and Portuguese force in America. They do not recollect too, that the military energy of this country is called forth to such a degree, that we have a greater disposeable force than ever we had; and if Bonaparte would only give us an opportunity of chastising his presumption on our own shores, we have a force sufficient for much more arduous enterprises than the conquest of Mexico, and Peru. But whether Bonaparte gives us that opportunity or not, the militia and volunteer force will soon be sufficient, or nearly sufficient for the defence of this country, and the troops of the line may be spared to act against South America, or any other place, which may be thought more valuable. The Spaniards, and Portuguese, besides, are not aware that we can carry on a war against them in America, completely ruinous to their interests; and which will cost us very few efforts. We can carry on | || against them. It is said, that so far from any appearances of an immediate movement, the French troops in Hanover are fortifying themselves in the different posts in the electorate, and particularly on the banks of the Elbe; and that huts are erecting on the shores, opposite to England, for the accommodation of the troops during the winter. In England the chief thing of a military nature, deserving notice, which has occurred, is the review of the volunteers in the metropolis, by His Majesty on the 25th and 28th of October. The number of men, who appeared under arms on these two days, was not much under 30,040. The steadiness and regularity with which they went through the elementary, and most important parts of military duty, are satisfactory evidence to their country of the use they will render to it on a great emergency. The life of a soldier for one week, on actual service, and an enemy on their native soil, when every man will willingly act and suffer, whatever is necessary to aid the general cause, will make men, who know what the volunteers a war, not to reduce their dominions in that part of the world under subjection to us, to which the inhabitants could oppose considerable resistance; we can carry on a war to free these countries from their sub-know, and who have the individual intelligence which jection to their mother countries, in which we shall men educated in a rank superior to the common, meet with the assistance of the inhabitants. A pledge || possess, fit under skilful generalships, for the most from Great Britain to assist these countries in asserting delicate, or hazardous parts of military duty. We their independence, and of protecting them in their have observed that of the numbers belonging to any enjoyment of it, would probably be followed by an volunteer corps, one third may, in general, be com immediate revolt. At any rate, the declaration that puted to be absent on any ordinary call of duty. if they continue subject to Spain, they must have Such, accordingly, appears to have been the case at Great Britain for a determined and active enemy, till the late reviews. they are reduced under subjection to us, would make them close with our terms without delay. We might then establish the most important commercial connections with them; and the commercial prosperity to which these noble territories, if independent, would probably soon rise, opens one of the richest prospects to this country, which can well be imagined. Political History, Foreign and Domestic. All intelligence, at present, is reduced to one sort, namely, military intelligence; and the military operations of Europe are so few, that even of that sort of intelligence there is very little. News, just now, are more composed of conjectures concerning the future, than narrations of what is present. | We think it a reasonable allowance, to say, that one third of those who are steady in their attendance on ordinary duties would fall off on a call upon actual warfare. We are well assured, that on a call to any service, in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, how ever dangerous, two thirds of the men who appeared in Hyde-Park may be counted upon. So many of them are engaged in businesses, from which they cannot long be absent without great loss, that on distant services, we fear there might be a deficiency; but on this government is too wise ever to call them, except in a case of the last necessity, which will suspend all business. equipment of a great quantity of small craft, to be employed, under the command of Lord Gardener, for the defence of that part of the kingdom. Lord Cathcart, a Scotchman, has been appointed to the military command in Ireland; and Lord Moira, The accounts which we receive of the military pre- an Irishman, to the military command in Scotland.— parations of France are so loose, so uncertain, and so Government have issued orders for surrounding the contradictory, that no distinct opinions can be formed coast of Ireland with signal posts, to be commanded from them. We can neither judge with any certainty by lieutenants, similar to the plan of signal posts in of the number of troops collected against this coun-England. They have also given directions for the try, nor of their disposition toward the adventure; nor of the means of transporting them, nor who are the generals intended to conduct them. We may, however, safely conclude, from what we know of the difficulty of preparations for such an enterprise, and of the state of the French power to make such preparations, that they are still in a very imperfect state; that they have cost France a very large sum of money to perform what is done, and will cost her much more to perform what remains to be done; that this expence is a burthen which severely oppresses her, and that she will be