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elution almost every man has become a soldier, and the Spanish recruits have in many instances exhibited the valor and intrepidity

of veteran troops.

Navy. In 1808, the navy amounted to 218 sail; whereof 42 were of the line, 30 frigates, 20 corvettes, 4 zebecs, 40 brigantines, 15 bomb-vessels, and 67 smaller vessels. These were man

ned by 2379 marines, 3320 artillery, and 36,000 sailors.

Revenue. Llerena states the Spanish revenue at 616,295,675 Erials de vellon, or about 32,575,000 dollars. Others state it at 40 millions of dollars. The first nearly agrees with the estimate of Hassel, and is probably correct. Of this revenue America fur inishes about 2,100,000 dollars. The expenditure usually somewhat exceeded the revenue. The national debt, in 1809, was estimated by Hassel at about 311,000,000 dollars. About 40,000,000 dollars are annually brought hither, of which about 32,000,000 come from America. The whole amount imported in the registered ships alone, from the discovery of the mines to the year 1725, was 5185 millions in gold and silver. But it merely passes through Spain, to the residences of industry and enterprize.

Manners and Customs. The Spaniards are generally short, thin, and well proportioned. Their complexion is olive. Their manners are grave and slow, but graceful. They are distinguished for their national and personal pride. These prevent them from stooping to the more grovelling vices. They are credulous, superstitious, and bigoted; but at present not intolerant. They are revengeful; but assassinations are less frequent than formerly, and are not common except in Andalusia and Granada. Jealousy was formerly a common characteristic of the nation, but it has been succeeded by a more criminal indifference. One of the most striking of the present national manners and customs is the common practice of adultery, under the mask of religion. The cicisbei first appeared as a distinct class of men in Italy several centuries since, and were soon found in Austria, Spain, and Portugal. In France they were unnecessary. In Italy they are usually gentlemen. In Spain they are often monks and ecclesiastics. They are called cortejos, and often discover a singular degree of fidelity and constancy in their criminal attachment.

In general the Spaniards are patient, cautious, distinguished for their sobriety and temperance, charitable, friendly, faithful, and strictly honest in their dealings. They are obedient to the laws, and willing to undergo any sacrifice for the honor of their country.

Language. The Spanish is chic fly derived from the Latin, and resembles it more than the French or Italian. Many of the words are of Arabic and some of Gothic origin. The dialect of Castile is by far the purest. The Biscayans speak an entirely different language from the Castilian. It is of Gothic derivation. The Asturian dialect is said to resemble it, and, in a smaller degree, the Gallician. There are serious varieties in those of the other provinces.

Literature. During the long Roman domination Spain received so many colonists from Italy, that she became at length

scarcely inferior to it in civilization and learning. Some of the best Latin writers were natives of Spain. Under the caliphs of Cordova flourished many celebrated writers. The Spaniards have been distinguished for their success in compositions of gal Jantry, in fables, and ingenious fictions. For narrative invention they are not rivalled by any European nation. The plots of their fables, their comedies, farces, novels, and romances, are original; and have been borrowed by the Italians, French, English, and Germans. Cervantes will always be the first model of satirical and humorous narrative.

The best English and French works on morality, history, and philosophy are translated into Spanish. In philosophy the native authors have not excelled. For some time past the nation has not been distinguished by its progress in learning or science.

Universities. The Spanish universities are 22 in number. Six of these were devoted to the education of young men of family. The university of Salamanca has a library of more than 20,000 volumes, and in 1785 contained 1909 students. The logic of Aristotle, and the theology of Thomas Aquinas are still taught in all the universities. There are acadeinies for the laws of Spain, for the canon law, and for medicine at Madrid; for the belles lettres and for medicine at Seville; an academy of the arts at Valencia and Saragossa; one of geography at Valladolid; one of mathematics and drawing at Granada; and one of belles lettres at Barcelona.

Cities. According to Hassel there are in Spain 145 cities, 4364 borough towns, and 9293 villages.

Madrid, the capital of Spain, is built on a small stream, which empties into the Xarama, a tributary of the Tagus, in lat. 40 25 N. and lon. 3 12 W. It continued an obscure town in Castile, till Charles V. made it the royal residence. It has no fortifications nor ditches, being only surrounded by a bad wall with 15 gates. The streets are not at right angles but they are almost all straight, wide, clean, and well paved. Madrid contains 18 parishes, 35 convents of monks, 31 of nuns, 39 colleges and hospitals, 14,100 houses, and 156,672 inhabitants. The houses are chiefly of brick, and several are large and handsome. The Manzanares, which runs W. of the town, a small distance from its walls, in winter is a torrent, but dry in summer.

