the clan or tribe, as Campbell was formerly the name of all the duke of Argyle's clients, and Douglas of the retainers of the duke of Hamil ton's progenitors: Scipio being added, conveyed this information, that Publius, who was of the tribe of the Cornelii, was of the family of that Scipio who led about his aged blind father, and became a fcipio or staff to him. But they had allo the Agnomen, which was generally perfonal, though fometimes hereditary; and was derived from fome particular circumftance or accident happening to individuals. See ACNOMEN and COGNOMEN. Da Chelne obferves, that furnames, were unknown in France before 987, when the lords began to affume the names of their demefnes. Camden relates, that they were first taken up in Englan, a little before the conqueft, under King Edward the Confeffor: but he add, that they were never fully established among the commonpeople till the time of Edward II. Til then they were varied with the father's name: if the father, e. gr. was called Richard or Roger, the fon was called Richardfon or Hodgson; but from that time they were fettled, foine fay, by act of parliament. The oldeft furnames are those we find in Domesday-book, most of them taken from places, with the addition of de; as Godefridus de Mannevilla, Walterus de Vernon, Robert de Oyly, &c. Others from their fathers, with filius; as Gulielmus filius Ofborni ; others from their offices; as Eudo Dapifer, Gulielmus Camerarius, Gillebertus Cocus, &c. But the interior people are noted fimply by their Chriftian names, without any furnames. Some think they were first introduced into Scotland in the time of William the Conqueror, by the English, who accompanied Edgar Atheling when he fled into that kingdom. Thefe had their proper furnames, as Moubray, Lovell, Lifle, &c. uling the particle de before them; which makes it probable that these furnames had been derived from the lands which their ancestors or they themfelves had poffeffed. But Scottifh hiftorians mention fome furnames in Scotland at much earlier periods; and trace the furname of Macolpine from a natural Ton of King Alpine, and that of Macgregor from another baftard of King Gregory the Great, who both reigned in the 9th century. (See SCOTLAND, § 12. and 15.) Some antiquaries date the origin of the furname of Graham fo early as the 5th century, from one Graham, a Scottish hero, who leaped over and demolished part of Antoninus's wall, thence called GRAHAM'S DYKE. (See SCOTLAND, 10.) And it is certain that in Kenneth II.'s time, in 800, the great men had begun to call their lands by their own names; and foon after, the various branches of their families took their furnames from thefe eftates. Others, as furnames increased, took their names from their offices, as Stewart; from their bufinefs, as Smith, Taylor, &c.; others from their complexion or fiature, as Black, White, Red, Brown, Long, Short, &c. It was long before any furnames were used in Wales, except that of fon; as Evan ap Rice, Evan the fon of Rice; David ap Hoavel, David the fon of Howel: but many of them have at length formed feparate furnames, as the English and Scots by leaving out the a in ap, and joining the to the father's name: thus Evan ap becomes Evan Price; Griffin ap Howel, Powel.-We are told, furnames were unl in Sweden till 1314, and that the common of that country ule none to this day; an the fame is the cafe with the vulgar Irish, and Bohemians. Many furnames were do originally bestowed on account of the quali mind, as Bold, Hardy, Meek; fome for the qu of body, as Strong, Low, Short, &c. Bu greatest number of furnames were borrowed the names of places, and not a few from country at large; as Scott, Scotland, English, England, Wales, Welsh, Ireland, &c. Ca fays that there is not a village in Normand has given its name to fome family in England mentions as examples Percy, Devereux, T wille, Mortimer, Warren, &c. They were duced with William I. Several have been de from places in the Netherlands, as Gaunt, Tar Grandifon; and many from the names of t and villages in England and Scotland, as worth, Markham, Murray, Aberdeen. Many been formed from the names of animals, as Dog, Hog, Cock, Salmon, &c.; many from tables and minerals, &c. Others are formed fuch a variety of accidents that it would trifling to particularize them. After the re of learning, when most European authors w in Latin, it was a very general practice to Lat their furnames, either by adding a Latin term tion to them, or by a complete tranflation, w often difguised them entirely. Thus Fra Holyoak, author of a Latin dictionary, called self Francijcus de Sacra Guercu; Kirkwood Ruddiman, in their Latin grammars, called the felves Kirkavodus and Ruddimannus; and ev late as the end of laft century, Dr Brown, is Elementa Medicine, styled himself Joannes Bra whence the epithet BRUNONIAN was applied his doctrine and his followers. But furna ought never to be tranflated; and Chriftian mat always ought, except when borrowed from names. See LOUIS. *To SURNAME. v. a. [furnommer, Fr. the noun.] To name by an original appella added to the name. Another fhall furnami felf by the name of Ifrael. I. xliv. 5.