infinitely more exhausted by the expence of her menaces against this country, than we shall be, by our preparations for defence It appears that the alarm respecting an immediate war with Spain, was unfounded, no embargo having been laid on Spanish ships, only an order issued that English ships should not sail for the ports of Spain without convoy, on account of the numbers taken, by the French privateers. Several regiments have received orders to hold themselves in readiness to sail for the West Indies ; and it is not improbable that some enterprize of importance is intended in that quarter. The prefect of the police at Paris has reported to officers belonging to that department, nor does it the Grand Judge, that, during the last year, four hundred and ninety men, and one hundred and sixty seven women committed suicide in that metropolis; eighty-one men, and sixty-nine women were murdered; six hundred and forty-four divorces took place; one hundred and fifty-four murderers have been executed; twelve hundred and ten persons were condemned to the gallies, the pillory or chains; sixteen hundred to hard labour and imprisonment; and sixty-four marked with hot irons; during the same period twelve thousand, and seventy-six public women were registered, and paid for the protection of the police; fifteen hundred and fifty-two kept mistresses were noted at the prefecture; and three hun-academy. But Mr. Hastings being soon after obliged dred and eight brothels were licensed. 13 On the meritorious Exertions of the English Nation to "In consequence of this change the Mahometan families have lost those sources of wealth, which enabled them to give their children an expensive education, and are deprived of the ability, which they formerly possessed, to erect and patronize seminaries for public education and instruction. The Phouzdar department scarcely affords a bare maintenance to the • Department of the executive government. Moved by these considerations, Mr. Hastings erected in the year 1781, at his own expence, a building, intended for a Mudrissa, or academy for Mussulmans. With the consent and co-operation of his only colleague at that time, the revenue from certain lands was appropriated to the establishment of that to undertake, as Governor-General, a journey to Benares, no charter was officially expedited until the month of January 1785, about a month before he set out on his return to Europe. The appointment of teachers and other servants belonging to the academy, and their salaries are as follows: One Professor or Preceptor, monthly, Sicca rupees 400 First under teacher.. Students, first class, monthly, Sicca rupees. Kurtab (or lecturer of the Coran) monthly, Sicca The gardener, inonthly Sicca rupees. Durvan... 100 80 60 30 15 10 8 76 20 10 12 4 4 Four Pions, (a kind of messengers or attendants.) 16 The number of students not being fixed, the monthly expence under this head cannot be stated with exactness, but if we reckon five students of every class (a number which is too small rather than too large,) the monthly expence for the persons attached to the academy amounts to 940 Sicca rupees. The sciences, which are taught in each class, are as follow: Natural History, for the first and second class. Theology, for the first and second class. Jurisprudence, for the first, second, and third class. Rudiments of Jurisprudence for the first and second class. Tufseer, or exposition of the Coran, for the first and second class. Hadees, or the prescriptions of the Prophet, for the first and second class. Astronomy, for the first and second class. All these sciences are taught after 51 different || Professors, as well as students reside, were erected at books, the enumeration of which I omit, not being the public expence. able to add a correct translation of the titles. No student is permitted to remain on the foundation longer than seven years, this time being thought sufficient for a student to complete his course. The academy for Hindoos was established at Benares, by Mr. Duncan, the 2d Cartika, 1848, Samvat, corresponding with the middle of November, 1791. Nine Professors were immediately appointed with a monthly salary of 100 rupees for each of them, and soon after seven places for students were founded under every professor, and two rupees per month assigned for the subsistence of every such student. For it must be observed, that the Hindoos remain inseparably wedded to their ancient mode of instruction. Every learned man or teacher, who is also called Guru or Atsarier, takes a certain number of pupils (Sishen) under his tuition, whom he instructs in his science, and every branch of knowledge with which he is acquainted, and which he thinks, may be useful to his pupils. But these students or scholars are not allowed at the same time to frequent the lectures of any other instructor. Every one confines himself to his science, and never interferes with any other. A clear head makes therefore considerable progress in that one science, but it must also be confessed, that he remains completely ignorant of all other branches of knowledge, unless it should so happen, that his tutor has been able and willing to give him some taste for them. learned lawyer or astronomer may, consequently, be so totally unacquainted with any branch of philosophy, as not to be able to read or understand any work which relates to those, for him eccentric sciences. Europeans, who study the ancient writings of the Hindoos, are therefore frequently necessitated to claim the assistance of several learned men; for their principal instructor does not by any means deem it disgraceful to confess, that he does not understand such and such passage, and is not able to explain