Barcelona, a sea-port of Catalonia, stands on a plain open to the S. E. but protected by hills on the N. and W. It is surrounded by a double brick wall with 14 bastions, hornworks, ramparts, and ditches. The town contains 8 parishes, 111,410 inhabitants. The inhabitants are industrious and hospitable. The women are are distinguished for their beauty, their vivacity, and their freedom from restraint. The harbor is spacious, deep and secure.

Valencia stands on the Guadalaviar, about half a league from its mouth. The streets are narrow but every where clean, and the appearance of the town is pleasing. Here are a military school, a public library, and 45 convents. The environs of the city are every where crowded with villages and orchards in the midst of

a fertile and beautiful country, and the top of a very lofty tower in the city gives one of the most beautiful prospects in Europe. Population, 105,000.

Seville stands in the midst of a large circular plain on the south side of a Guadalquiver, 54 miles from its mouth. It is surrounded with walls, flanked with towers. It is the most extensive city in Spain, and contains 30 churches, 90 convents, a university, several hospitals, and free schools, an exchange, and a mint, and 80,568 inhabitants. When Ferdinand took Seville from the Moors, it is said to have had a population of 400,000-souls. Ferdinand IV. in 1757, established in this town a royal tobacco manufactory, at an expense of 30,000,000 rials. The chief building is a square of 750 feet, two stories high, constructed of a white stone. From 1500 to 2000 persons are here daily employed, and 80 mills are worked by 100 horses or mules. All the tobacco of Spain is prepared here. The Guadalquiver is navigable by ships of burthen to this place; but thence to Cordova only by small craft. It was the seat of the American commerce, tili 1717, when it passed to Cadiz.

Cadiz is built on the N. W. extremity of a long sandy peninsula, which is connected by a very narrow isthmus with the isle of Leon. This island is 10 miles in length, and is separated from the continent by a winding, narrow strait, which at its N. E. end opens into the harbor of Cadiz. The harbor stretches from E. to W. and opens northwards between Forts Matagordo and Lorenzo, or the Puntales, into the bay of Cadiz. Both the bay and harbor are secure and spacious. The population in 1802 was only 57,887. Thirty years before, it was estimated at 80,000, and in 1787 it was 67,987. Many of the inhabitants are foreigners. Its commerce employs about 1000 vessels, of which nearly one tenth are Spanish. The exports to America, in 1784, amounted to £3,621,443 sterling; the imports in money and jewels, to £8,297,164; and in merchandize, to £2,990,757.

Granada stands at the foot of the snow-topped Sierra Nevada. The streets are narrow, irregular, and badly paved. Few of the houses are splendid. They are about 12,000 in number, and the population in 1787, was 52,345. There are here 24 churches, 4 -convents, 13 hospitals, and a university. Among all their losses in Spain the Moors are said to lament nothing but Granada, and in their evening prayers they supplicate. Heaven to restore it to their possession.

Murcia stands on the N. side of the river Segura, about 20 miles from the Mediterranean, in a delightful valley, 25 leagues long from E to W. and a league and a half broad. The town contains 6 parish churches, a cathedral, 16 convents, and a large library, but not a single inn. The population is 44,000. The river is decorated with a fine stone bridge, and a magnificent quay.

Saragossa stands in a fertile plain, on the southern bank of the Ebro, which by its windings renders the neighborhood extremely rich and delightful. The streets are long and broad, but dirty and All-paved. Here are two cathedrals, 15 parish churches and 10

convents; also some distilleries, and manufactories of silks, com tons, and hats. Population 42,000.

Malaga, in the W. part of Granada, has a safe and commodious barbor, protected by an expensive mound running 1200 feet into the sea. The town stands at the foot of a high mountain, and is small, but handsome. It contained in 1808, 41,982 inhabitants.*

Ferrol is a strong fortress, and seaport on the bay of Corunna, with one of the best and safest harbors in Europe. It is one of the stations of the navy, has a large sea-arsenal, the most important dockyards and sail-cloth manufactories in the kingdom, and a large marine hospital, capable of receiving 5000 patients. It had in 1793, 30,000 inhabitants, and as late as 1752, was merely a collection of fishermen's huts.

Carthagena is in Murcia. The environs for some distance are crowded with villages, farms, and country seats. High mountains and barren rocks protect the town on the S. and W. On the N. and E. it is open. The harbor is among the best in Spain, deep, well sheltered and well defended; and affords a fine fishery. The streets are wide and the houses commodious. They have flat roofs, affording an agreeable retreat after sunset. In the middle of the city is a high hill, with a fort. The trade is in silks and barilla. Esparto ropes and cables are manufactured here. Population 29,000. This is a station of the royal navy.

