustrated by the consideration of what he is in himself. No motives

of love are in him; he is a rebel impotent and obstinate. The freeness of mercy set forth by comparing

him with the fallen angels who are left in perfect, irremediable misery. Their first state, fall, and

punishment. The reasons why the wisdom of God made no provisions for their recovery.

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CHAP. IX-The Greatness of the Divine Mercy in Redemption.-The greatness of redeeming love

discovered by considering, I. The evils from which we are freed-the servitude of sin, the tyranny of

Satan, the bondage of the law, the empire of death. The measure of love is proportionable to the de-

grees of our misery. No possible remedy for us in nature. Our deliverance is complete. II. The

divine love is magnified in the means by which our redemption is accomplished: they are the incar

nation and sufferings of the Son of God. Love is manifested in the incarnation, upon account of the

essential condition of the nature assumed, and its servile state: Christ took our nature after it had

lost its innocency. The most evident proof of God's love is in the sufferings of Christ. The descrip-

tion of them with respect to his soul and body. The sufferings of his soul set forth from the causes of

his grief, the disposition of Christ, and the design of God in afflicting him. The sorrows of his forsa-

ken state: all comforting influences were suspended, but without prejudice to the personal union, or

the perfection of his grace, or the love of his Father towards him. The death of the cross considered,

with respect to the ignominy and torment that concurred in it. The love of the Father and of Christ

amplified upon the account of his enduring it.
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CHAP. X.-Divine Mercy is Magnified in the Excellency of the State to which Man is advanced.

He is enriched with higher prerogatives, under a better covenant, entitled to a more glorious reward

than Adam at first enjoyed. The human nature is personally united to the Son of God. Believers

are spiritually united to Christ. The gospel is a better covenant than that of the law. It admits of

repentance and reconciliation after sin. It accepts of sincerity instead of perfection. It affords su-

pernatural assistance to believers, whereby they shall be victorious over all opposition in their way to

heaven. The difference between the grace of the Creator and that of the Redeemer. The stability of

the New-Covenant is built on the love of God which is unchangeable, and the operations of his spirit

that are effectual. The mutability and weakness of the human will, and the strength of temptations,

shall not frustrate the merciful design of God in regard of his elect. The glorious reward of the gos-

pel exceeds the primitive felicity of Adam, in the place of it, the highest heaven. Adam's life was

attended with innocent infirmities, from which the glorified life is entirely exempt. The felicity of

heaven exceeds the first, in the manner, degrees, and continuance of the fruition.

CHAP. XI.-Practical Inferences.-I. Redeeming love deserves our highest admiration and humble ac-

knowledgments. The illustration of it by several considerations. God is infinitely amiable in himself,

yet his love is transient to the creature. It is admirable in creating and preserving man, more in re-

deeming him, and that by the death of his Son. II. The discovery of God's love in our redemption

is the strongest persuasive to repentance. The law is ineffectual to produce real repentance. The

common benefits of providence are insufficient to cause faith and repentance in the guilty creature.

The clear discovery of pardoning mercy in the gospel only can remove our fears, and induce us to re-

turn to God. III. The transcendent love of God should kindle in us a reciprocal love to him. His

excellences and ordinary bounty to mankind cannot prevail upon us to love him: his love to us in

Christ only conquers our hatred. Our love to him must be sincere and superlative. IV. The despi-

sing of saving mercy is the highest provocation: it makes the condemnation of men most just, cer-

tain, and heavy.

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CHAP. XII.-The Justice of God in Redemption.-Divine justice concurs with mercy in the work

of our redemption. I. The reasons why we are redeemed by the satisfaction of justice are specified.

to declare God's hatred of sin, to vindicate the honour of the law, to prevent the secure commission

of sin. These ends are obtained in the death of Christ. 11. The reality of the satisfaction made to

divine justice considered. The requisites in order to it. The appointment of God, who in this trans-

action is to be considered not as a judge, that is minister of the law, but as governor. His right of

jurisdiction to relax the law as to the execution of it. His will declared to accept of the compensa-

tion made. The consent of our Redeemer was necessary. He must be perfectly holy. He must be

God and man.

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CHAP. XIII.-The Justice of God in Redemption.-Divine justice is declared and glorified in the

death of Christ. The threefold account the scripture gives of it, as a punishment inflicted for sin, as

a price to redeem us from hell, as a sacrifice to reconcile us to God. Man was capitally guilty;

Christ, with the allowance of God, interposes as his surety. His death was inflicted on him by the

supreme Judge; the impulsive cause of it was sin. His sufferings were equivalent to the sentence of

the law; the effect of them is our freedom. An answer to the objection, that it is a violation of jus-

tice to transfer the punishment from the guilty to the innocent. The death of Christ is the price that

redeems from hell. This singular effect of his death distinguishes it from the death of the martyrs.