it ; but he readily procures another person, who possesses the necessary knowledge to elucidate its meaning. This is done without the least jealousy or slightest imputation of ignorance. Under these circumstances, in order to understand a small extract of VedantaSastra, a work on transcendental philosophy, I found myself under the necessity of calling in the aid of three persons, namely my bramin, a lawyer and a sectary, versed in the system, of which the book treated; and yet I found it impossible to get it thoroughly explained. But to return to the academy, the 10th Phalguna of the same year, corresponding with the 10th March, 1792, four professors were appointed to instruct in the four Vedas, with a smaller salary, but the same allowance for their pupils. According to the best information, my correspondent has been able to obtain, the yearly expence of the present establishment of the academy amounts to 20,000 rupees, which is supposed to be defrayed out of the surplus of the revenue of Benares. Casinatha, Rector of the academy, informed my correspondent, that a sum of 8,000 rupees is applied to the purchase of books (Hindoo works). The buildings, wherein the I shall add the names of the Professors, with the sciences which they are appointed to teach, as they have been communicated to me by my correspondent. Casinatha-bhatth-acharya with a salary of 200 rupees per month, Rector of the academy and Professor of Mantra-Sastra, or Divinity. Svanamanda, his son, with a monthly salary of 100 rupees, Professor of Dherma-Sastra, or Jurisprudence, both civil and religious. Ramaprasada, with a monthly salary of 100 rupees, Professor of Nyaya-Sastra, or Dialectic Philosophy. Ramachandra-bhatta-tara, with 100 rupees per month, Professor of Vedanta-Sastra, or Transcendental Philosophy. Subasastri, with 100 rupees per month, Professor of Mimansa-Sastra, or the three principal schools of Philosophy. Lacshmi-Pati, with 100 rupees per month, Professor of Iyotish-Sastra, or Astronomy. Ganga-Rama, with a monthly salary of 100 rupees, Professor Vidyananda with 100 rupees per month, Professor of polite literature or Sahitya-Sastra of Vaydyaca-Sastra, or the Science of Law. Vireswara-Sesha, with 100 rupees per month, Professor of Vijacarana, or Grammar. Fata-Sancara-dicshita, with a monthly salary of 60 rupees, teaches the Rig-Veda. laya-Rama-chatta, with, the same salary, instructs in the Yayur-Veda. Marcandeya, who enjoys the same salary, lectures on the Sama-Veda; and Manni-raja, having the same salary, instructs in the Atharva-Veda. (To be continued.) On the Norman Invasion. During the present season of national alarm, I have observed, that several writers, in the periodical publications, have adverted to that era in our history which is usually called the Norman conquest. The assurances they wish to give us that such an event is not likely to occur again now, are chiefly derived from our not possessing a naval power at that period, and from the want of unanimity in our councils. But if we examine the case with attention, we shall find that the difference between our situation then and now is derived from circumstances still more radical. In the first place, Harold whom we are fond of considering, as a patriot king, falling bravely in battle, fighting for his crown and people, bears much more resemblance to Buonaparte, than to our beloved Monarch. He was a perfidious usurper, whose way to the throne had been prepared by rebellion against his Prince, and by the murder of the legal heir to the crown; for Alfred, brother to Edward the Confessor, had been murdered by Godwin, earl of Kent, father to Harold, by order of the Danish usurper, Harold the first. When Edward the Confessor died, the only legal heir of the Saxon line, Edgar Atheling, grandson of the murdered Alfred, was an infant; and the only prospect of safety for his own brother's grandson was for Edward the Confessor to look out for a successor who might counteract the ambitious cruelty of the House of Godwin; and for this purpose he fixed on his kinsman, William, duke of Normandy. But on the death of Edward, Harold being on the spot, took immediate possession of the crown, while William prepared to assert his claim by arms. The result of this contest is familiar to every one, but it is most probable that had the event of the battle of Hastings proved different, Edgar Atheling had followed the steps of his grandfather, and the blood of Egbert, and of Alfred the Great, would never have flowed through his veins to those of George III. Harold has been blamed by most of our historians for hazarding a decisive battle immediately on the landing of William; but who, in his senses, can suppose that the fate of England could have been decided by one battle on its southern coast, if the whole kingdom had been well affected; but yet these very historians, while they tell us his brother dissuaded him from engaging, inform us, with the same breath, that his soldiers were deserting every moment, and therefore the desperate effort of the battle of Hastings, seemed the only possible means of preserving his usurped authority. The baffled partizans of Harold attempted indeed to make some resistance by setting up the rights of Edgar Atheling? but he submitted to William, and with hin the whole kingdom, and surely if William did not exercise the heroic self-denial of proclaiming the legal monarch, it is small instance of moderation at such a conjuncture, and in such a state of society to suffer him to live in safety, and become the source of a line of Princes who have filled the throne from Henry II. to his present Majesty. I hope I shall not incur the indignation of the men of Kent for not mentioning them as an exception to the submission of England. But it was natural for William rather to conciliate the favour than provoke the resistance of the immediate vassals of the House of Godwin, who were the only persons who seemed inclined to support the cause of the fallen Usurper.