Toledo, in New Castile, 42 miles from Madrid, is built on a rock of granite that is almost surrounded by the Tagus. The town is large, and was formerly the capital, and contained 200,000 int:abitants. It has now but 25,000. The Toledo rapiers were once celebrated for their temper, and the secret of hardening them is said to have been lately recovered.

Valladolid, in Leon, is an ancient handsome town on the Pisuerga, containing 15 churches, 16 convents, and 24,000 inhabitants. An annual fair is held here, and the streets are lively and full of business.

Alicant, in Valencia, is built between a mountain and the sea and is well defended by strong bastions; it has a good harbor, and an extensive commerce. Population 17,435. Elche, a few miles south, contains 17,403 inhabitants.

Of the most noted smaller towns Bilboa has 13,000, Burgos, 10,000, Badajos 10,000, Lerida 16,818, Pampeluna 14,054, Salamanca 15,000, and St. Sebastian 12,000.

Manufactures and Commerce. There are respectable woollen manufactures at Segovia, Seville, Guadalaxara, and several other places. Cotton manufactures are also found, especially in Catalonia. The silk manufactures are the most important and flourish most in Catalonia and Valencia. At Carthagena, Ferrol, and other places are considerable linen and sail cloth manufactories; but the greater part of these articles is supplied from abroad. Manufactures of leather are found in every considerable town, and most of the small ones. There are about 200 paper mills in Spain,

Hassel,

the most and best in Valencia; where china is also manufactured, which rivals that of Saxony. The salt-petre works, powder-mills, and tar ovens, yield nearly a sufficient supply. Soap manufactories are found every where. The tobacco manufactory of Seville is the largest in the world. The best dockyards are at Seville, Malaga, Alicant, Barcelona, and St. Sebastian; and ship-building is reviving. Salt is made in immense quantities in Valencia, and Andalusia. Manufactures in metals are almost wholly neglected. All sorts of hardware, and most of the furniture and tools that are used, are imported from France and England.

The foreign trade is mostly carried on by other nations. Spanish ships sail to the ports of the Mediterranean, and to the colonies of Spain. The chief imports are hardware, corn, butter, cheese, fish, (upwards of £1,000,000 sterling annually.) furniture, quicksilver, guns and other arms, timber, linen, sail-cloth, cordage, flax, hemp, wax, paper, millinery, sugar, and spices. The chief exports are wool, (nearly £1,000,000 sterling annually,) raw and manufactured silks, wine, raisins, brandy, figs, lemons, salt, iron, saffron, horses, tobacco, cork, soda, barilla, (150,000 quintals,) rice, (£250,000 sterling,) saltpetre, and various American goods. The balance of trade is greatly in favor of Spain. In 1784 the imports from America amounted, in money and jewels, to £9,291,237, in merchandize, to £3,343,936, the exports to £4,348,078. In 1796 the exports to Great Britain, were £809,881; the imports £546,126.

Climate. Many of the highest mountains are covered with perennial snow. The winter is very mild in the low and southern districts, where it seldom freezes; but in the higher tracts, the winter is often as severe as in England or Germany. On the Mcditerranean the sea-breeze blows every day from 9 till 5 o'clock; and pleasantly tempers the warmth of summer. The south wind from Africa is oppressive and unwholesome; but the N. W. wind from the mountains of Gallicia is cool and refreshing. In many parts the trees retain their verdure all the year, and where the leaf falls it buds again in January.

Face of the Country. Spain, next to Norway, is probably the most mountainous country in Europe. The western part of NewCastile is open and plain. The centre of Arragon is level and sandy. Valencia and the northern half of Murcia consist chiefly of extensive plains and valleys, every where fertile and well culti vated. The rest of the country is rough and broken. The highest mountains are chiefly destitute of vegetation, and their tops are always white with snow. The lower eminences are, still, almost universally forested, and in this respect resemble the mountains of New-England. The rivers and streams are numerous, and, with the exception of New-Castile, the country is well watered.

Soil and Agriculture. The soil is generally light and rests on beds of plaster of Paris, which is itself an excellent manure. Near the shore, and along the banks of the rivers, it is generally more fertile than in the central districts. The two Castiles, Biscay, Navarre, Arragon, and especially Gallicia and Leon, have an indifferent soil; yet susceptible of high fertility under skilful and vig