An answer to the objections-how could God receive this price, since he gave his Son to that death

which redeems us? and how our Redeeemer, supposing him God, can make satisfaction to himself?

The death of Christ represented as a sacrifice. The expiatory sacrifices under the law were substitu

ted in the place of guilty men. The effects of them answerable to their threefold respect to God, sin

and men; the atonement of anger, the expiation of sin, and freedom from punishment. All sorts of

placatory sacrifices are referred to Christ, and the effects of them in a sublime and perfect manner.

No prejudice to the freeness and greatness of God's love, that Christ by his death reconciled him to

men.

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CHAP. XIV. The Justice of God in Redemption.-II. The completeness of Christ's satisfaction

proved from the causes and effects of it. The causes are the quality of his person and degrees of his

sufferings. The effects are his resurrection, ascension, intercession at God's right hand, and h's

exercising the supreme power in heaven and earth. The excellent benefits which God reconciled

bestows on men, are the effects and evidences of his complete satisfaction. They are pardon of sin,

grace, and glory. That repentance and faith are required in order to the partaking of the benefits

purchased by Christ's death, doth not lessen the merit of his sufferings; that afflictions and death are

inflicted on believers doth not derogate from their all-sufficiency.
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CHAP. XV.—Practical Inferences.-I. In the death of Christ there is the clearest discovery of the
evil of sin. II. The strictness of divine justice is most visible in it. I. The consideration of the ends
of Christ's death takes off the scandal of the cross, and changes the offence into admiration. IV The

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satisfaction of justice by Christ's sufferings affords the strongest assurance that God is ready to pardon

sinners. V. The absolute necessity of complying with the terms of the gospel for justification. There

are but two ways of appearing before the supreme Judge; either in innocence, or by the righteous-

ness of Christ. The causes why men reject Christ are, a legal temper that is natural to them, and the

predominant love of sin. The unavoidable misery of all that will not submit to our Saviour.

CHAP. XVI.—The Holiness of God in Redemption.-Of all the divine perfections, holiness is

peculiarly admirable. The honour of it is secured in our redemption. I. In the bitter sufferings of

Christ, God declared himself unappeasable to sin, though appeasable to sinners. II. The privileges

purchased by Christ, are conveyed upon terms honourable to holiness. Pardon of sin, adoption, the

inheritance of glory, are annexed to special qualifications in those who receive them. III. The

Redeemer is made a quickening principle to inspire us with new life. In order to our sanctification

he hath given us the most perfect rule of holiness, he exhibited a complete pattern of it, he purchased

and conveys the Spirit of holiness to us, he presents the strongest motives to persuade us to be holy.

The perfect laws of Christ are considered, as they enjoin an absolute separation from all evil, and

command the practice of all substantial goodness. Some particular precepts, which the gospel

especially enforces, with the reasons of them, are considered."

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CHAP. XVII.-The Perfection of the Laws of Christ.-The perfection of Christ's laws appears by

comparing them with the precepts of Moses. The temple service was managed with pomp suitable to

the disposition of the Jews, and the dispensation of the law; the Christian service is pure and spiritu-

al; the Levitical ceremonies and ornaments are excluded from it, not only as unnecessary, but in-

consistent with its spirituality. The obligation to the rituals of Moses is abolished, to introduce real

righteousness. The indulgences of polygamy and divorce is taken away by Christ, and marriage

restored to its primitive purity. He cleared the law from the darkening glosses of the Pharisees, and

enforced it by new obligations. The law of Christ exceeds the rules which the highest masters of

morality in the school of nature ever prescribed. Philosophy is defective as to piety, and in several

things contrary to it. Philosophers delivered unworthy conceptions of God. Philosophy doth not

enjoin the love of God, which is the first and great command of the natural law. Philosophers lay

down the servile maxim, to comply with the common idolatry. They arrogated to themselves the

praise of their virtue and happiness. Philosophy doth not propound the glory of God for the supreme

end of all human actions. Philosophy is defective as to the duties respecting ourselves and others. It

allows the first sinful motions of the lower appetites. The Stoics renounce the passions. Philosophy

insufficient to form the soul to patience and content under afflictions, and to support in the hour of

death. A reflection upon some immoral maxims of the several sects of philosophers.

CHAP. XVIII.-The Example of Christ and the Gift of the Holy Spirit.-Examples have a special

efficacy above precepts to form us to holiness. The example of Christ is most proper to that end, be-

ing absolutely perfect, and accommodated to our present state. Some virtues are necessary to our

condition as creatures, or to our condition in the world, of which the Deity is incapable; and these

eminently appear in the life of Christ; they are humility, obedience, and love in suffering for us.

