p. 543, 1882). With the first name it is necessary to deal warily. When Fabricius published it, in 1793, he appointed only two species, the first being Scyllarus arctus, with a long list of earlier references, while the second was a new species confessedly founded on an illpreserved specimen. In 1893, when dealing with the genus Arctus, Dana, I ventured to remark that "it rather looks as if Dana had stolen the type species of Scyllarus on which to found his new genus." With greater boldness his own countryman, Gill, in 1898, took the step of cancelling Dana's Arctus as a synonym of Scyllarus, and of instituting the newly named genus Scyllarides for those species which Dana had separated from Arctus under the wrongful name of Scyllarus. The true and re-established Scyllarus has the rostrum very short and truncate, the exopod of the third maxillipeds without a flagellum, and the pairs of branchiæ nineteen in number.

GEN. SCYLLARIDES, Gill.

1898. Scyllarides, Gill, Science, n.s., vol. vii., p. 98.

1901. Scyllarides, M. J. Rathbun, U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1900, vol. ii., p. 97.

Here the rostrum is very salient, the exopod of the third maxillipeds has a flagellum, and the pairs of branchia are twenty-one in number.

The species allotted to the genus by Dana were "Sc. sculptus, latus, squamosus, equinoxialis, Haanii, Sieboldi." Ortmann, in 1897 (Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., pp. 268-270), makes S. sieboldi, de Haan, a synonym of S. squamosus, and institutes a new species, S. elisabetha. In 1899 Whitelegge (Records of Australian Museum, vol. iii., pt. 6. p. 155, pl. 29) gave a new description and figure of S. sculptus, Latreille. In 1906 Miss Rathbun, discussing the Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands, makes S. sieboldi, de Haan, and S. haanii, de Siebold, MS., de Haan, both synonyms of Scyllarides squammosus (Milne-Edwards).

Of these species the first in the field is S. æquinoctialis, Lund, 1793, followed by S. latus, Latreille, 1803. For the differences between them Ortmann (loc. cit.) and Milne-Edwards (Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. ii., pp. 284, 285) should be consulted. That a good series of specimens would unite them is not impossible. As synonyms of Scyllarides latus, Miss Rathbun, in 1900, gives Scyllarus herklotsii, Pel, in Herklots, and Scyllarus dehaani, Herklots, 1851. To S. squammosus, Milne-Edwards, 1837, we have seen that Miss Rathbun and Ortmann agree in giving S. sieboldi, de Haan, 1841, as

a synonym. But Ortmann who, in 1891, considered the differences between S. sieboldi and its contemporary species S. haanii as "quite small and scarcely visible," in 1897 reinstates S. haanii as an independent species. There are indeed in de Haan's figure of S. haanii, von Siebold, several points which separate it from its companion species. Instead of the antero-lateral angles of the carapace being square as in S. æquinoctialis or obtuse as in S. sieboldi, they are acutely advanced, and the constriction at the cervical groove is more pronounced than in the other species. On each branchial region there is a curved line of upraised tubercles at some distance from the lateral margin, and the lateral lobes of the second pleon segment have their margins cut into eight upward, outward, and downward pointing teeth not found elsewhere. The nearest ally of this species appears to be S. sculptus, Latreille, figured in the "Encyclopédie Méthodique," pl. 320, fig. 2, 1818, and mentioned without special description in vol. x., p. 416, 1825. In 1837 it was described for the first time by H. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. ii., p. 283. On the presumption that the specimens which I have received from South Africa belong to the species which Ortmann has very briefly described under the name S. elisabethæ, from the Cape and Port Elizabeth, I propose to compare that species with S. sculptus as re-figured and re-described by Whitelegge.

SCYLLARIDES ELISABETHÆ (Ortmann).
Plate XXX.

1897. Scyllarus elisabethæ, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., p. 270.

The characters given by Ortmann are: carpus (fifth joint) of the first and second peræopods above without keels, at most with blunt longitudinal rolls, as distinguished from the two sharp longitudinal keels in S. squammosus; keels of the fourth joint with no marked wing-like elevation; sixth joint of the second peræopod above completely rounded, without edge (features attributed in common to S. æquinoctialis and S. elisabethæ as distinguished from S. latus and S. haanii); ante-penultimate joint of the second antennæ having at its front outer corner a straight tooth (a feature distinguishing three of the species just mentioned from S. latus, in which the tooth in question is hook-shaped upward curved); pleon humped, especially on the third and fourth segments; cephalothorax with a distinct lateral notch behind the eyes (as opposed to S. æquinoctialis, in which the pleon is scarcely humped, and the lateral notch of the carapace evanescent).

In these characters there is nothing tangible, I think, by which S. elisabethæ could be separated from S. sculptus. It may be observed in passing that, if the figures of S. latus by Savigny and Guérin-Méneville can be trusted, the curvature of the tooth on the ante-penultimate joint of the second antennæ is of little or no importance. It is, however, to this joint that attention should be directed. In the South African specimens the outer border is cut into five well-marked teeth, well though not quite regularly spaced and graduated, the front one very large and the hindmost very small, but the longest interval being between the second and third, and the last two teeth rather abruptly smaller than the first three. In Whitelegge's figure of S. sculptus the first three teeth of this border are crowded together, and near to the front one there is a large one on the distal border, which is entirely unrepresented in S. elisabethæ. Latreille's figure of S. sculptus (Encycl. Méth., Atlas, pl. 320, fig. 2, 1818) also shows the crowding together of the spines on the outer margin, with very irregular sculpture of the distal border.

