in the mouth, one above, and one below, on each side of the jaws. These begin to shoot between the fourth and the fifth year, and are got above the gum at five years.

When surmounted the gum at that age, they become hollow, and mark commonly till seven or eight years.

By marking we mean, that in the hollow, or cavity of the corner teeth, a little black speck is formed; which, from its resemblance, we call the bud or eye of a bean.

But when the horse passes six, the cavity begins to fill, and the black mark disappears by degrees; yet this diminution of the cavity and the mark continues from six till seven and a half.

At eight years the cavity is filled up, and the black mark gone, and in regard that the tooth is then full, even as if it had been shaved, we then say that the horse has razed; which happens a little before the eighth year, and after that the horse does not mark; so that the surest knowledge of his age is then took from his tustes.

The tushes are placed beyond the corner teeth upon the bars, two on each side of the jaws, i. e. one above, and one below, without being preceded by any foal teeth.

The two under tushes are cut sometimes at three years, sometimes at three and a half, sometimes at four; but the two upper tushes appear sometimes at four, sometimes at four and a half ; sometimes before, and sometimes after the corner teeth, without any certain rule; and till the age of six they are chamfered within.

About ten years of age the two upper tushes appear much worn, which serves for that age. After that they grow out in length, and become bare of flesh, because the gum shrinks and retires; and at last, about the fifteenth or sixteenth year, the horse shells.

A horse is not capable of any great fatigue till his tushes have cut the skin.

Most of the Dutch horses are very sickly when their tushes shoot forth; mares have them but seldom, and when they have them they are but very small. For the rest, see the article AGE.

IV. Teething, in delicate animals, and especially among mankind, is the cause of various diseases, and the teeth themselves are subject to diseases as numerous.

The principal diseases to which teething gives rise are symptomatic fever, tooth-rash, cough, ptyalism, diarrhea, convulsions. The ptyalism and diarrhoea, or unusual secretion of phlegm and of alvine discharge, are usually favourable affections, and tend, in almost all instances, to prevent those of a more serious nature; they only require, therefore, to be moderated. The rest are best opposed by local bæmorrhage, as lancing the gums freely, or exciting alvine discharge by slight aperients.

Breeding the teeth, which usually occurs about the third or fourth month, is usually discovered by a copious discharge of saliva; the infant being pleased with having its gums rubbed with a finger or corol; fretfulness and anxiety; starting in the sleep, and suddenly awaking: there is a considerable degree of fever in many instances, which usually yields to aperients; and often a Bevere griping, which requires to be moderated by the use of magnesia, or prepared chalk. If the starting and fever be considerable, and especially if accompanied with drowsiness or convulsions, Leeches will be found more effectual than merely

lancing the gums; two leeches being applied to the neck every day, or every other day, til the symptoms abate. After the bleeding, blisters behind the ears, or on the back, are not to be omitted: antimonial emetics may be exhibited with advantage; and hartshorn drops, as recom mended by Sydenham, are often useful.

In cases of convulsions a discreet use of sodynes is an important addition to the aber practice; and in general, after free evacuations, they may be safely given either by injections, or by the mouth.

The next source of disease in the production of teeth is that of cutting them; and here, great is the irritability, that the child, instead of soliciting friction, cannot endure that the gums should be touched. Many of the preceding af fections accompany this second process, and may be removed in the same manner. Here, however, the use of the lancet, by setting the tooth isstantly at liberty, will often procureinstantaneou ease, when nothing else will succeed.

The adult teeth are often much inconvenienced by the accumulation of tufa, or tartar, about thet roots; and they are equally injured, and redered black and unsightly by neglect. Powders slightly rough and austere, or very finely prepared soup, are the best means of keeping them cless, and hence of preserving them sound.

For their injury by peculiar diseases, as seaScurvy, inflammation, &c. see SCORBUTIK, ODONTITIS, and MEDICINE.

