as 600 feet deep; some contain inhabited islands; and most of them abound in fish. Thuringen, an inconsiderable portion lies within the circle of the Upper Main, where it goes by the name of the forest of Franconia (Frankenwald). The climate of Bavaria is, on the whole, temOn the west side of the Rhine, a branch of the perate and healthy. It is cold and bleak in the Jura, the Vosgesus Mons,' which loses the name mountainous districts, but milder in the plains of the Vosges' on entering Rhenish Bavaria, and valleys through which the Main, Altmühl, where it is Germanized into the Wasgau, stretches and Regnitz flow, particularly in the parts adjacent in a north-easterly line deep into the centre of to the first of those streams, where the Thuthat province, and terminates in the canton of ringian and other mountains shelter them from Kircheim, in which is situated its loftiest summit, north winds. The Rhenish possessions have a the Königsstuhl, one of the group of the Donners- climate as mild and salubrious as the country berg (Mountain of Thunder), 2142 feet high. traversed by the Main, except in some districts of The composition of this chain is chiefly old red the west, which are intersected by the Vosges and sandstone, though in some parts, particularly on their branches: here the winter still prevails, the Donnersberg, which is crowned with a plateau while flowers and fruit-trees are blossoming in above 100 acres in area, it contains hornblende the rich and sunny plains. and porphyry. In these masses of Bavarian highlands there are few peaks exceeding 8000 feet in height. Bavaria is, on the whole, a mountainous country; and in the valleys between the ranges are many swamps or morasses. Vegetable Productions.-Few countries possess a more productive soil than Bavaria, which was formerly turned to little account; but a great advance in cultivation has been made in more recent times. Agricultural industry is principally directed to the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, The Rhine forms the eastern boundary of the and oats; the produce however varies considerRhenish subdivision of Bavaria, from a point ably both in quality and quantity, so much so north-east of Lauterburg to a point a little south indeed with respect to the latter, as to range from of Worms; the principal streams which fall into three-fold to twelve-fold: on the average it may it on the Bavarian side are the Lauter, below Lau- be estimated at about 5 bushels per English terburg; the Klingbach, south of Sondernheim; acre. The circle of the Lower Danube, which the Queich, close to Germersheim; the Speier, comprises the larger portion of Southern Bavaria, near the town of Speier, or Spires; the Rehbach, is comparatively the most productive in grain; and &c. The breadth of the Rhine above Lauterburg next to that come the circle of the Rezat, and is 1400 feet; its fall in this part of its course is the Ansbach and Baireuth districts. In some estimated at four and a half feet in every three districts rice, spelt, maize, and buckwheat are also miles and a quarter, and it flows at the rate of cultivated; but there are parts in the neighbourabout 395 feet per minute. hood of the Spessart where the climate and soil are unfavourable to the growth of almost every kind of corn-seed. The grape is much cultivated in Bavaria, especially for the Franconian, the Steinwein, and the Leistenwein varieties. About 20,000,000 English gallons are supposed to be an average produce of Bavarian wines. Among other articles of Bavarian vegetable produce are hops, tobacco, flax, hemp, linseed, rapeseed, mulberry-trees for silk rearing, fruits of many kinds, coriander and other seeds, madder, the potato, and fodder for cattle. The land is very much subdivided, and is held in small portions. The Danube forms the boundary of Bavaria and Würtemberg for about two miles south of Ulm, and from Ulm passes through Bavaria by way of Donauwörth, Ingoldstadt, Regensburg (Ratisbon), and Passau. The chief streams which fall into it are the Iller, the Leiba, Mündel, Zusam, Lech, Isar, Inn, Wörnitz, Altmühl, Rohrbach, Sulz, Naab, and Regen. The Main or Mayn is formed by two small streams which join at Steinhausen below Kulmbach: it flows near Bamberg, Schweinfurth, and Würzburg, to Aschaffenburg, whence it passes into Hesse. The Rodach, the Lauter, the Itz, the Baunach, and the Regnitz, are affluents of the Main. The Eger, the Soale, and the Fulda, are also among the Bavarian rivers. A few artificial canals, but none of great magnitude, have been cut in Bavaria. On the Boden See (Lake Constanz) are situated the harbour and fortress of Lindau, the most south-western point in Bavaria; but only a small portion of the surface of this lake belongs to Bavaria. There are numerous lakes within the Bavarian territory; among which are the ChiemSee (Lake Chiem), about 35 miles in circuit; the Würm, or Stahrenberger-See, 14 miles in length and about 4 in breadth; the Ammer See, about 12 miles long and 27 in circuit; the Staffen or Staffel-Sce, about 5 or 6 miles in circuit; the Waller or Walchen-See (Lacus Wallensis), containing