Catalysis and Zeolites: Fundamentals and ApplicationsJens Weitkamp, Lothar Puppe Zeolites occur in nature and have been known for almost 250 years as alumino silicate minerals. Examples are clinoptilolite, mordenite, offretite, ferrierite, erionite and chabazite. Today, most of these and many other zeolites are of great interest in heterogeneous catalysis, yet their naturally occurring forms are of limited value as catalysts because nature has not optimized their properties for catalytic applications and the naturally occurring zeolites almost always contain undesired impurity phases. It was only with the advent of synthetic zeolites in the period from about 1948 to 1959 (thanks to the pioneering work of R. M. Barrer and R. M. Milton) that this class of porous materials began to playa role in catalysis. A landmark event was the introduction of synthetic faujasites (zeolite X at first, zeolite Y slightly later) as catalysts in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of heavy petroleum distillates in 1962, one of the most important chemical processes with a worldwide capacity of the order of 500 million t/a. Compared to the previously used amorphous silica-alumina catalysts, the zeolites were not only orders of magnitude more active, which enabled drastic process engineering improvements to be made, but they also brought about a significant increase in the yield of the target product, viz. motor gasoline. With the huge FCC capacity worldwide, the added value of this yield enhancement is of the order of 10 billion US $ per year. |
Contents
I | 1 |
II | 4 |
III | 5 |
VI | 9 |
VII | 13 |
VIII | 14 |
IX | 16 |
X | 18 |
CXXVI | 299 |
CXXVII | 302 |
CXXVIII | 303 |
CXXIX | 304 |
CXXX | 306 |
CXXXI | 308 |
CXXXII | 310 |
CXXXIII | 314 |
XI | 20 |
XII | 22 |
XIII | 23 |
XIV | 24 |
XV | 25 |
XVI | 26 |
XIX | 27 |
XX | 28 |
XXI | 29 |
XXII | 30 |
XXIII | 31 |
XXIV | 32 |
XXV | 33 |
XXVI | 34 |
XXVII | 36 |
XXVIII | 37 |
XXIX | 38 |
XXX | 41 |
XXXI | 42 |
XXXII | 44 |
XXXIII | 45 |
XXXV | 46 |
XXXVI | 53 |
XXXVII | 54 |
XXXVIII | 56 |
XXXIX | 60 |
XL | 62 |
XLI | 65 |
XLII | 68 |
XLIII | 71 |
XLIV | 73 |
XLV | 74 |
XLVII | 75 |
XLVIII | 76 |
XLIX | 81 |
L | 84 |
LI | 86 |
LII | 88 |
LIII | 90 |
LIV | 93 |
LV | 98 |
LVI | 100 |
LVII | 102 |
LVIII | 103 |
LIX | 104 |
LX | 105 |
LXI | 113 |
LXII | 116 |
LXIII | 123 |
LXIV | 127 |
LXV | 128 |
LXVI | 132 |
LXVII | 133 |
LXVIII | 134 |
LXIX | 135 |
LXX | 136 |
LXXI | 140 |
LXXII | 142 |
LXXIII | 145 |
LXXIV | 151 |
LXXV | 154 |
LXXVI | 155 |
LXXVII | 157 |
LXXVIII | 158 |
LXXIX | 161 |
LXXX | 163 |
LXXXI | 164 |
LXXXII | 165 |
LXXXIII | 167 |
LXXXIV | 169 |
LXXXV | 170 |
LXXXVI | 172 |
LXXXVII | 174 |
LXXXVIII | 175 |
LXXXIX | 179 |
XC | 198 |
XCI | 199 |
XCII | 201 |
XCV | 204 |
XCVI | 206 |
XCVII | 207 |
XCVIII | 208 |
XCIX | 211 |
C | 215 |
CI | 216 |
CII | 230 |
CIII | 231 |
CIV | 233 |
CV | 235 |
CVI | 238 |
CVII | 239 |
CVIII | 240 |
CIX | 242 |
CX | 245 |
CXI | 248 |
CXII | 249 |
CXIII | 250 |
CXIV | 256 |
CXV | 262 |