-Pyre only famous for counterfeiting earthen pitch was furnamed Rupographus. Peacham How he, furnam'd of Africa, difmifs'd In his prime youth the fair Iberian maid. God commanded man what was good; but devil furnamed it evil. South. SUROE, or SOROE, an inland in the No SUROY,) Sea, on the coast of Norway miles long and 8 broad. Lon. 40. o. E. Lat. 70. 34. N. *To SURPASS. v. a. [furpaffer, French] excel; to exceed; to go beyond in excellenc The climate's delicate, Fertile the ile, the temple much furposing The common praife it bears. O, by what name, for thou above all th Surpaffeft far my naming ! -Achilles in ftrength and courage furpa reft of the Grecian army, Dryden. A A nymph of late there was, Whofe heav'nly form her fellows did furpafs. Dryden. -Under or near the line are mountains which, for bignefs and number, furpass those of colder countries, as much as the heat there surpasses that of thofe countries. Woodaard. SURPASSABLE. adj. [from surpass and able.] That may be excelled. Dia. *SURPASSING. participial adj. [from furpafs.] Excellent in an high degree. O thou! that, with furpaffing glory crown'd, Look'ft from thy fole dominion like the god Of this new world. Milton. -His miracles proved him to be fent from God, by that furpaffing goodness they demonftrated to the world. Calamy. SURPASSINGLY. adv. [from furpaffing.] In a very excellent manner. Dia. * (1) SURPLICE. n. f. [furpelis, furplis, Fr. fuperpellicium, Lat.] The white garb which the clergy wear in their acts of miniftration.—It will wear the furplice of humility over the black gown of a big heart. Shak.-The cinctus gabinus is a long garment, not unlike a furplice, which was gathered about the middle with a girdle. Addison. (2.) SURPLICE. By Can. 58, every minifter faying the public prayers, or miniftering the facrament or other rites of the church, fhall wear a decent and comely furplice with fleeves, to be provided at the charge of the parish. But by Eliz. c. 2. and 13 and 14 Car. II. the garb prefcribed by act of parliament, in the second year of king Edward VI. is enjoined; and this requires, that in the faying or finging of matins, and even fungs, baptizing and burying, the minifter in parif churches and chapels fhall ufe a furplice, And in all cathedral churches and colleges, the archdeacon, dean, provofts, mafters, prebendaries, and fellows being graduates, may use in the choir, befides their furplices, fuch hoods as pertain to their feveral degrees. But in all other places every minifter fhall be at liberty to use a furplice or not. For the holy communion the rubric appoints a white ALB plain, which differs from the furplice in being clefe-fleeved, with a veftment or cope. See ALB. * SURPLUS. SURPLUSAGE.fur and plus, French..] A fupernumerary part; overplus; what remains when ufe is satisfied.If then thee lift my offered grace to use, Take what thou please of all this furplufage. Spenfer. That you have vouchfaf'd my poor house to vifit, Shak. It is a furplus of your grace. -When the price of corn falleth, men give over Jurplus tillage. Carew.-We made a fubitance fo dilpoted to fluidity, that by fo fmall an agitation as only the furplufage of that which the ambient air is wont to have about the middle even of a winter's day, above what it hath in the first part. BoyleThe officers spent all, fo as there was no page of treasure. Davies. All that furplufage affurance is owing not to the love of truth. *SURPRISAL. ) n. f. [furprife, French; from SURPRISE. the verb. 1. The act of taking unawares; the ftate of being taken unawares.--Parents fhould mark heedfully the witty excufes of their children, efpecially at fuddains and furprifals. Wotton.This let him know, Left, wilfully tranfgreffing, he pretendSurprifal, unadmonish'd, unforewarn'd. Milton. I fet alide the taking of St Jago and St Domingo in Hifpaniola, as surprises rather than encounters. Bacon. This ftrange furprifal put the knight Hudibras. And wrathful fquire into a fright. -There is a vaft difference between them, as vaft as between surprise and fet purpose. South.