about 13,500, acres; the Kochel-See, estimated at about 1200 acres; and a few others. Some of these lakes are as much The proportion of soil occupied by woods and forests, as compared with the surface occupied by arable land, is nearly 66 of the former to 100 of the latter. Most of the mountains in Bavaria are finely wooded: many of the more extensive plains also contain forests. Those of the Spessart and Rhön mountains, in the circle of the Lower Main, may be considered as the most valuable; the oak obtained from the Spessart is highly esteemed, and is exported to a large amount; but the beech of the Rhön is very little inferior to it in strength. The juniper, the fir, and the pine, are the other chief kinds. The fire-wood produced by these forests is so abundant as to leave much for exportation; and the forests also yield tar, turpentine, and juniper berries. Animals. In the year 1837 Bavaria had 2,556,000 horned cattle, 1,504,080 sheep, and 330,620 horses. Swine are reared in all quarters, but more particularly in the neighbourhood of the Spessart and Rhön mountains, where acorns are The important department of education is under abundant. Of goats the stock is not large; and the immediate superintendence of the 'Superior few mules or asses are bred. Fowl, both wild and Board of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs.' domestic, are plentiful: the rearing of bees has been | (Ober-Schul-und-Kirchenrath), attached to the neglected until of late years. The lakes and rivers ministry of home affairs, and under the subordiof Bavaria abound with fish: in the circle of the nate direction of the several provincial governIsar especially, where the largest inland waters ments, one member of which has particular charge exist, and along the banks of the Main and of all matters connected with scholastic instituRhine, thousands derive a comfortable livelihood tions. Subordinate again to the latter are the infrom the fisheries. The most noted species are the salmon of the Rhine, the trout of the Franconian streams, and the crayfish of the Altmühl. Pearls are found in the Ilz and other minor streams. The wolves and bears, which used to infest the forests and highlands of Bavaria, are rapidly diminishing. spectors of district and local schools; those for the local schools being in general the ministers and elders of parishes. No child is excused attendance at the schools, except such as have received permission to pursue their studies under private tutors. There, are three universities, two Roman Catholic, at Munich and Würzburg, and Minerals.-The principal mineral products are one Protestant at Erlangen. There are also iron, coal, and salt; gold and silver are found in several lycæa, gymnasia, pro-gymnasia, and nusmall quantities, only in the waters of the Inn, merous other schools, besides academies of arts Rhine, Danube, and Isar; quicksilver, in the and sciences, fine arts, horticulture, &c. The circle of the Rhine; and copper, which was for- largest public library in Bavaria is the Central merly raised in several quarters, is now confined Library in Munich, which contains upwards of to the works at Kahl and Kaulsdorf, in the circle 500,000 volumes, including 16,000 manuscripts, of the Upper Main. There are two mines of cobalt 400,000 pamphlets and dissertations, and 250,000 also on the latter spot, from which small quanti-distinct works. No printing-press can be established ties of tin, lead, and antimony have occasionally without the previous sanction of the king. Piracy been obtained. The Upper Main, Rhenish Ba- of books, as well as the sale of pirated works, is varia, Regen, Lower Danube, and Isar territories held to be a misdemeanour; and every bookseller, are the chief mining districts in Bavaria. Among dealer in antiquities, owner of a circulating library, the other mineral produce may be named black printer, and head of a lithographic establishment, lead, sulphur, porcelain earth, marble, alabaster, is placed under the control of the local police in rock crystal, asbestos, and many of the gems. every town, and liable to be brought under judicial cognizance for any offence against the laws, morals, or the public safety. Religion; Education.-Of the population of Bavaria, three millions are Roman Catholics. The 'Edict of Religion' of the 16th May, 1818, does not Constitution and Government.-Most of the recognise any predominant national church, but states of which the kingdom of Bavaria is comestablishes full liberty of conscience, and gives posed, namely, the former duchy of Bavaria, the both to Roman Catholic and Protestant an equality upper Palatinate, the duchy of Neuburg, and the of civil rights; the privilege of private worship is principalities of Ansbach, Baireuth, Bamberg, secured to individuals of every persuasion, and and Würzburg, possessed representative constituthat of public worship may be granted by the tions before their consolidation under one head. king upon the application of a sufficient number of But the aristocracy in these territories had sucfamilies. All matters connected with the tem-ceeded in rendering these representative