In old age, and often before this period, they become detached from their sockets, grow lock, and fall out. If but a few are thus parted wil, and the teeth themselves be not injured, they may be easily replaced, and made sufficiaty fast for all purposes of ornament and most par poses of use, by being dextrously tied round the adjoining teeth. If they are lost, generally they should be set, provided they are sound, into bed of ivory, or seal-bone, finely polished, and accurately adapted to the form of the jaw-bor if decayed, artificial teeth should be employed a their stead.

As some persons are procaciously born with, others, with equal singularity, cut a new set at an advanced period of life. The writer of the article has been a witness to this phænomenon ia a lady of ninety. Dr. Slare, in the Philosophical Transactions, mentions a similar case of a lation of his, whose mature teeth continued t he was eighty, at which time he shed them, and in a few years afterwards had an entire new set that reached all round the jaws: and Mentres affirms that he saw at Cleves in 1666 a man of a hundred and twenty years of age who had a ma set only two years before, and had cut them with great pain; and another man at the Hague, in like manner, cut the teeth of his old age at a hundred and eighteen.

V. Teeth, in their chemical property, coesist of two parts, the body of the tooth, and the su rounding enamel. The body of the tooth does not essentially differ from the materials of commer bone and consequently consist, of gelatin, s' bumen, carbonat of lime and phosphate of lime, t latter being in a larger proportion than the former. The enamel of the teeth has its phopbat of lime in a much larger proportion still; gelatin is also in larger quantity, and its albumsen in smaller: so that it makes a very near apprac to the constituent parts of enamel. According t Fourcroy and Vauquelin, and Mr, Hatchew's e3

Lime,

43,3

O'DORATE. a. (odoratus, Latin.) Scented; having a strong scent, whether fetid or fragrant (Bacon).

ODORIFEROUS. a. (odorifer, Lat.) Giving scent; usually sweet of scent; fra grant; perfumed (Bacon).

ODORIFEROUS GLANDS, in anatomy. These glands are situated around the corona glandis of the male, and under the skin of the labia majora and nymphæ of females. They secrete a sebaceous matter, which emits a peculiar odour; hence their name.

ODORIFEROUSNESS. s. (from odorife. rous.) Sweetness of scent; fragrance. O'DOROUS. a. (odorus, Latin.) Fragrant; perfumed; sweet of scent (Cheyne). O'DOUR. s. (odor, Latin.) 1. Scent, whether good or bad (Bacon). 2. Fragrance; perfume; sweet scent (Clarendon). ODYNE. (odvrn.) In medicine, a termination of many compound words implying pain, whence pleurodyne, pain in the side, or pleura,

&c.

OECONOMICS. s. (οικονομικος œconomique, Fr. from economy. Both it and its derivatives are under economy.) Management of household affairs (L'Estrange).

OECONOMY denotes the prudent conduct, or discreet and frugal management, whether of

a man's own estate or that of another.

OECONOMY (Animal), comprehends the various operations of nature in the generation, nutrition, and preservation of animals. See GENERATION, NUTRITION, &c. The doctrine of the animal economy is nearly connected with physiology, which explains the several parts of the human body, their structure, use, &c. See ANATOMY and MEDI

CINE.

many-flowered; florets tubular, hermaphrodite, with one or two female ligulate ones: receptacle chaffy; seeds crowned with many chaffs. Three species: herbs of the Cape.