-He whofe thoughts are employed in the weighty cares of empire, the laws relieve him against the furprifes and machinations of deceitful men. Davenant. 2. A dith, I fuppofe, which has nothing in it. Few care for carving trifles in difguife Of that fantastick dish fome call furprise. King. 3. Sudden confusion or perplexity. *To SURPRISE. v. a. [surpris, French, from surprendre.] 1. To take unawares; to fail upon unexpectedly. The caftle of Macduff I will surprise. Shak. Left, by fome fair appearing good surpris'd, Milton. A weaker may surprise, a stronger take. Pope. Who can speak The mingled paffions that surpris'd his heart! Thomson. 2. To aftonish by fomething wonderful.-People were not to much frighted as surprised at the bignefs of the camel. L'Estrange. 3. To confufe or perplex with fomething fudden.- Up he ftarts, difcover'd and surpris'd. Milton. * SURPRISING participial adj.[from surprise.] Wonderful; raifing fudden wonder or concern. The greatest actions of a celebrated perfon, however surprising and extraordinary, are no more than what are expected from him. Spectator. *SURPRISINGLY. adj. [from surprising.] To a degree that raises wonder; in a manner that raites wonder.-If out of thofe ten thousand we fhould take the men that are employed in publick bulinefs, the number of those who remain will be surprisingly little. Addison. * SURQUEDRY. n. s. [sur and cuider, old Fr. to think. Overweening pride; infolence. Obfolete.Transform'd to fish for their bold surquedry. Spenser. Men may not themfelves their own good parts Extol, without fufpect of surquedry. Donne. *SURREBUTTER. #. s. (In law.] A fecond rebutter; answer to a rebutter. A term in the courts. *SURREJOINDER. n. s. [surrejoindre, French, In law.] A fecond defence of the plaintiff's action, oppofite to the rejoinder of the defendant, which the civilians call triplicatio. Bailey. * (1.) SURRENDER. SURRENDRY. . s. [from the verb.] 1. The act of yielding. Az Our Our general mother, with eyes Of conjugal attraction unreprov'd, Milton. Would give up Africk into Cæfar's hands. Addison. 2. The act of refigning or giving up to another. If our father carry authority with fuch difpofition as he bears, this last surrender of his will but of fend us. Shak. That hope quickly vanished upon the undoubted intelligence of that surrender: Clarendon. We should have made an entire surrendry of ourselves to God. Decay of Piety.-In paffing a thing away by deed of gift, are required a surrender on the giver's part of all the property he has in it: and to the making of a thing facred, this surrender by its right owner is neceffary. South. (2.) SURRENDER, in common law, is a deed or inftrument, teftifying that the particular tenant of lands and tenements, for life or years, doth fufficiently confent and agree, that he who has the next or immediate remainder or reverfion thereof hall have the prefent eftate of the fame in poffeffion; and that he hereby yields and gives up the fame to him, fo that the estate for life or years may merge or drown by mutual agreement of the parties. Of furrenders there are three kinds; a furrender properly taken at common law; a furrender of copyhold or cuftomary eftates; and a furrender improperly taken, as of a deed, a patent, &c. The first is the ufual furrender, and it is usually divided into that in deed and that in law. (3.) SURRENDER, in deed, is that which is really made by exprefs words in writing, where the words of the leffee to the leffor prove a fufficient affent to furrender his eftate back again. (4.) SURRENDER, in law, is that wrought by operation of the law, and which is not actual-As if a man have a lease of a tarm for life or years, and during the term he accepts a new leafe; this act is, in law, a furrender of the former. (5.) SURRENDER of a bankrupt. See ComMISSION OF BANKRUPTCY. (6.) SURRENDER OF COPYHOLDS is the yielding up of the estate by the tenant into the bands of the lord, for fuch purposes as are expressed in the furrender: as to the use and behoof of A and his heirs, to the use of his own will, and the like. This method of conveyance is fo effential to the nature of a copyhold eftate, that it cannot pof fibly be transferred by any other affurance. No feoffment, fine, or recovery (in the