constitu poral concerns of religious communities are con- tions a dead letter; and in fact they had long dacted by the section for ecclesiastical affairs in been in a state of abeyance previously to being the home department; but the exercise of judicial abrogated by the terms of the constitution propower in the Roman Catholic church, with reference mulgated by the late king, Maximilian Joseph, on to members of their own body, is entrusted to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, and deacons. The king is the temporal head of that church, and no laws, ordinances, or other public acts relating to it, can be promulgated without the royal sanction. By the concordat concluded with the Pope on the 5th June, 1817, two archbishoprics, Munich and Bamberg, and six bishoprics, Würzburg, Eichstädt, and Spires, under the former, and Augsburg, Ratisbon, and Passau, under the latter, were instituted. The Roman Catholic Church in Bavaria possesses 191 deaneries, and 2512 cures of souls. The revenues arise from estates and endowments. Several monasteries and nunneries have been either established or restored within the last twenty years. The Lutheran inhabitants are under the superintendence of consistories. The Protestant clergy are maintained by the state; and public grants are also made to the inferior Roman Catholic clergy. the 1st of May, 1808. The convulsions which subsequently affected the whole of Europe rendered the constitution of Maximilian Joseph incompatible with the new order of things; and the same king, therefore, on the 26th of May, 1818, granted the Bavarians a new constitution, which defines and establishes their rights and privileges. The legislature consists of two chambers-the Senators (Reichsräthe), consisting of a small number of persons of high rank; and the Deputies, composed partly of persons elected and partly of persons who claim the right from their station or position in society, without election. All new laws must receive the sanction of the Senators and the Deputies, before they become binding; and the general course of legislative proceeding bears some analogy to that of England. At the head of public affairs is a council of state, established by a royal decree of the 18th of Novem ber, 1825; it is composed of the king, the crown- is the chief, is not confined to a few large estaprince, if of age, of such princes of royal blood in a blishments, but is scattered over the whole state, direct line as are also of age, resident in the capital, and in many districts the agricultural population and appointed of the council by the king, of the partly maintain themselves by weaving linen. ministers of state, the field marshal, and six coun- The majority of the articles made are of the cillors nominated by the king. The executive coarser descriptions; and a large proportion of authority is vested in the heads of the following them are the produce of the Upper Main, and of five departments, the royal household and foreign the Upper and Lower Danube. Linen-yarn is affairs,-justice,-home affairs,-finance,-and the also spun in some districts, but not to any great army-whose heads form the cabinet, and are extent, and chiefly for exportation. The manuassisted at their meetings by a secretary-general. facture of woollens and worsted hose is carried on Each of the eight circles or provinces has a pro- principally in the circles of Regen, the Danubes, and vincial government consisting of two boards: the the Mains, the finest being produced in Ansbach, one, called the Chamber of the Interior, takes Baireuth, Lindau, Munich, and the Upper Palacharge of civil concerns, the police, the schools, tinate; but this branch of industry is in the hands &c.; the other, termed the Chamber of Finance, of individuals, and not carried on in large factories. manages the affairs of the domains of the state, The supply is very inadequate to the consumption and every matter connected with the financial de- of the country, and sometimes the excess of impartment. The commissary-general (General- ports over exports has amounted to 40,000l. per commissär) is president of both boards, and in annum. There is a similar deficiency in the dosome circles he is assisted by a vice-president; mestic supply of manufactured cottons; the use of each board consists of a director, and several improved machinery, however, is gradually inmembers, called councillors and assessors. The medical-police department is attached to the Chamber of the Interior; and a councillor of medicine (Kreis-m dicinal-rath) superintends it. Each circle has also its official architect and surveyor. creasing in many quarters, and additions are constantly making to the number of spinning-mills. The districts about Augsburg, Kaufbeueren, and Hof are the most important seats of this branch of Bavarian industry, and numbers are also employed Military Resources.