His life contains all our duties, or motives to perform them. Jesus Christ purchased the Spirit of ho-

liness by his sufferings, and confers it since his exaltation. The sanctifying Spirit is the concomitant

of evangelical mercy. The supernatural declarations of the law on mount Sinai, and the natural

discovery of the divine goodness in the works of creation and providence, were not accompanied

with the renewing efficacy of the Spirit. The lower operations of the Spirit were only in the hea-

thens. The philosophical change differs from the spiritual and divine. Socrates and Seneca consi-

dered. Our Saviour presents the strongest inducements to persuade us to be holy. They are proper

to work upon fear, hope, and love. The greatness of those objects, and their truth, are clearly

manifest íu the gospel.

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CHAP. XIX-Practical Inferences.-1. The completeness of our recovery by Jesus Christ; he frees

us from the power as well as guilt of sin. Sin is the disease and wound of the soul; the mere pardon of

it cannot make us happy. Sanctification equals, if not excels, justification; it qualifies us for the en-

joyment of God. 11. Saving grace doth not encourage the practice of sin. The pronises of pardon

and heaven are conditional. To abuse the mercy of the gospel is dishonourable to God and pernicious

to man. III. The excellency of the Christian religion discovered from its design and effect. The

design is to purge men from sin, and conform them to God's holiness according to their capacity; this

gives it the moet visible pre-eminence above other religions. The admirable effect of the gospel in

the primitive Christians. An earnest exhortation to live according to the purity of the gospel, and the

great obligations our Saviour hath laid on us.

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CHAP. XX.-The Power of God in Redemption.-The divine power is admirably glorified in the

creation of the world, in respect of the greatness of the effect and the manner of its production. It is

as evident in our redemption. The principal effects of it are considered. I. The incarnation of the

Son of God is a work fully responsible to omnipotence. II. Our Redeemer's supernatural concep-

tion by the Holy Ghost. I. The divine power was eminently declared in the miracles Jesus Christ

wrought in the course of his ministry. His miracles were the evidence of his celestial calling; they

were necessary for the conviction of the world: their nature considered. IV. The divine power was

glorified in making the death of Christ victorious over all our spiritual enemies. V. The resurrec-

tion of Christ the effect of glorious power. The reasons of it from the quality of his person, and the
nature of his office, that he might dispense the blessings he had purchased for believers. His resur-

rection is the foundation of faith. It hath a threefold reference, to his person as the Son of God, to

his death as an all-sufficient sacrifice, to his promise of raising believers at the last-day.

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CHAP. XXI.-The Power of God in Redemption.-VI. The divine power was glorified in the con-
version of the world to Christianity. Notwithstanding the imaginary infirmity in Christ crucified,
yet to the called he was the power of God. The numerous and great difficulties that obstructed the
receiving of the gospel. What the state of the world was at the first preaching it. Ignorance was
universal, idolatry and the depravation of manners, were the consequences of it. Idolatry was
fortified by custom, antiquity, and external pomp. The depravation of manners was extreme. The
principal account of it from their disbelieving a future state, and their attributing to their gods those pas
sions and vices that were pleasing to the flesh. The aversion of the vulgar heathens was strengthened
by those in veneration among them. The philosophers, priests, and princes, vehemently opposed the
gospel; an account of their enmity against it. The consideration of the means by which the gospel
was conveyed, discovers that omnipotency alone made it successful. The persons employed were a
few fishermen, without authority and power to force men to obedience, and without art or eloquence
to insinuate the belief of their doctrine. The great, sudden, and lasting change in the world, by the

preaching of the gospel, is a certain argument of the divine power that animated those weak appear-

ances. Idolatry was abolished. A miraculous change followed in the lives of men.
Christians gave

a divorce to all the sinful delights of sense; and embraced, for the honour of Christ, those things

that nature most abhors. A short view of the sufferings and courage of the martyrs; Their pa-

tience was inspired from heaven. Christianity was victorious over all opposition. VII. The divine

power will be gloriously manifested in the complete salvation of the church at the last day. Our

Saviour shall then finish his mediatory office. Death, the last enemy, shall be destroyed. The

bodies of the saints shall be raised and conformed to the glorious body of Christ.