CEDIPUS, in fabulous history, a son of Laius, king of Thebes and Jocasta. Laius, the father of Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelligence awakened his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to approach Jocasta; but his resolutions were violated in a fit of intoxication. The queen became pregnant, and Laius ordered his wife to destroy her child as soon as born. The mother did not obey, yet she gave the child to one of her domestics, with orders to expose him in the mountains. The servants bored the feet of the child, and suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Citharon, where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him home, and Periboa, the wife of Polybus, who had no children, educated him as her own child. The accomplishments of the infant, who was named (Edipus, on account of the swelling of his feet, (od tumeo, modes pedes,) soon became the admiration of the age. His companions envied him, and one of them told him he was an illegitimate child. This raised his doubts, and he went to consult the oracle of Delphi, and was there told not to return home, for if he did he must necessarily be the murderer of his father, and the husband of his mother. This answer terrified him; he knew no home but the house of Polybus, therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his journey met in a narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius ordered (Edipus to make way for him. ŒEdipus refused, and a contest ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. Edipus, ignorant of the rank of the men whom he had killed, continued his journey, and was attracted to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx, whose enigma he solved, and obtained, in consequence, from Creon the crown of Thebes. (Vid. SPHYNX.) The cruelty of the Sphynx now became an object of public concern; and as the successful explanation of an enigma would end in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who, at the death of Laius, had ascended the throne of Thebes, promised his crown and Jocasta to him who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed was this: "What animal in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the evening upon three?" This was left for Edipus to explain; he came to the monster, and said, that man, in the morning of life, walks upon his hands and his feet; when he has attained the years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs; and in the evening, he supports his old age with the assistance of a staff. The monster was mortified at the true explanation, and dashed his head against a rock and perished. Edipus then married Jocasta, by whom

he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and -two daughters, Ismena and Antigone. Some years after, the Theban territories were visited with a plague; and the oracle declared that it should cease or ly when the murderer of king Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the death of Lains had never been examined, Edipus wished to disown the murderer, and at length found that himself had killed his father, and consequently that he had married his mother, In the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light, and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by his own sons. The manner of his death is rather miraculous; it is said that the earth opened, and Edipus disappeared.

EDMANNIA. In botany, a genus of the class diadelphia, order decandria. Calyx twolipped, the upper-lip cloven, lower-lip setaceous. One species only: a Cape plant, with herbaceous stem, lanceolate, entire, glabrous leaves; and one-flowered peduncles..

OEÍ'LIAD. s. (from oeil, Fr.) Glance; wink; token of the eye (Shakspeare),

OELAND, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, separated from the coast of Gothland, by a strait 12 miles broad in the narrowest part. It is 80 miles long, but not more than nine broad. The north part has fine forests, and quarries of excellent freestone; but the south part is more level, and very fertile. Both parts abound in alum mines. Borkholin is the chief town, seated on the strait, 22 miles E.N.E. of Calmar. Lon. 16. 50 E. Lat. 50, 48 N.

OELS, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a castle. It stands on the river Oels, 17 miles E.N.E. of Breslau. Lon, 17.31 E. Lat, 51. 12 N.

OENANTHE. Water dropwort. In botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order digynia, Florets irregular; the central ones central and barren; fruit crowned with the calyx and styles, covered with a corky coat. Eleven species, chiefly Cape plants, a few indigenous to the south of Europe, and four natives of the ditches and marshes of our own country.

Of these last the most remarkable is O. crocata, hemlock dropwort; with tuberous root, leaflets wedge-form, many-cleft, nearly equal. This umbelliferous plant is an active poison, and has too often proved fatal, by being eaten in mistake instead of water parsnep. The juice, nevertheless, cautiously exhibited, promises to be an efficacious remedy in inveterate scorbutic eruptions. The root of this plant is not unpleasant to the taste, and esteemed to be most deleterious of all the vegetables which this country produces. Mr. Howel, surgeon at Haverfordwest, relates, that eleven French prisoners had the liberty of walking in and about the town of Pembroke. Three of them being in the fields a little before noon, dug up a large quantity of this plant, which they took to be wild celery, to eat with their bread and butter for dinner. After washing it, they all r tasted of the roots. As they n, without any previous

