"1. To go straight on, (comp. Piel) generally, to walk along, Prov. "2. To be right, proper; thence, happy, (Comp. . Hab. ii. 4. אַשׁוּר and אֲשׁוּר .ix. 6. Derivat "1. To guide, to lead right. Prov. xxiii. 19. 72 73 78, guide thine heart in the straight path, Isa. i. 17. generally, to guide, Isa. iii. 12.: DTD thy leaders are misleaders, ix. 15. "2. Intrans, as Kal, To proceed, go forward, Prov. iv. 14. "3. To esteem, or deem one happy, Gen. xxx. 13. Job xxix. 11. Mal. iii. 12. 15. "1. To be guided, Isa. ix. 15. (16.) "2. To be esteemed happy, hence, to be happy, Ps. xli. 3. Prov iii. 18. : ", m. A proper name, "1. Son of Jacob, and progenitor of the tribe called by his name, whose district extended along the sea-coast, in the north of Palestine. vid. Josh. xix. 24. 31. The nom. gent. is N, Judg. i. 32. 66 "2. The name of a town not far from Sichem, Josh. xvii. 7. , happiness, only in plur. stat. constr. as ", blessings (upon), i. e. happy is the man. Ps. i. 1. ii. 12. xxxii. 1, 2. xxxiii. 12. Prov. iii. 13. viii. 34. With suff. 7, thy happiness, for, hail to thee! Deut. xxxiii. 29.; TUN for TN, hail to thee! Eccles. x. 16. N, hail to him! Prov. xiv. 21. The vowel points in TN, TN, ,from פִּילַגְשִׁים as אֲשָׁרָיו אֲשֶׁרֶיךָ are placed anomalously, for אַשְׁרָיו "1. Pron. relat. indecl., for both gend. and numb. Who, which; qui, quæ, quod. If a preposition is prefixed, then the pronoun he, &c. is to be supplied between it and the relative, e. g., to him who ; to them who; D, from him, who. NN, him who. The ellipsis, moreover, sometimes includes the notion of place or time, hence in, at (the place) where." "2. This pronoun often serves merely as a sign of relation, which gives adverbs or pronouns a relative signification, (as "N, No. II. gives them an interrogative signification.) Hence, D, where (from Dy, there;) DWD, whence, (from DD, thence;) whither (from My, thither;) in most cases one or more words are inserted between them; e. g. Gen. xiii. 3., unto the place, ITUN NOU, where his tent had been, Gen. xx. 13., at every place, TT NN, whither we shall come. They are joined, Exod. xx. 18. 2 Chron. vi. 11. If joined to the oblique cases of the pronoun he, it then expresses the oblique cases of N, who, e. g. i ¬WN, tó whom, from 15, to him;, quos; 1, wherein; DODUN, from whom, of which, whereof; DN UN, quo rum terra; vip, under whose wings, Ruth ii. 12. Somewhat similar occurs in the Swiss dialect, in which where is used as a sign of relation, e. g. Der Fremde, wo du mit ihm gegessen hast, for, mit welchem du gegessen hast. "3. cujus ei, who or which (belong) to, serves at times as a circumlocution for the genitive, especially in the case where two genitives are depending on the noun, as 1 Sam. xxi. 8. u? Jun אַבִּיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל .8 .on the noun, as 1 Sam. xxi the superintendent of the shepherds of Saul, 2 Sam. ii. 8. Ny , the leader of the troops of Saul, Cant. i. 1. 7 ribbub ¬WN D'¬wn, the song of songs of Solomon. Comp. 1 Sam. xvii. 40. 15 ¬WN D'ye, his shepherd's bag. 1 Kings xv. 20 No, the princes of his hosts. In the later writings, where (q. v.) occurs instead of the form proceeds from it, and is the sign of the genitive (see the word) as in Aram, 77, "As a conjunction, it is, like the Greek ört, the Latin quòd. "1. That, so that; ut, Gen. xi. 7. Deut. iv. 40. (with the future.) "2. That, quòd, Exod. xi. 7. Comp. also the phrase JIM VEITUN, we have heard that Jehovah has dried up, properly, we have heard this, that, &c. Josh. ii. 10. 1 Sam, xxiv. 19. 2 Sam. xi. 20. 2 Kings viii. 12. Deut. xxix. 15. "3. Because, Gen. xxxiv. 27. D DUN, because they dishonoured their sister, 1 Kings viii. 33. especially in conjunction with as על יען as T "4. If, Levit. iv. 22. NUIT NW UN, if a prince should sin, Gen. xxx. 38. “5. For, Deut. iii. 24. pa, for what God is there in heaven. Zech. i. 15. “6. When, 2 Chron. xxxv. 20. ' TUN, when Josiah had prepared, &c. « 7. As, like, Jer. xxxiii. 22.: “ T the host of heaven cannot be numbered, 1 Kings viii. 39. 66 8. Where, Numb. xx. 13.: 7, where they contended. Among the compounds are to be noticed, "1. In (the place) where (vid. above, No. I.) Ruth i. 17.: JUNE , where thou diest, whither, 1 Sam. xxii. 13.: whither they could go. “2. Because, Gen. xxxix. 9. UNAN ¬, because thou art his wife, ver. 23. More frequent is ND, "1. Prop. according to what, according as, Gen. vii. 9. UND, as God has commanded, Ch. xxxiv. 12. “ 2. As if, Job x. 19. ND, as if I had not been. "3. Because, (in consequence) that, Numb. xxvii. 14. Micah, iii. 4. ND, Because they have done evil. "4. As soon as when, (after) Exod. xxxii. 19. Deut. ii. 16. "5. When, (of time, properly, at the time in which,) Gen. xii. 11. Nic? ' N 17, when he came nigh, &c. Chap. xxvii. 