CXVIII | 266 |
CXIX | 267 |
CXX | 275 |
CXXI | 282 |
CXXII | 285 |
CXXIII | 291 |
CXXIV | 295 |
CXXV | 296 |
CXXXIV | 316 |
CXXXV | 327 |
CXXXVI | 328 |
CXXXVIII | 329 |
CXXXIX | 331 |
CXL | 333 |
CXLI | 334 |
CXLII | 335 |
CXLIII | 336 |
CXLIV | 337 |
CXLV | 340 |
CXLVI | 341 |
CXLVII | 343 |
CXLVIII | 344 |
CXLIX | 345 |
CL | 346 |
CLI | 347 |
CLII | 349 |
CLIII | 350 |
CLIV | 351 |
CLV | 353 |
CLVI | 354 |
CLVII | 355 |
CLVIII | 356 |
CLIX | 357 |
CLX | 359 |
CLXI | 360 |
CLXII | 361 |
CLXIII | 362 |
CLXIV | 364 |
CLXV | 365 |
CLXVI | 367 |
CLXVII | 368 |
CLXVIII | 370 |
CLXIX | 377 |
CLXX | 379 |
CLXXI | 382 |
CLXXII | 388 |
CLXXIII | 393 |
CLXXIV | 397 |
CLXXV | 398 |
CLXXVI | 399 |
CLXXVII | 400 |
CLXXVIII | 409 |
CLXXIX | 410 |
CLXXX | 411 |
CLXXXI | 412 |
CLXXXII | 413 |
CLXXXIII | 414 |
CLXXXIV | 415 |
CLXXXV | 416 |
CLXXXVI | 417 |
CLXXXVII | 420 |
CLXXXVIII | 422 |
CLXXXIX | 424 |
CXC | 427 |
CXCI | 429 |
CXCII | 437 |
CXCIII | 438 |
CXCIV | 443 |
CXCV | 444 |
CXCVI | 446 |
CXCVII | 451 |
CXCVIII | 453 |
CXCIX | 455 |
CC | 459 |
CCI | 460 |
CCII | 461 |
CCIV | 462 |
CCV | 465 |
CCVI | 467 |
CCVII | 469 |
CCVIII | 471 |
CCIX | 472 |
CCX | 477 |
CCXI | 478 |
CCXII | 479 |
CCXIII | 480 |
CCXIV | 484 |
CCXV | 486 |
CCXVI | 488 |
CCXVII | 491 |
CCXVIII | 492 |
CCXIX | 494 |
CCXX | 496 |
CCXXIII | 497 |
CCXXIV | 501 |
CCXXV | 502 |
CCXXVI | 505 |
CCXXVII | 506 |
CCXXVIII | 507 |
CCXXIX | 509 |
CCXXX | 510 |
CCXXXI | 512 |
CCXXXII | 513 |
CCXXXIII | 514 |
CCXXXIV | 516 |
CCXXXV | 517 |
CCXXXVI | 518 |
CCXXXVII | 522 |
CCXXXVIII | 523 |
CCXXXIX | 525 |
CCXL | 526 |
CCXLIII | 528 |
CCXLIV | 530 |
537 | |
Other editions - View all
Catalysis and Zeolites: Fundamentals and Applications Jens Weitkamp,Lothar Puppe Limited preview - 2013 |
Catalysis and Zeolites: Fundamentals and Applications Jens Weitkamp,Lothar Puppe No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
activity adsorbed adsorption alkylation AlPO4s ammonium Appl Catal aromatics atoms band benzene bridging OH groups Brønsted acid Brønsted acid sites calcination Catal Lett catalyst cations Chem Commun Chem Soc chemical shift clusters cm-¹ conversion coordination cracking crystal crystallites dealumination decrease dehydrated diffusion effect erionite external surface Faraday Trans faujasite feedstocks formation framework aluminum frequency gasoline H₂ H₂O high-silica hydrated hydrocarbons hydrocracking hydrogen hydroxyl increasing interaction ion exchange IR band isomerization isotherms Jacobs Karge HG Klinowski lattice Lewis acid materials metal methanol microporous molecular sieves mordenite NMR spectroscopy observed obtained olefins oxidation oxygen paraffins parameters Pfeifer H phase Phys Chem protons pyridine reactant reaction reactor reduced resonance sample shape selectivity Si/Al ratio silica sodalite sodalite cages sodium species structure Stud Surf Sci supercages Surf Sci Catal synthesis temperature tetrahedral thermal tion transition unit cell Uytterhoeven Weitkamp xylene zeolite framework