* SENEX. particular party in the state. Had I followed a contrary conduct, I should have acted in a manner unbecoming the nature of my office; ill-suited to the character I wish to maintain, and disrespectful to yourselves. I have unquestionably my political principles, as well as other men have theirs; and, how unfashionable soever they may have become, I have never scrupled, and never shall scruple, to confess that those on which the Revolution was founded, and the present reigning family seated on the throne of these kingdoms, are, in my judgment, principles best calculated to protect the liberty and property of the subject, and to secure the honour and happiness of the Sovereign. You will not, I think, be guilty of a breach of christian charity in the use of even harsh language, when you explain to them the cruelties which the French have used in every country they have invaded; for no language can reach the atrocity of the fact, They every where promise protection to the poorer sort, and they every where strip the poorest of every thing they possess; they plunder their cottages, and they set them on fire when the plunder is exhausted; they torture the owners to discover their wealth, and they put them to death when they have none to discover: they violate females of all ages; they insult the hoary head, and trample on all the decencies of life. This is no exaggerated picture: whoever has read the account of the proceedings of the French in Swabia, in Holland, in Italy, in Switzerland, knows. that it is not.-And can there be men in Great Britain, of so base a temper, so maddened by malignity, so cankered by envy, so besotted by folly, so stupified as to their own safety, as to abet the designs of such an enemy? It is said there are such men; but I have too firm a confidence in the general good sense of the. people of Great Britain, to believe, that such men are either many in number, or respectable for character, or formidable for connection. The men of this principality, at least, have nobly shewn, in a late instance, that they inherit the spirit of their ancestors, and have too ardent a love of their country to submit to a foreign yoke, under whatever specious promises. of supporting the rights of men, of introducing liberty and equality, the invaders may attempt to deceive them. This most likely will suffice, Sir, for as much of your paper, as you can spare at present; but if you insert this, I may possibly resume the subject, and draw some comparison between the accession of Wil- What are these rights of men, this liberty, this liam the First, in 1066, and William the Third, inequality, of which every man hath heard so much, 1688. and of which few have any proper conception ?-Let us see what they are in France itself.-There no man has any right in his person, or in his property; both are absolutely at the disposal of the few persons who have usurped the government.-There no man has any liberty, except the liberty of submitting to the worst of slavery; for what slavery can be worse than. that of being subject to laws which are perpetually changed, according to the caprice of the ruling faction? Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum. No received prejudices should induce the historian to deviate an iota from the Canon laid down by Cicero: "Ne quid falsi dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat.' The following Paper written by the Bishop of Llandaff and addressed originally to the Clergy of his Diocese, was printed on a single sheet, to be circulated with other tracts of a similar nature. It is so excellent. that we do not think our readers will consider any epology necessary if we preserve it in the Literary Journal. THOUGHTS ON THE FRENCH INVASION. At no period since I have been your diocesan, have I interfered with your political opinions, or shewn the least anxiety to direct them to the support of any Are the French coming hither to enrich the nation? Will they pay attention to the poor of this country, when they have so many thousands of infinitely poorer persons in their own?-Will they reward their seditious adherents amongst us?-Yes, they will reward them, as all history informs us such traitors have ever been rewarded-they will reward them with contempt, pillage, beggary, slavery, and death. The nation will be ruined by exorbitant impositions-our naval power will be destroyed,-our commerce transferred to France, our lands will be divided, not amongst those who wickedly covet their neighbours' goods, but amongst French soldiers, who will be every where stationed as the Roman soldiers were of old, to awe the people, and collect the taxes, the flower of our youth will be compelled to serve in foreign countries, to promote the wicked projects of French ambition, Great Britain will be made an appendage to continental despotism. et de ses environs." The plates are said to be in a state of forwardness, and the editors have lately invited the artists and connoisseurs to take a view of the drawings, which are ready for their inspection. Citizen Dubois, late demonstrator of the botanical garden at Orleans, has lately published-" Méthode éprouvée avec laquelle on peut parvenir facilement à connoitre les plantes de l'interieur de France, et en particulier des environs d'Orleans."