three ate, or

were en

notice of sickness at the stomach, or disorder in the head, one of them was seized with con vulsions. The other two ran home and sent a surgeon to him. The surgeon endeavoured first to bleed, and then to vomit him; but those endeavours were fruitless, and he died presently. Ignorant of the cause of their com rade's death, and of their own danger, they gave of these roots to the other eight prisoners, who ate some of them with their dinner. A few minutes afterwards, the remaining two who gathered the plants were seized in the same manner as the first, of which one died; the other was bled, and a vomit with great difficulty forced down, on account of his jaws being as it were locked together. This operated, and he recovered, but was some time affected with dizziness in his head, though not sick, or the least disordered in his stomach. The other eight being bled and vomited immediately, were soon well. At Clonmel, in Ireland, eight boys, mistaking this plant for water parsnep, ate plentifully of its roots. About four or five hours after, the eldest boy became suddenly convulsed and died; and before the next morn ing four of the other boys died in a similar manner. Of the other three, one was maniacal several hours, another lost his hair and nails, but the third escaped unhurt, Stalpaari Vander Wiel mentions two cases of the fatal effects of this root; these, however, were attended with great heat in the throat and stomach, sickness, vertigo, and purging; they both died in the course of two or three hours after eating the root. The Dutch physicians make mention of similar mischief from the use of the same root; and sir Wm. Watson cites an instance of a person who was poisoned by eating the leaves of the plant boiled in pottage. Most brute animals are equally affected by this poi son with man. Lightfoot says that a spoonful of the juice of the plant given to a dog rendered him sick and stupid; but that goats eat the plant with impunity,

The great virulence of this plant has not, however, prevented it from being taken medicinally. Dr. Poulteny in a letter to sir Wm Watson observes that a severe and inveterate cutaneous disorder was cured by the juice of the root, though not without exciting the most alarming symptoms. Taken in the dose of a spoonful, in two hours afterwards the head was affected in a very extraordinary manner, followed with violent sickness and vomiting, cold sweats and rigors; but this did not deter the patient from continuing the medicine, in somewhat less doses, till it effected a cure.

CENEUS, in fabulous history, a king of Calydon, in Etolia, son of Parthaon, and Euryte. He married Althaea, the daughter of Thestius, by whom he had Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and Dejanira. After Althaea's death, he mar ried Periboea, the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. In a general sacrifice, which Eneus made to all the gods upon reaping his fields, he forgot Diana, and the god dess, to revenge this neglect, sent a wild boar to lay waste the country of Calydonia. The animal

was at last killed by Meleager, in a celebrated chace. Sometime after, Meleager died, and Œneus was driven from his kingdom. Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon restored him to his throne; but the continual misfortunes to which he was exposed rendered him melancholy. He exiled himself, and left his crown to his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he was going to Argolis. His body was buried by the care of Diomedes, in a town.of Argolis, which from him received the name of Enea.

OENKJE, in botany, a species of iris. See

IRIS.

OENOPTÆ, in Grecian antiquity, a kind of censors at Athens, who regulated entertainments, and took care that none drank too much, nor too little.

OENOTHERA. Tree primrose. In botany, a genus of the class octandria, order monogynia. Calyx four-cleft, tubular; petals four; capsule four-celled, four-valved, cylindrical, inferior; seeds naked. Fincen species-almost all of them natives of North or South America. The following are those chiefly cultivated :

1. O. biennis. Broad-leaved tree primrose. Stems alternately branched leaves, ovate-lanceolate, flat; flowers bright yellow, opening usually between six and seven in the evening, whence this plant is also called evening or night primrose. The uppermost flowers appear first in June, the stalk still advancing in height; there is a constant succession of flowers till late in the autumn.

2. O. longiflora. Long-flowered tree primrose. Leaves denticulate, and together with the germ and calyx hairy; flowers yellow, unCommonly large and showy, continuing from July to October.

3. O. mollissima. Soft-tree primrose. Leaves lanceolate, soft, downy, undulate; stem branched: flowers at first pale yellow, but as they decay, changing to an orange hue, smaller than the preceding; and continuing from June to October.

4. O. fruticosa. Shrubby-tree primrose. Perennial, but herbaceous, notwithstanding its specific name; flowers large and showy, opening in the evening and continuing through the ensuing day. The flowers-buds, germs and stalks possess a richness of colour which renders this plant peculiarly ornamental.