40. Exod. xvii. 11. Josh. iv. 1. We cannot conclude our review more appropriately, than by quoting the following sensible observation, which is made by Gesenius himself, in his Preface to this work. "May I be allowed, moreover, here generally to express my conviction, that perhaps on few writings have so many rash criticisms been hazarded, without a regard for, and a sound knowledge of, the genius of the language and the grammar, as on the Hebrew text of the Bible. Reiske's Conjecturæ in Jobum et Proverbia, Lips. 1779-80. and Houbigant's Passion for Emendations, were loudly disproved in part, even by their own age; but the criticisms of J. D. Michaelis and his disciples, gave occasion to Stange to make a series of bitter, though, for the most part, just remarks; and the Scholia of Rosenmuller, which are a model in this, as well as other respects, here give a beautiful example, how true it is, that in the interpretation of the Hebrew text, an accurate, profound, and delicate acquaintance with the idiom of the lan guage, is moré necessáry than a restless eagerness for new divisions of words, changes in the punctuations, and other alterations of the text.' The present publication is rendered less valuable than it would otherwise have been, by the great number of errata, which we have noted, in addition to the list already given by Mr. Leo. We are well aware of the apology that Mr. L. has offered in his Preface-the distance of his situation from the University Press; but we do not understand how any such circumstance should have caused errors so very numerous and so very important in the Hebrew, the Syriac, but more especially in the Arabic typography of the work. In this kind of book, the utmost accuracy is indispensable. Our notice of this publication would have been given sooner, but that we have waited for the concluding Part till our patience is exhausted. The State of the Protestant Religion in Germany; in a series of Discourses preached before the University of Cambridge. By the Rev. HUGH JAMES ROSE, M.A., of Trinity College, and Vicar of Horsham, Sussex. 8vo. Pp. 184. 88. Deightons. Cambridge. 1825. To Germany mankind are indebted for some of the greatest benefits they enjoy. There the art of printing was discovered, an invention which beyond any other has been instrumental in accelerating the progress of science and cultivation, and which has at once given permanence to learning, and celerity to its diffusion. There literature has been cultivated and advanced by numerous writers of pre-eminent talent and indefatigable industry, to whom the politician, the philosopher, the lawyer, the physician, the man of active life no less than the retired student, look up with the veneration due to guides and instructors. There the light of the Reformation arose, which neither the darkness of infidelity, nor the artifices of Rome, shall be ever able to extinguish; and which, we humbly hope, will, under the high behests of Providence, shine more and more unto the fect day of Christianity. The flame of pure religion kindled by that auspicious event was not suffered in after ages to languish and expire. From the time of the great reformer Luther, a man of gigantic force of intellect, and for the period in which he lived, a prodigy of learning, a succession of theologians have fanned and cherished it with anxious vigilance, and by the most splendid exertions. In glancing at the shelves by which we per are at this moment surrounded, how many of the volumes which guided our earlier studies and assisted our maturer inquiries, ́ which we regard as storehouses of the most valuable information, which we have most commonly in our hands, and the contents of which we desire to be most deeply impressed upon our minds, owe their existence to the patient research, the literary genius, and the prolific press of Germany? Considering the immense debt of gratitude which every scholar and every divine must acknowledge to be due to German assiduity, it may seem invidious and unthankful to speak in disparagement of its present labours. Yet, as we are informed by history that the march of learning has not been uniformly progressive, it is both interesting and useful to inquire, with reference to any particular region, into the causes and consequences of its rise, progress, variation, and, if such be the fact, its decline. In proportion to the splendour of the former literary glory of any country are our curiosity and anxiety to know its present state. It is especially so with regard to theological learning in Germany-as it has lately been disparaged, and even unsparingly condemned by some whom the church of England numbers among the brightest of her living ornaments. Is this severe censure justified by the actual state of Scriptural knowledge in that extensive region? Is it true that religion has degenerated into a crude system of rationalizing sophistry, and that a wide-spread and growing indifference to Christianity prevails in a country, the cradle of protestantism, and the parent of a long line of worthies who have obtained a lofty name and a proud station in the annals of the Christian faith? The affirmative is strongly maintained in the valuable Discourses now before us. Mr. Rose is too sound a scholar, and too judicious a divine to deny the obligations which we owe to German theology. He fully admits that, until about the middle of the last century, the German divines as a body were as learned, as orthodox, and as remarkable for talents, as any body of divines; and that from their writings the student will never fail to derive improvement, and will not unfrequently gain information which he would seek in vain elsewhere. (P. xii) Yet he at the same time contends that there exist "fatal opinions which have taken from Christianity in Germany, almost every thing but its name, or at least have deprived it of almost all the marks and characteristics of a revelation." (P. 11.) This is a serious charge, and requires proportionally strong evidence for its support; yet, much as it is to be lamented, we fear there is sufficient evidence to substantiate its truth. But our more immediate design is, avoiding as much as possible the entering |