-The Conscription Law of in hand-spinning. The leather manufactories are the 29th of March, 1812, rendered every male in of considerable importance, but mostly carried on Bavaria, up to a certain age, with the exception by numbers of small manufacturers, particularly in of ecclesiastics and the sons of noblemen, liable to the minor towns in the circles of the Rezat, Isar, the ballot for the army; but a new law of the 1st the Upper and Lower Danubes, and of the Rhine. of May, 1829, allows every Bavarian to enlist Bavarian calf-skins are in great repute and largely between the ages of eighteen and thirty; and such as exported, but sole leathers are not produced in have already served six years may contract a fresh sufficient quantity for the home demand. The engagement in the service until they reach their supply of paper, of which Aschaffenburg, Nürnfortieth year. Every Bavarian is liable to the berg, Fürth, Augsburg, and Schwabach furnish Conscription Law after he has completed his many fancy sorts, is beyond the domestic contwenty-first year; and from the 1st of January sumption. Schweinfurt and Mainberg possess succeeding the ballot by which he has been drawn, large manufactories of paper-hangings, which are his liability to serve in the army, if called upon, of excellent quality, and in much demand in other continues during the two following years: the German states. Straw-platting has increased conexemptions are confined to the only son of a siderably of late years. The manufacture of lookparent, who has already lost two sons in the ser-ing-glasses and of glass for optical purposes is in a vice, and the surviving sons of every parent who high state of efficiency in Bavaria; and the glass has lost three sons in a similar manner. The manufactures generally are very extensive. The period of service is six years; no Bavarian can settle or marry, or receive any definitive appointment before he has done all that the law requires with regard to his liability to bear arms. Certain exemptions are granted in the case of ecclesiastics and students, as well as in the case of sons, without whose aid the subsistence of families would become precarious. The contingent which Bavaria furnishes to the German Confederation is about 55,000 men. The Landwehr, or militia, is far more numerous. Bavaria contains five fortresses, and several mountain strongholds. Manufactures and Trade.-In Bavaria, as in many other German states, the profits arising from vast establishments, and the concentration of productive powers, are comparatively unknown; manufacturing industry is mostly diffused over a multitude of adventures on a small scale. Pavaria is also essentially an agricultural country, and hence the deficient supply in many branches of its manufactures. That of linens, for instance, which manufacture of articles in wood, and the felling, hewing, and general manufacture of timber occupy thousands of hands. There are nearly 2000 sawing-mills in Bavaria for the preparation of boards, deals, and laths; and almost as many families are wholly supported in Ammergau and Berchtesgaden by the manufacture of articles in carved wood, some of which are very beautiful. There are several porcelain manufactories at work; that at Nymphenburg, not far from Munich, produces china which may bear comparison with the finest in Europe. The potteries and the slate works are numerous. The working of the metals chiefly consists in extensive manufactories of iron-ware, especially nails and needles, the export of which is considerable. There is a manufactory of arms at Amberg which supplies the army. The gold and silver smiths of Munich, Würzburg, Nürnberg, and Augsburg, are in great repute. Firearms, fowling-pieces, cannon, brass-ware, gold and silver leaf, employ a large number of workmen. The brewing of beer, in many respects the most important branch of manufacture in Bavaria, employs upwards of 5000 establishments, or taxed brewers, by whom more than 96,000,000 gallons of beer are made. Many establishments and institutions exist in Bavaria tending to the encouragement of manufactures. was at the close of the eighth century, the kings of the Franks and Germans governed the country by their lieutenants, who were dukes or counts taken from various families. In 1070 it passed, by imperial grant, into the possession of the Guelphs; and in 1180, upon the expulsion of Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, it Though Bavaria is an inland country, its trade was transferred by the Emperor Frederic to Otho, is greatly favoured by its geographical position, Count of Wittelsbach, a native prince, from whom which has rendered it in some degree a central point the present king is descended. One of the most between the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the important acquisitions subsequently made was that German Ocean, and a medium of intercourse of the earldom of the Rhenish Palatinate, with between the west and the east of Europe. This which the Emperor Frederic III. invested this advantage is increased by its natural productive- family in 1216. Their dominions were afterness, and by the navigable lines of the Danube, wards divided between contending relatives at Rhine, Main, and other streams, over which above various times, until the dukedom of Bavaria was 1600 larger and smaller bridges have been thrown; fully severed