5. O. pumila. Dwarf-tree primrose. Perennial, fibrous root; slender stalk, near a foot high; leaves smaller, sessile, light green terminating in blue points; flowers small, bright yellow, opening both in the morning and evening. All these plants are hardy, and with a little care will thrive in any soil or situation in our

own country.

CENOTŘI, the inhabitants of CENOTRIA, a part of Italy, which was afterwards called Lucania. It received this name from Enotrus, the son of Lycaon, who settled there with a colony of Arcadians. The name of Enotria is sometimes applied to Italy.

O'ER, contracted from over.

OESEL, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of Livonia, at the entrance of the gulf of Riga. It is 74 miles long and 50 broad, defended by two forts, and belongs to Russia. Arensburg is the capital.

OESOPHAGUS. (from ow, to carry, and payw, to eat, because it carries the food into the stomach.) The membranous and muscular tube that descends in the neck from the pharynx to the stomach. It is composed of three tunics or membranes, a common, muscular and mucous. Its arteries are branches of the œsophageal, which arise from the aorta. The veins empty themselves into the vena azygos. Its nerves are from the eighth pair and great intercostal; and it is every where under the internal or mucous membrane, supplied with glands that separate the mucous of the esophagus, in order that the masticated bile may readily pass down into the stomach. CESTRUMVENEREUM. (from æstrus, a gad-bee, because by its bite or sting it agitates cattle). The venereal orgasm, or pleasant sensation experienced during coition.

OESTRUS. Gadfly. Breeze. In zoology, a genus of the class insecta, order diptera. Mouth with a simple aperture and not exserted; feelers two, of two articulations, orbicular at the tip, and seated on each side in a depression of the mouth; antennas of three articulations, the last subglobular, and furnished with a bristle on the forepart; placed in two hollows on the front.

The face of this singular genus is broad, depressed, vesicular and glaucous, and has some sort of resemblance to the ape kind. They are extremely troublesome to horses, sheep, and black cattle, depositing their eggs in different parts of the body, and producing painful tumours and sometimes death. The larves are without feet, short, thick, soft and annulate; and often furnished with small hooks. There are twelve species, as follow:

1. O. bovis. Ox-gadfly. Wings immaculate, brown; abdomen with a black band in the middle, and orange-yellow hairs at the tip; front white, covered with down; thorax yellowish before, the middle black, with four short naked lines, behind cinereous; scales of the poisers large, snowy, convex; legs black with pale tarsi. Female with a black style at the end of the abdomen. Larve brown, of eleven segments, with transverse, rough, interrupted lines.

Deposits its eggs in the back of cattle, under the skin, which as the eggs are changed into larves produce a purulent tumour. By the pain it inflicts, an extreme terror and agitation are occasioned, and the object of the attack runs bellowing wildly about, with its tail erect and in a tremulous inotion, and communicates its agitation to the whole herd.

2. O. equi. Horse-gadfly. Wings whitish, with a black band in the middle, and two dots at the tip: front white downy, crown brown; eyes black, distant; thorax brown, dusky in the middle; santel with two hairy tufts. Female; browner, with a long, incurved, black

appendage at the end of the abdomen. Larve; round, pale, green; the tail obtusely truncate; head tapering, the mouth horny, with two lips, and two recurved black claws on each side of the mouth; segments of the body fringed with two rows of rigid spines turned down

ward.

There is another variety with a single oblong black spot at the tip; abdomen covered with thick brown ferruginous hairs; the estrus vituli of Fabricius.