-The author has successfully endea voured to facilitate to his countrymen the study of botany in general, and in particular the acquisition of a correct knowledge of such plants, as grow in the environs of Orleans. The re-impression of the Moniteur, undertaken by J. J. Destefanis, a bookseller at Milan, which we noticed some time ago in the Literary Journal, is now completed and published. It consists of 32 volumes, large octavo, and is a correct copy of the original, but "purifiée des articles éphémères," with regard to which we perfectly coincide in opinion with the editor, that they would have increased the bulk of this voluminous work, without making the least addition to its real value. Lerault, bookseller at Paris, has published Les Paradoxes du Capitaine Marc-Luc-Roch Barole, par Paul Hyppolite de M****, 4 vols. 8vo."-The author of this interesting narrative of the life of a Swiss Captain of the canton of Fribourg, whose whole existence is exclusively devoted to philosophy and his house-keeper Theodine, I would say to the most violent democrat in the kingdom,-Suppose the business done; after seas of blood have been shed, millions of lives lost, towns plundered, villages burned, the Royal Family exterminated, and unutterable calamity has been endured by persons of all ranks;-after all this has been done, what advantages will you have obtained beyond what you now possess? Will your property be better protected? Will your personal liberty be more respected? Will our code of jurisprudence be improved? Will our laws be more impartially administered? Quite the contrary of all this now takes place in France. I do not say that when things are settled there, the present wretched condition of its inhabitants will be conti-unites in an uncommon degree Sterne's exquisite sensibility, nued, and I hope it will not; but I am sincerely of opinion, that few of us will live to see such a system established in France, as will procure to its inhabitants half the blessings which our ancestors have enjoyed, which we do enjoy, and which it is our interest to take care that our posterity shall enjoy, under the Constitution of Great Britain. NOTICES. LITERARY. A selection of moral essays, in one volume, from the works of Jeremy Taylor, Hooker and Barrow, is now in the press, by Mr. Basil Montague, who resides at Cambridge. If approved, it will be followed by other selections of the same moral nature, from the works of scarce authors of approved merit. The lectures of Trinity College, Cambridge, commenced on Monday, the 24th of October-The Phænissæ of Euripides, Demosthenes " περι στεφανε" and the agricola of Tacitus, form the lectures of the Freshmen's year; for the second year, or Junior Sophs, Wood's Mechanics, the Gospel of St. Luke, Newton, Paley's Philosophy, and Locke. with Rabelais' unbridled satire. He has given us in this novel a sovereign antidote against all monks, castle-spectres, robbers, &c. and the like avortons" of phrenzied imagi nations, which have but too long infested the stage, the "boudoic" of our fashionable ladies, and above all the finishing boarding-schools of the rising female generation. Dr. C. L. Wildenow, at Berlin, has lately published the first number of a very valuable work under the following title" Hortus Berolinensis sive icones et descriptiones plantarum rariarum vel minus cognitarum, quæ i e in horto Regio Botanico Berolinensi excoluntur. Fascic. Imus. cum tabulis æneis 12 coloratis; Fol. Maj. This first number contains 1. Tripsacum Monostachium, from Carolina; 2. Franseria Artemisioides, from Peru; 3. Festuca unioloides, from Carolina; 4. Parthenium integrifolium, from Virginia; 5. Hyperoum patens, from Egypt; 6. Ammannia Egyptiaca, from the same country; 7. Ammannia auriculata, from Rosetta; 8. Wurmbea bullata, from Pensylva nia; 9. Prunella Pensylvanica, from the same country; 10. Hieraceum nigrescens ; 11. Mollia diffusa, from Teneriffe; 12. Agroustis teniflora, from North America. The Royal Prussian academical booksellers at Berlin, have published—“ J. H. M. Ernesti Clavis Horatiana sive indices rerum et verborum philologico-critici in opera Horatii, præmissis ad lectionem usumque poetæ necessariis." 2 vols. large 8vo; a work replete with profound erudition Mr. Percival's History of Ceylon has been recently trans-judiciously applied, by the celebrated author, to his princi lated into French by M. Henry. The encouragement given to literary men by the Emperor Alexander is more liberal than has been experienced in any country of modern times. Professor Horner of Harnburg, who attends the lately dispatched expedition of discovery as astronomer, receives during his absence, a yearly salary of 800 ducats. On his return home he is to receive a yearly allowance of 300 ducats as long as he chuses to remain in Russia. An English translation of the last tour of Pallas, the celebrated Russian traveller, is publishing at St. Petersburg by Muller. Citizens Née and Melling at Paris, have announced the following work :—“ Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople :- pal purpose of conveying to the readers of Horace, the true meaning and spirit of his works. Wolf and Co. at Leipsic, have lately published in the German language, "Letters written by a French Officer, in the year 1800, from Stiria, Carniola, Italy, Switzer Although land, Bavaria and Salzburgh," 1 vol. 8vo. these letters written in the unassuming stile of a soldier, do not make any material addition to the stock of knowledge, which we possess already, with regard to the countries our author has traversed; yet we meet occasionally with pas sages, which are the more interesting, as they come from a man, who continually endeavours to place, whatever relates to the French aranies and the present regimen of France, in the most pleasing light. Page 29, he says, for instance |