king's courts), hath any operation upon it. If I would exchange a copyhold with another, I cannot do it by an ordinary deed of exchange at the common law, but we must furrender ro each other's ufe, and the lord will admit us accordingly. If I woul devife a copyhold, I muft furrender it to the use of my laft will and testament; and in my will I must declare my intentions, and name a devifee, who will then be entitled to admiffion. (7.) SURRENDER OF LETTERS PATENT AND OFFICES. A furrender may be made of letters patent to the king, so that he may grant the estate 19 whom he pleafes, &c., and a fecond patent for years to the fame perfon for the fame thing furrender in law of the first patent. 10 Rep If an officer for life accepts of another grant oft fame office, it is in law a furrender of the grant; but if such an officer takes another g of the fame office to himself and another, it be otherwife. (1.) To SURRENDER. v. a. [surrendre, oldh' 1. To yield up; to deliver up.-Solemn de tion of the churches ferves alfo to surrende that right which otherwife their founders m have in them. Hooker-Recal those grants, we are ready to surrender ours. Davenant. 11. deliver up to an enemy: sometimes with upe phatically.- Ripe age bade him surrender late His life and long good fortune unto final fa Fairs -He, willing to surrender up the caftle, fortat his foldiers to have any talk with the enemy Knolles Surrender up to me thy captive breath. (2.) To SURRENDER. v. n. To yield; tog one's felf up. This mighty Archimedes too surrenders * SURRENDRY. See SURRENDER, § 1. SURREPTION. n. s. [surreptus, Late Sudden and unperceived invation or intrufiSins compatible with a regenerate estate are of a sudden surreption. Hammond. (1.) * SURRÉPTITIOUS. adj. [surreption Latin.] Done by ftealth; gotten or prod fraudulently,-Scaliger hath not tranflated firft, perhaps supposing it surreptitious. Brow The Maforites numbered not only the feder and lines, but even the words and letters of t Old Teftament, the better to fecure it from reptitious practices. Gov. of the Tongue.-A cor copy of the Dunciad, the many surreptitious 3 have rendered neceffary. Letter to Publ. (2.) SURREPTITIOUS. See SUBREPTITIOU SURREPTITIOUSLY. adv. [from surr tious. By ftealth; fraudulently.-Thou hat it more surreptitiously than he did, and with effect. Gov. of the Tongue. SURREY. See SURRY. * SURROGATE. n. s. [surrogatus, Latin deputy; a delegate; the deputy of an ecclefias judge. * To SURROGATE. v. a. (surrogo, Latin.] Te put in the place of another. (1.) * SURROGATION. n. s. [swrogatio, L The act of putting in another's place. (2.) SURROGATION, in law. See SUBROGI TION. *To SURROUND. v. a. [surronder, Fr.] T environ; to encompass; to enclofe on all fideYelling monfters, that with ceaseless cry Surround me, as thou faweft. Cloud and ever-during dark Surround me. Mi Bad angels feen 'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires. -The bodies that surround us diversely affect organs. Locke. (1.) SURRY, a county of England, bounded t the Waby Berkshire and Hampshire, on the S. by (2.) SURRY, a county of N. Carolina, in Salifbury diftrict, bounded on the N. by Virginia, E. by Stokes, SW. by Iredell, and W. by Wilkes counties. It contained 4693 citizens in 1795, and 698 Naves. It has an iron manufacture on the banks of the Yadkin. (3.) SURRY, a county of Virginia, bounded on the N. by the river James and Charles-city county, E. by the Isle of Wight, S. by Southampton, and W. by Prince George's county. It is 40 miles long and 15 broad, and, in 1795, contained 3130 citizens and 3097 flaves. (4.) SURRY, a town of New Hampshire; 72 miles NW. of Botton, and 160 NNE. of New York. SURSEE, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, on lake Sempach; 13 miles NW. of Lucerne, and 26 E. of Soleure. SURSKOI, a town of Ruffia, in Archangel; 140 miles ESE. of Archangel. (1.) SURSOLID. n. s. [In algebra.] The fourth multiplication or power of any number whatever taken as the root. Trevaux. (4) SURSOLID, or SURDESOLID, in arithmetic, is alfo ftyled the fifth power of a number. (3.) SURSOLID PROBLEM. n. s. [In mathematicks.] That which cannot be refolved but by curves of a higher nature than a conick fection. Harris. (1) SURSOOTY, a town of Hindoftan, in Delhi; 114 miles NW. of Delhi. (4.) SURSOOTY, a river of Hindoftan, in Delhi, which juts the Caggar, 105 miles NW. of Delhi, it word of the feven sacred rivers of the fuperfti Lage Hindooł. (3) SURSOOTY, another river of Hindestan, in' Guzerat, which runs into the Indian Ocean, 40 miles SW. of Junagur. SURSWUTTY, a river of Hindostan, which runs into the Puddar, 26 miles W. of Pattun. SURTAINVILLE, a town of France, in the dep. of the Channel; 12 miles SSW. of Cherburg, and 13 W. of Valognes. * SURTOUT. n. s. [French.] A large coat worn over all the reft.