The female of this species deposits its eggs on the hairs of horses, and always on those parts which are most liable to be licked with the tongue; these either in the egg or larve state are conveyed by the tongue, after being licked off from the parts in which they are deposited, into the stomach, and passing through the intestines, are discharged with the dung, The larves thus evacuated are called bots, or bot-worms. Mr. Bracy Clark in an excellent paper upon this curious insect, inserted in vol. iii. of the Transactions of the Linnéan Society, observes that he has once seen the larve of this astrus in the stomach of an ass; and that there is little reason to doubt their exist ence in the stomachs of all the equus tribe. Thelarves, when once introduced, attach themselves to every part of the stomach; but are generally most numerous about the pylorus, and less frequent in the intestines. Their numbers in the stomach are very various, often not more than half a dozen, at other times more than a hundred, and, according to some accounts, much more numerous still. They hang most commonly in clusters, being fixed by the small end to the inner membrane of the stomach, which they adhere to by means of two small hooks or tentacles. When they are removed from the stomach they will attach themselves to loose membrane, and even to the skin of the hand. They attain their full growth about the latter end of May, and are dropped by the horse from this time to the latter end of June, and sometimes later. On falling to the ground they find out some convenient retreat, and change to the chrysalis; after which, in about six or seven weeks, the fly appears.

3. O. hæmorrhoidalis. Smaller horse-gadfly: Wings immaculate, brownish; abdomen black, the base white and fulvous at the tip. About half the size of the preceding; the larve less, but exactly resembling that of O. equi. Deposits its eggs on the lips of horses, occasioning a titillation which causes the apimal, when attacked by it, to move its head violently, and gallop about, with every appearance of distress. The larves are conveyed through the intestines, like those of the last species.

punctured at the base; abdomen variegated with white and black; head with hollow dots on the crown; thorax cinereous, with black raised dots and four black lines; above the aperture of the mouth is a small conic process. Larve white, ovate, pointed before with two hooks, truncated behind with a prominent margin, and two black respiratory scales, above convex with black lines and dots, beneath flat, with minute rough black dots in the middle of the segments. Deposits its eggs on the inner margin of the nostrils of sheep, occasioning them to shake their heads violently and hide their noses in dust or gravel. The larves crawl up into the frontal sinuses or horns, and when full fed are again discharged through the nos trils.

6. O. cuniculi. Rabbit-gadfly. Black; wings brown; thorax black as far as the middle; behind, and base of the abdomen, with yellowish hairs. Inhabits Georgia: twice as large as the horse-gadfly: deposits its eggs in the skins of hares and rabbits. Larve brown; every where rough with minute prickles.

7. O. buccatus. Grey; face white, dotted with black. Inhabits Carolina; a large in

sect.

8. O. tarandi. Wings immaculate; thorax yellow with a black band; abdomen fulvous, tipt with black. Inhabits Lapland. Deposits its eggs on the back of the rein-deer, and is often fatal to it.

9. O. trompe. Wings white; body black with cinereous hairs; thorax with a deep black band. Inhabits Lapland, on the rein-deer.

10. O. antilope. Wings with a brown band and dots; body hairy, tawny-grey; abdomen with three rows of blackish spots. Inhabits Asia; and deposits its eggs on the back of the antelope.

11. O. fasciculosus. Downy, yellow; tail with three tufts of blackish hairs. Inhabits Siberia.

12. O. hominis. Human-gadfly. Body entirely brown. Inhabits South America; and deposits its eggs under the skin, on the bellie of the natives. The larve, if it be disturbed, penetrates deeper, and produces an ulcer which frequently becomes fatal. See NATURAL HISTORY, Pl. CLX.

CETA, a celebrated mountain between Thessaly and Macedonia, upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, moon, and stars rose behind it. The streights of mount Eta are called Thermopyla, from the hot baths in the neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 25 feet in breadth. (Apollod. Paus.) &c.-2. A small town at the foot of mount Eta, near Thermopylæ.

OETTINGEN, a town of Suabia, capital of a county of the same name, with a wellendowed college. It is seated on the Wirnitz, 12 miles N.N.W. of Donawert, and 28 south of Anspach. Lon. 10. 40 E. Lat. 48. 56 N.

its e

OF. prep. (OF, Saxon.) 1. It is put before the substantive that follows another in con