from the Upper and Rhenish Palaas well as by the constant attention which the tinates in 1329. Several other partitions ensued. government has paid of late years to the mainte- In 1507 the right of primogeniture in the royal nance and multiplication of public roads, the length family was introduced, and finally received as the of which is estimated at upwards of 5500 miles. law of the land in 1573. The treaty of WestRailways, too, are in course of construction to phalia not only recognised the title of the Bavarian connect Munich, Ingoldstadt, Fürnberg, Würzburg, princes to the Upper Palatinate, of which they and Bamberg with each other and with neigh- had re-possessed themselves in 1621, but confirmed bouring countries. The treaties of reciprocity, them in the electoral dignity, to which they had which have thrown the markets of many neigh-been raised by the Emperor of Germany in 1623. bouring states open to the industry and enterprise Upon the extinction of the direct Wittelbach line of the Bavarians, have also given an additional in the person of Maximilian Joseph III. in 1777, stimulus to their commercial activity. Though an the Elector Palatine, Charles Theodore, succeeded agricultural state, the export of its wrought pro- to the sovereignty; and from that time till 1815 duce and manufactures exceeds in value that of its raw produce by more than one-half. The system of duties has been placed on a liberal footing: great facilities are given to importation, and scarcely any obstacles are thrown in the way of exportations. The principal articles of export are grain, salt, timber, potashes, fruit, liquorice-root, seeds, hops, cattle, sheep, swine, fish, flax, yarn, coarse linens, glass, leather, beer, &c. The imports are principally wines, cotton, coffee, sugar, rice, tobacco, drugs, sea-fish, copper, oil, hides and akins, hemp and flax, silk and silk goods, woollens, lead, furs, honey, and cheese. the territories of Bavaria have repeatedly undergone changes, according to the terms of the several treaties concluded between belligerent parties during the long French war. The first King of Bavaria was Maximilian Joseph, who assumed the royal dignity on the 1st of January, 1806, and was succeeded by his son Lewis Charles Augustus I., the present king, on the 13th of October, 1825. (Rudhardt's State of the Kingdom of Bavaria, from Official Sources; Liechtenstern's History and Statistics of Bavaria; Von St. Behlen's History, Statistics, &c., of the Kingdom of Bavaria; Von Schlieben's Bavaria; Cammerer; Hassel; Stein; Hörschelmann; Malchus; Westenrieder; Eisenmann, &c.) BAVAY. [NORD.] BAWTRY. [YORKSHIRE.] History. The Romans gave the name of Vindelicia to the province or region which they conquered from the Celtic Boii; but the Roman province soon fell a prey to the attacks of fierce Teutonic tribes, and was often despoiled during the later centuries of Roman supremacy. On the dissolution of BAXTER, RICHARD, an eminent Nonconthe Roman empire, Bavaria became a vassal of the formist divine, was born at Rowdon, a small village Ostrogothic empire, and, at a later date, of that of in Shropshire, on the 12th of November, 1615. the Franks, whose yoke, however, was so easy that His early education was at the free grammar the people were permitted to elect their own dukes school at Wroxeter. His ambition was to enter out of the patrician line of the Agilolfingers. one of the universities to qualify himself for the These princes, whose sway lasted for more than 250 ministry, and he was accordingly placed with Mr. years, were so little dependent upon their foreign Richard Wickstead, chaplain to the council at masters, that they exercised every prerogative Ludlow, who had an allowance from government of sovereignty except the right of making laws for a divinity student. Though the defects in his and alienating lands, which were acts that required previous education were but ill supplied by this the sanction of a body of legislators, consisting arrangement (Wickstead being a negligent tutor), of priests, counts, judges, and elders of the people. he had access to a good library, where he acquired Thassilo, the last duke of the Agilolfingian line, a taste for those studies which he pursued with was, in the year 783, compelled to submit to such indefatigable diligence in after-life. He conCharlemagne, after an obstinate resistance, and tinued his theological studies after his return to was condemned to death at the assembly of May his father's house, though his hopes of going to in that year, but was subsequently pardoned and the university were disappointed. shut up in a monastery. From this time, which He was suddenly diverted from his pursuits by a proposition to try his fortune at court. The the rest. Among other measures a conference was project seems not to have been unpalatable either appointed at the Savoy, consisting of a certain to the future puritan divine or to his father. Theo- number of Episcopalian and Presbyterian divines, logy was thrown aside, and Baxter went to Lon- to devise a form of ecclesiastical government which don with a special introduction to Sir