— The surtout, if abroad you wear, Prior -Sir Roger was forced to wear a surtout of oiled cloth, by which means he came home pretty clean, except where the surtout was a little fcanty. Arbuthnot. * To SURVENE. v. a. [survenir, French.] To fupervene; to come as an addition.-Hippocrates mentions a fuppuration that survenes lethargies. Harvey. * SURVEY. n. s. [from the verb.] 1. View ;- 2. Superintendence. 3. Menfuration. 2. Round he surveys, and well might where he flood, So high above. Milton. Search not his bottom, but survey his shore. Denham To overfee as one in authority. 3. To view as examining. The husbandman's self came that way, Dryden. 4. To measure and eftimate land or buildings. SURVEYING, n. s. the art of measuring land; that is, of taking the dimenfions of any tract of ground, laying down the fame in a map or draught, and finding the content or area thereof. See GEO METRY. (1.) * SURVEYOR. n. s. [from survey.] 1. An overfeer; one placed to fuperintend others.Were't not madness then, Shak. To make the fox surveyor of the fold? -Biliop Fox was not only a grave counsellor, but also a good surveyor of works. Bacon. 2. A measurer of land. Queftion surveyers, know our own estate, How able fuch a work to undergo. Shak. -Decempeda was a measuring rod for taking the dimenfions of buildings; from hence came decem. pedator, for a surveyor, used by Cicero. Arbuth. (2.) SURVEYOR is also used for a perfon who has the overfight and care of confiderable works, lands, or the like. (3.) SURVEYOR likewise denotes a gauger; also a person who makes maps of lands. SURVEYORSHIP. n. s. [from surveyor.] The office of a furveyor. To SURVIEW. v. a. [surveoir, old French.j To To overlook; to have in view; to furvey. in ufe. Lifted high above this earthly mafs, Which it furview'd, Spenfer. *To SURVIVE. v. n. [fupervivo, Latin; furvivre, Fr.] 1. To live after the death of ano ther. I'll affure her of Shak. • Her widowhood, be it that the furvives me, love. Try pleasure, Which when no other enemy furvives, Shak. Denham. 2. To live after any thing.-Now that he is dead, his Immortal fame furviveth. Spenfer. The love of horfes, which they had alive, And care of chariots, after death Jurvive. Dryden. -The rhapsodies, called the characteristicks, would never have survived the first edition, if they had not discovered so strong a tincture of infidelity. Watts. 3. To remain alive. No longer now that golden age appears, When patriarch wits furviv'd a thousand-years, Now length of fame, our second life, is loft. Pope. * SURVIVER. n.f. [from survive.] One who outlives another. The furviver bound Shak. In filial obligation, for fome term, Not vive that period enjoying as much more time From his furvivers I could nothing learn. Denham. -Her majefty is heir to the furviver of the late king. Savift. (1.)* SURVIVERSHIP. n. f. [from furviver.] The state of outliving another.—Such offices grant. ed in reverfion were void, unlefs where the grant has been by furvivership. Ayliffe. (2.) SURVIVERSHIP. Sec SURVIVORSHIP. SURVIVOR, n. f. in law fignifies the longeft liver of joint tenants, or of any two perfons jointly interested in a thing. (1.) SURVIVORSHIP, n. f. is that branch of mathematics which treats of reversions payable, provided one or more particular perfons furvive certain others. By reverfions are meant payments not to take place till some future period. Survivorfhip forms one of the most difficult and complicated parts of the doctrine of reverfions and LIFE ANNUITIES. It has been very fully treated of by Mr Thomas Simpfon in his Select Exercises; and brought to a ftate of perfection by Dr Price and Mr Morgan, who bestowed a great deal of attention on this fubject. (See ANNUITIES.) The cal culations are founded on the expectation of lives at different ages, deduced from tables formed from bills of mortality, of which fee feveral examples under the article MORTALITY, § 3-7. By the expectation of life is meant the mean time that any fingle or joint lives at a given age is found to continue; that is, the number of years which, taking one with another, they actually enjoy, and may be confidered as fure of enjoying; thofe who fur Thus |