spect the anger of God against sin, and his denunciations against sinners: particularly the final judgment and retribution, and the future sufferings of the impenitent. It is no unfrequent thing to hear these subjects discussed in that strong language, and that vehement utterance, with which an impassioned speaker labours to express his own indignation, and to rouse that of his audience against atrocious crimes or invading enemies. Vehemence is not the manner of address, which is suited to subjects of this nature. The preacher ought to remember, that in disclosing the doom of the impenitent, he is, perhaps, pronouncing his own. How few, even of the best men, are assured of their safety! Were this objection removed, how foreign, how unfitted, (to say the least) is it to subjects so awful! I have heard sermons of this description. The emotions excited in my own mind, and abundantly expressed to me by others, were, I confess, a mixture of horror and disgust: feelings, from which good can hardly be expected in a case of this nature. I wish these subjects ever to be handled plainly and without disguise. Such a mode is equally essential to the integrity of the preacher, and the usefulness of his discourses. But I wish them to be always handled, also, with such a mixture of solemnity and affection, as shall wholly exclude vehemence on the one hand, and strongly exhibit tenderness on the other. The words of the preacher should be those of a guilty man to guilty men; of a dying man to dying men; of a man, who humbly hopes, that he has found pardon for himself, and is most affectionately anxious, that his hearers may find the same blessings also.

There are two other subjects, which I think are often improperly handled in a different manner: a manner, which without much violence may be styled too affectionate: viz. the Love, and Sufferings, of Christ. These, many preachers labour to describe with as much strength and tenderness, as possible. In their efforts to be peculiarly pathetic, they often exhibit such images, and adopt such expressions, as have ever appeared to me unsuited to the nature and dignity of the theme. The love of Christ was wonderful in its degree. But it was attended with a glory, and a sublimity, which repel all familiar views, all diminutive representations; and demand thoughts of the highest reverence, and language of the highest elevation. All those epithets, which are applied with the utmost propriety and force to human tenderness, and the soft affections of our race, are here, in my view, wholly misplaced. Even the epithet dear, when applied to the Saviour, although sanctioned in many Hymns; some of them written by persons of great respectability; has ever appeared to me too familiar, too colloquial, too diminutive, to be applied to this exalted Person: so that I never either hear, or read, it without pain. At the same time, many of the strong, impassioned exclamations, which are often employed in endeavouring to make deep impressions concerning the sufferings of the Saviour, produce, I acknowledge, on

my own mind the contrary effects. The death of Christ ought never to be lamented in such language, as may very properly exhibit our feelings for the intense sufferings of a beloved child, or a darling friend. How differently has even St. Paul, who, among the writers of the New Testament, and David, who, among those of the Old, have expressed the strongest emotions concerning this affecting subject, exhibited, each, his own views! Although they are intense, they are yet always dignified, and very often sublime. 7. The Gospel ought to be preached Acceptably.

It is a common opinion, that all the censures, thrown out against what is said by an orthodox preacher, arise either from his want of talents, from some prejudice against the man, or from the hatred of the human heart to the truth which he utters. Either of these attributions, particularly the last, may serve as a convenient shelter for the preacher's faults; but is not a fair account of the fact. That the heart is naturally opposed to divine truth, and that those who declare it honestly are for this reason often censured, I have not a doubt. But the preacher not unfrequently occasions the censure by his own fault; and ought never to shun the blame, which he has merited.

Solomon has taught us, that a word fitly spoken is like apples, or citrons, of gold in a net-work of silver: a beautiful object beautifully exhibited, and therefore, making an impression remarkably delightful. Of Solomon, also, styled The preacher by the Spirit of God, it is recorded, that he sought to find out acceptable words; and that, while writing a part of the Scriptural Canon. Who, with these considerations before him, can doubt, that this is universally the duty of such as preach the Gospel?

But there are men, who in the desk appear to choose the character, and attitude, of Polemics. This character is sometimes rendered necessary, and is then defensible; but, when taken up of choice merely, is always disagreeable and disadvantageous.

There are others, who, when particular terms, or phrases, have become odious by being used, and marked, in the progress of a vehement dispute, adopt them still, either from choice or negligence; and thus warn their hearers, beforehand, to dislike what ever they are prepared to say.

A third class select a phraseology, calculated to persuade an audience, that they hold unheard of, and unwarrantable, opinions: when, if they would use customary language only, their tenets would be found to differ in nothing from those which are commonly received. In this manner the preacher alarms his hearers, not concerning their sin and danger, but concerning his own heresy; and occasions an opposition, literally causeless and useless.

Some attack, from the desk, such as have personally offended them; and thus make it a rostrum of satire and revenge; instead of a pulpit, where the tidings of salvation are to be published.