Henry Her- might reconcile the differences and satisfy the bert, master of the revels, as an aspirant to royal scruples of the contending parties. Baxter himself favour. His reception was courteous and even drew up a reformed liturgy, which, with some kind. For one month he mingled in the festivities alterations, he presented at this conference. The of the palace--a period which was sufficient to con- Presbyterians would have accepted Bishop Usher's vince him of the unsuitableness of such a mode of scheme as a model, with any alterations which life to his tastes, his habits, and his conscience; he might be mutually agreed upon; but the bishops then returned home, and resumed his studies with were secretly opposed to the arrangement. Oaths a determination never to be again diverted from and subscriptions, which had been suspended them. A protracted illness completed the prepara- while there was any prospect of a union of parties, tion of his mind for the reception of those impres- were again called for. In accordance with this sions of religious duty under which he acted demand a law was passed in 1662, called the Act through the remainder of his life. of Uniformity, so strict in its requisitions upon the debateable points of ceremonial worship, that it had the effect of banishing at once two thousand divines from the pale of the English church. Of this number was Baxter. Previous to the passing of this measure, he had refused the bishopric of Hereford and other preferments offered him by Clarendon. When he was twenty-three years of age, he was ordained by the Bishop of Worcester, and was appointed to the mastership of the free grammarschool at Dudley. At this time he entertained no scruples on the subject of conformity, having never examined with any nicety the grounds of subscription. At the end of nine months Baxter removed from Dudley to Bridgenorth, where he acted as assistant to the clergyman. He left this place after a residence of one year and nine months, on an invitation from a committee of the parishioners (1640) to become the officiating clergyman at the parish church in Kidderminster, the vicar having The Indulgence granted in 1672 drew Baxter agreed, in order to settle disputes, to allow 60%. from his retirement at Totteridge, to which place per annum to a curate of their own choosing. he had removed. He settled again in London, The living was afterwards sequestered, the townsmen collected the tithes, paid Baxter and Baxter's curate, and gave the vicar 401. per annum. Finding his public duties at an end, he retired in July 1663 to Acton, in Middlesex, where he employed most of his leisure in writing for the press. Some of his largest works were the fruits of this seclusion. and preached as a lecturer in different parts of the city, but more constantly at Pinner's Hall and in Fetter Lane. But his public duties were frequently suspended by those rigorous enactments to which the Nonconformists were subjected during the last two reigns of the Stuarts. During the civil wars of that period Baxter held a position by which he was connected with both the opposite parties in the state, and yet was the partisan of neither. His position at Kiddermin- It was his misfortune to be one of the unhappy ster became an unsafe one, and he retired to Co- victims of Jefferies. He was apprehended on a ventry, where he lived two years, preaching lord-chief-justice's warrant, on a charge of sedition regularly to the parliamentary garrison and to the and being hostile to episcopacy. The charge was inhabitants. He subsequently accepted a chap- founded on some passages in his 'Paraphrase of laincy in the parliamentary army. An illness the New Testament.' On the trial, Jefferies said compelled him to resign this duty; and we find him again at Kidderminster, exerting himself with renewed vigour to moderate conflicting opinions. The conduct of Cromwell at this crisis exceedingly perplexed that class of men of whom Baxter might be regarded as the type. For the sake of peace they yielded to an authority which they condemned as an usurpation, but nothing could purchase their approbation of the measures by which it had been attained and was supported. In matters of discipline and church government, he occupied a middle ground between the Episcopalians and the Presbyterians. The views maintained by Baxter, blended as they were with the principles of monarchy, made them extremely popular towards the close of Cromwell's career. upon the bench, he was sorry that the Act of It was expected that on the restoration of the king moderation would have prevailed in the The literary career of Baxter is not the least councils of the nation, and a conciliatory policy extraordinary part of his history. He published have been adopted with regard to religious a body of practical and polemical divinity with a opinions. Some indication of such a spirit appeared in the appointment of Presbyterian divines among the king's chaplains, and Baxter along with rapidity almost unequalled; the excellence of some of his practical writings secured them an unexampled popularity, and thus laid the foundation of |