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CHAP. XXII.-Practical Inference. The extraordinary working of the divine power is a convincing

proof of the verity of the Christian religion. The internal excellences of it are clear marks of its

divinity, to the purified mind. The external operations of God's power were requisite to convince

men in their corrupt state, that the doctrine of the gospel came from God. The miraculous owning

of Christ by the whole divinity from heaven. The resurrection of Christ the most important article

of the gospel, and the demonstration of all the rest. How valuable the testimony of the apostles is

concerning it; that it was impossible they should deceive or be deceived. The quality of the wit-

nesses considered. There cannot be the least reasonable suspicion of them. It is utterly incredible,

that any human, temporal respects moved them to feign the resurrection of Christ. The nature of the

testimony considered. It was of a matter of fact, and verified to all their senses. The uniformity of

it assures us there was no corruption in the witnesses, and that it was no illusion. They sealed the

truth of it with their blood. The miracles the apostles did in the name of Christ, a strong demonstra-

tion that he was raised to a glorious life. That power was continued in the church for a time. The

conclusion, how reasonable it is to give an entire assent to the truth of Christianity. It is desperate

infidelity not to believe it; and the highest madness to pretend to believe it, and to live in disobedience

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to it.

CHAP. XXIII.-The Truth of God in Redemption.-The honour of God's truth, with respect to the

legal threatening, was preserved in the death of Christ. The divine truth, with respect to the promises

and types of Christ under the law, was justified in his coming and the accomplishment of our re-

demption by him. I. Some special predictions considered, that respect the time of his coming. The

particular circumstances that represent the Messiah, are verified in Jesus Christ. The consequences

of the Messiah's coming, foretold by the prophets, are all come to pass. II. The types of the law are

complete in Christ. A particular consideration of the manner, the rock, and the brazen serpent, as

they referred to him. The paschal lamb considered. A short parallel between Melchizedec and

Christ. The divinity of the gospel proved, by comparing the ancient figures with the present truth,

and predictions with the events. The happiness of Christians above the Jews, in the clear revelation

of our Saviour to them. From the accomplishment of prophecies concerning the first coming of

Christ, our faith should be confirmed in the promise of his second.
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PREFACE.

THE work of redemption affords to intelligent beings the brightest exhibition of the divine attributes, which, probably, has ever been given in the universe. And although fallen men only are the objects of this stupendous work, yet, indirectly, it may be of immense benefit to other species of intelligent creatures, by manifesting to them the character of God more illustriously than it can be viewed any where else. This eternal, self-existent, and incomprehensible Being, cannot be known by any creature farther than he is pleased to reveal himself; and we can conceive of no method by which a discovery can be made of the divine perfections, but by their exercise in the production of some work, which may become the object of contemplation to rational creatures. All direct and intuitive knowledge of the divine essence, is evidently beyond their capacity. They are not able to penetrate the minds of each other, with this species of knowledge. "For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him?" God only is able to search the hearts and know all the secret thoughts of his creatures, which to all others must remain an inscrutable depth, unless they are pleased to make some revelation by external acts or signs of what is within them. Solomon, in his dedicatory prayer, says, "For thou, even thou only knowest the hearts of all the children of men.” Much less can creatures look into the divine essence; or know any thing of the attributes of God, except so far as he is pleased to make himself known. "Even so the things of God knoweth no man but the Spirit of God." There can be, therefore, no stronger evidence that the Son and SPIRIT are partakers of the divine nature, than the plain, unequivocal testimony, that they both possess this knowledge, which is constantly declared to be peculiar to God. The former says, "As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father;"

and again, "No man knoweth the Son but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him." And of the latter, it is written, The Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God." But, as was said, creatures however exalted, can only know God by the external manifestations which he makes of himself; and we have reason to believe, that the end of all the works and dispensations of Jehovah is, the revelation of his character. Although possessed of an infinite sufficiency of all goodness and happiness in himself, it accords with the perfection of his nature to communicate of his infinite fulness, and thus to manifest his glory. Hence the creation of intelligent beings, who might be capable of contemplating his perfections, and rendering to him a tribute of praise; and hence, a rich variety of works in which the attributes of God may be seen. And there can be no doubt, that this Being of infinite benevolence, has connected the felicity of his creatures with the manifestation of his own glory. Goodness, as well as wisdom and power, is legibly inscribed on all his works. Now, as far as the knowledge of God is concerned, it makes no difference, whether we ourselves, or others, are the objects of any particular work. We can behold the divine attributes, as manifested in the creation, preservation, and government of other beings, as clearly as when they are exercised towards ourselves: and other intelligent creatures may contemplate the love, the wisdom, the justice, and the truth of God, as displayed in the redemption of man, with as much advantage, as if they themselves were the objects of this stupendous plan. That the inhabitants of other worlds take a lively interest in the works of God on our globe, is evident from what the Almighty said to Job, out of the whirlwind, "Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth ?"-" when the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy." If these celestial beings were so delighted and animated with the contemplation of the work of creation, can we suppose that they are indifferent to the more glorious exhibition of the divine attributes in redemption? Although they need