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To preach acceptably demands all the characteristics, already insisted on in this discourse: Plainness, Variety, Boldness, Solemnity, Earnestness, and Affection. It also demands something more. It requires, that the preacher should avoid all these irregularities; that he should be cautious of pushing his sentiments to rank extremes ; that he should wantonly give no offence to any man; that he should select, as far as he can, acceptable words; and that he should appear wholly engaged in promoting the salvation of his flock. His discourses ought to be the result of solid thought, careful study, and complete conviction of the truth and importance of Christianity.

Finally; they ought to appear fraught with piety to God, and integrity to men.

In this manner the Gospel, unless I mistake, was originally preached. In this manner it will, I think, be preached by every Minister, who unites the wisdom of the Serpent with the innocence of the dove. In this manner, particularly, it will be preached by him, who, comprehending thoroughly the nature of his office, and feeling the necessity of discharging the duties of it faithfully, designs, in the end, to give a invful account of his stewardship to God.

SERMON CLIV.

THE EXTRAORDINARY MEANS OF GRACE.-VARIOUS DUTIES OF MINISTERS.

1 THESSALONIANS iii. 2.-And sent Timothy, our brother, and minister of God, and our fellow-labourer in the Gospel of Christ, to establish you, and comfort you concerning your faith

HAVING examined, at length, the great duty of Preaching the Gospel in the two preceding discourses, I shall now proceed to a summary consideration of other Ministerial duties.

In the text Timothy is said to be sent to the Thessalonians, to establish them, and to comfort them concerning their faith. What was here the business of Timothy, is the proper business of every minister of the Gospel. From the text, therefore, I derive this doctrine;

That every minister of the Gospel is appointed for the establishment of Christians. This truth will not be questioned. I shall, therefore, enter immediately upon the consideration of the principal remaining methods, in which the duties, specified in the text, are to be performed.

1. Every minister is bound to give himself diligently to Study. This duty is abundantly enjoined in the Scriptures. Meditate, says St. Paul to Timothy, upon these things. Give thyself wholly to them; that thy profiting may appear unto all. A Bishop, he further says, must be apt to teach. Plainly, therefore, he must learn the things, which he is to teach. He must not be a novice, lest, being lifted up with pride, he fall into the condemnation of the devil. That these precepts require of every minister the diligent study of the Scriptures, will not, I suppose, be disputed. This, however, is far from being all that is required. Every minister is bound to enable himself to study the Scriptures with success. Unless this is done, the thing, directly commanded, can never be done to any valuable purpose. A child may study them with great diligence throughout his childhood; and an ignorant man throughout his life; and yet both be novices, in the end. A novice, here, denotes a new convert to the faith; and by Chrysostom is said to mean one newly instructed, or one, who has been instructed but a little time. The original word denotes a plant, lately set out, or planted. Its real import is a person, who knows little about what he pretends to teach. Timothy, at the writing of this Epistle, was about thirty-two years of age; had been long, even from a child, VOL. IV

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acquainted with the Holy Scriptures; had been a convert about twelve or thirteen years; had been continually instructed in the Gospel by St. Paul, and had enjoyed the benefit of his wisdom, learning, and inspiration, throughout this period. Besides, he appears to have possessed superior talents, a good education, and supernatural endowments in a high degree. Still, all these directions Paul judged to be necessary for him. For he expressly cautions him not to let any man despise his youth. How much more are the same directions necessary to a youth, who is only preparing himself for the Ministry of the Gospel!

To every man, who would well understand any complicated subject, comprehensive views, clear discernment, and the art of arranging his thoughts with skill and perspicuity, are indispensable. These attainments are the result only of long-continued study, habits of exact discrimination, and extensive practice in the art of methodizing his thoughts.

To a Minister, all this is peculiarly necessary. His prime business is to teach; and he must therefore have learned. An ignorant teacher is a contradiction in terms.

The prime object of study to a Minister is the BIBLE. In order to understand this sacred book, it is necessary not only to study it intensely, and abundantly, but to become acquainted, also, with the languages, in which it was written. The importance of this knowledge is completely seen in the fact, that the Scriptures are ultimately what they were, as they came from the hands of the writers; not as they came from the hands of the translators.

Another requisite is an acquaintance with Ecclesiastical history. This will teach him the sins and virtues, the errors and sound doctrines, the prosperous and the adverse circumstances, which have existed in the Church, in its various ages; together with the causes, by which they have been produced. Generally, he will derive from this source the same advantages, in the Ecclesiastical sense, which the statesman derives, in a political sense, from Civil history. He will learn what the Church has been; why it has thus been; and how in many respects it may be rendered better and happier.

Another requisite to the same end is an acquaintance with wise and learned commentators on the Scriptures. The authors of these must in many instances, have understood this sacred book better than himself. By a prudent recurrence to their explications, he will be enabled to gain a knowledge of it, which, otherwise, would be impracticable.

The Science of Ethics is only a branch of theology.

Logic is indispensable, to make him a sound reasoner; and Rhetoric to teach him how to write, and how to speak, with skill, and success.

The knowledge of History and Geography is indispensable to all