In the present species the antero-lateral angles of the carapace are more sharply produced forward than in any hitherto figured member of the genus. Behind the front tooth the lateral margin is cut into six teeth, successively smaller, passing in a gentle curve to the constriction at the cervical sulcus, at which there is a tooth standing out very distinct from those before and behind it, but not so large as the front lateral tooth. In S. sculptus, according to Whitelegge, the tooth at this point is equal to or larger than that at the antero-lateral angle. Also in S. sculptus numerous more or less acute spines and spiniform tubercles are described by Whitelegge as occupying the dorsal surface of the carapace. In the present species there are four or five bluntish teeth on each half of the frontal margin, two that are definitely spiniform on each side of the orbit, with a very little one to the rear of the inner orbital pair. Along the centre line are two on the gastric region followed by a widely separated transverse pair and then by a transverse pair near together just behind the faintly marked median groove.

The first pleon segment is described by Whitelegge as having the coxal plate in S. sculptus bilobed; in the present species it forms a single lobe. Similarly the second segment is here not bilobed. It has the upper margin more or less strongly denticulate, curving back to a strong tooth within which six or seven graduated teeth form the curved lower or hind margin. The four following segments have the upper or front margin faintly crenulate, curving back to a strong tooth, within which the hind border is cut into some seven

teeth, regularly graduated in the third and fourth segments but irregularly in the fifth; in the sixth segment the outer tooth is followed not by a convex hind border but by an oblique truncate crenulate lateral margin. The telson is squarish, distally truncate, but with the corners rounded.

The fifth peræopods are simple in the male specimen, but in the two female specimens which still possess them they are, as might be expected, chelate. The tooth-like prolongation of the sixth joint, however, is here so short in comparison with the finger that it would scarcely have been thought of as chela-forming but for its fuller development in other species, such as S. æquinoctialis. It may be noticed that in de Haan's plates S. sieboldi is the figure of a female, S. haani of a male, to judge by the fifth legs.

A dried specimen, female, some of the legs missing, from Algoa Bay, measures 93 mm. across the front of the carapace. Another dried specimen, also a female, probably from the same locality, measures 60 mm. across the front, with a length of 130 mm., or, including the second antennæ, 165 mm. These are from the Durban Museum. The following were collected by Dr. Gilchrist.

A male specimen from Cape St. Blaize W. N. 5 miles, depth 28 fathoms, bottom fine dark sand, measures 80 mm. across the front, 180 mm. in length, or with antennæ 225 mm.

A female specimen, from St. Sebastian Bay, depth about 20 fathoms, measures across the whole front 70 mm., between the orbits 38 mm., the carapace 70 mm. long, or with rostral process 75 mm., the pleon 105 mm. long; total length of the specimen, including the second antennæ, 220 mm.; second pleon segment 60 mm. broad, sixth 42 mm. broad, telson 33 mm. broad and 27 mm. long.

This, which is the subject of the photographic plate, was received at 10.30 a.m. on Sunday morning, March 26, 1905. Mr. J. Stuart Thomson, writing from the Cape, March 8, 1905, explained its place of origin, and added, "We received it yesterday in the fresh condition, and have had it frozen, as we thought you might find it interesting." The post-office at Tunbridge Wells, entering into the spirit of the transaction, gave it a special delivery on Sunday, and the messenger contributed his own advice that the cooking might safely be delayed till a more secular opportunity. As received, the colouring was dorsally a fine bright red, enhanced by the grey pattern on the lower part of the second antennæ, on the middle of the carapace, and the middle of its distal border, the latter part, however, having in the actual centre a bright red spot. The first pleon segment has an alternation of four grey and five red patches,

the following segments being also diversified with red and grey. The second and third joints and the flagella of the first antennæ were a bright pale red; the underside of the second antennæ pale yellowish and red intermingled; the under surface of the body and legs yellowish, but the legs conspicuous with three purple-red bands. respectively on the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints, the fingers being red at the base, horn-coloured at the tips, and yellow in between. The localities mentioned by Dr. Ortmann are the Cape and Port Elizabeth.

FAMILY PALINURIDEÆ.

This family has been already considered in these notices of South African Crustacea, pt. 1, p. 29, 1900, and pt. 2, p. 37, 1902.

GEN. PANULIRUS (Gray, MS.), White.

1847. Panulirus (Gray, MS.), White, List of Crust. in Brit. Mus., p.69. 1852. Panulirus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust., vol. xiii., p. 519. 1888. Panulirus, Bate, Challenger Macrura, p. 77.

1891. Senex, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., p. 22.

1897. Panulirus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., p. 260.

1905. Panulirus, Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Océanogr. Monaco, No. 29. 1906. Panulirus, Nobili, Mem. Soc. Española Hist. Nat., vol. i., p. 300.

1906. Panulirus, Nobili, Bull. Sci. France-Belgique, vol. xl.,

p. 59.

PANULIRUS PENICILLATUS (Olivier).

1837. Palinurus penicillatus, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. ii., p. 299.

1841. Palinurus penicillatus, de Haan, decas quinta, p. 157, pls. L and M, fig. 5.

1891. Senex penicillatus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., p. 28.

Several additions to the synonymy, which begins with Astacus penicillatus, Olivier, Encycl. Méth., vol. vi., p. 343, 1791, will be found under the references to Milne-Edwards and Ortmann. The species was transferred to Palinurus by Olivier in 1811, and to Panulirus by White in 1847. There seems no reason to doubt that the dried specimen from the Durban Museum belongs to this species. It has an individual peculiarity. The little group of spines on the segment of the first antennæ is reduced to three, a small pair in front with a larger spine immediately behind the left member of