about eight in which the dactyl closes with a particle, a personal pronoun, the demonstrative öde, or the article; the third inseparably connected in meaning with the succeeding words. In these same plays, we meet with, on the other hand, two verses, in which, if the present readings are correct, the shorter metrical pause must, according to our system of recitation, be made after the dactyl used as the third foot. We mention, first, the 55th verse of the Antigone of Sophocles,

Τρίτον δ' ἀδελφὼ δύο μίαν καθ' ἡμέραν

a verse that at one time, we confess, appeared to us to defy all correction. A careful investigation has since led us to believe that the original reading was,

Τρίτον δὲ δύ ̓ ἀδελφὼ μίαν καθ' ἡμέραν

and we hesitate not to propose this emendation, as a full solution of any difficulty that may arise from this passage. The second line is,

Λεηλατήσει χρόνον; ἐγὼ δ' ἀπόλλυμαι. Ajac. 343. and is obviously opposed to the regulation we contend for. Unfortunately, however, for those who may entertain different sentiments from our own on this particular, the claims of the present reading to correctness are not of a very forcible nature; and we question whether the subjoined verse may not advance greater pretensions to the pen of Sophocles:

Λεηλάτει γε χρόνον ; ἐγὼ δ' ἀπόλλυμαι.

An observance favored, if not sanctioned by classic usage, is not to be discarded on slight grounds; but add to the authority of the classical writings, the inferences drawn from well-substantiated principles; and although we cannot by all this arrive at positive certainty, yet we do attain a kind of unquestionable probability, which no man having any title to the name of critic will hesitate to consider decisive. Of this description is the rule we are treating of; a rule plainly intimating that the two short syllables of the dactyl tertiâ sede, were united in recitation to the iamb following. By this means the dactyl did not assume that air of importance it justly challenges in the regular dactylic hexameter, but which is in that part of the senarius altogether inconsistent with the principles above laid down. Now, without some slight pause, though it would not certainly be impossible to articulate the dipode - , yet the pronunciation would not be suitable to that part of the verse; and thus it is, that this regulation furnishes the strongest presumptive evidence in favor of the view we have taken of the rule of Professor Dunbar. When the dactyl is employed as the first foot of a senarius, the dipode may be |~~~--~|~, or - uuu, never~|~~|~2, and as in the third formula but seldom. We shall notice the case of a tribrach succeeding a dactyl hereafter. To some it may ap

!

pear strange, that the dactyl should occur so frequently in the third place, compared with what it does in the first; but the preceding remarks will easily account for the circumstance. The approved form of a dactylic dipode, it has been shown, was , a form which in the opening of a verse will very seldom present itself. The others were tolerated, rather than allowed, for the common benefit of the metre and the sense.

BAYER AND BOHUSZ.

BEING engaged some years ago in researches on the classical history, geography, and antiquities of Scythia, I received from an accomplished literary friend, the titles of four or five dissertations composed by the learned Bayer; with a short notice respecting the "Recherches Historiques sur les Sarmates, les Esclavons, &c." of M. Stanislave de Bohusz; and these works (of very rare occurrence in England) he recommended strongly to me as sources which had furnished himself with much valuable information on the same subjects: but various circumstances detaining me at a considerable distance from the capital, (where in our great national library most foreign publications of any merit may be found,) I should not have been able to enjoy the perusal of those works, had not accident lately thrown them in my way. For the benefit, therefore, of others engaged in similar studies, and laboring under the same difficulties as myself, I shall here point out the titles of those four or five essays to which my friend above-mentioned alluded, and of many others with which it appears that he was not acquainted. Concerning Bayer, the author of those essays, it may be here remarked that we must not confound him with an ingenious person of the same name, the Spanish Francis Perez Bayer, whose admirable treatise "De Numis Hebræo-Samaritanis," was beautifully printed at Valentia in 1781. The writer of whom we now more particularly speak is Theophilus Sigefrid Bayer, celebrated throughout Europe chiefly for his "Museum Sinicum," published in 1730; his " Historia Osrhoena et Edessena ex numis illustrata," (Petropoli, 1734,) and his "Historia Regni Græcorum Bactriani," &c. (Petrop. 1738.) But those essays, which are the subject of my present communication, must be sought among the "Acta Petropolitana"-the voluminous transactions of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Petersburg. I shall here enumerate them, and copy their titles, as they occur in different fasciculi now lying on my table, and which, if bound

together, would form two quarto volumes of above four hundred -pages each, besides numerous plates. The first of these dissertations (published in 1726) is entitled, "De origine et priscis sedibus Scytharum," and contains 14 pages. II." De Scythiæ situ qualis fuit sub ætatem Herodoti." (24 p.) III. "De Muro Caucaseo." (38 p.) IV. "De Cimmeriis." (14 p.) V. "Numi decem Erythræorum in Ionia illustrati." (24 p.) VI. "Numus Gyrtones Urbis Thessalicæ illustratus." (10 p.) VII. "Vetus Inscriptio Prussica." (11 p.) VIII. " Nicolai Bernouilli Vita." (7 p.) IX. Chronologia Scythica Vetus." (55 p.). X. "Memoriæ Scythica ad Alexandrum Magnum." (37 p.) XI. "Elementa Litteraturæ Brahmanicæ Tangutana Mungalicæ." (16 p.) XII. "Elementa Brahmanica, Tangutana Mungalica." (13 p.) XIII. "Numi duo Ptolemæi Lagidæ explicati." (13 p.) XIV. "De Venere Cnidia in crypta conchyliata horti Imperatorii ad aulam æstivam et in duobus numis Cnidiis." (16 p.) XV. "De Varagis." (39 p.) XVI. “Conversiones Rerum Scythicarum temporibus Mithridatis Magni et paullo post Mithridatem." (64 p.) XVII. "Numus Ægiensis illustratus." (13 p.) XVIII. "Fasti Achaici illustrati." (74 p.) XIX. "De Litteratura Mungiurica." (14 p.) XX. "De Lexico Sinico çù gvey.” (26 p.) XXI. "De Russorum prima expeditione Constantinopolitana." (27 p.) XXII. "Elementa Calmucica." (1 p.) XXIII. "De Venedis et Eridano Fluvio.” (16 p.) XXIV." De Confucii Libro Chun cieu." (64 p.) XXV. “De numo Musei Imperatorii Amideno." (34 p.) XXVI. "De duobus diadematibus in Museo Imperatorio." (10 p.) XXVII. “Origines Russica." (48 p.) XXVIII. "Geographia Russiæ vicinarumque regionum circiter A. C. DCCCCXLVIII; ex Constantino Porphyrogenneta." (56 p.) XXIX. "Geographia Russiæ vicinarumque regionum circiter A. C. DCCCCXLVIII. ex Scriptoribus Septentrionalibus." (49 p.)

Notwithstanding the variety of subjects discussed in these twenty-nine essays, the ingenuity and multifarious erudition of Bayer are sufficiently manifest throughout every page, and yield a copious fund of instruction and entertainment to all who delight in classical and oriental antiquities, and in the study of philology, geography, and chronology: many of the dissertations are illustrated with maps and plans; engraved tables of different Eastern alphabets; representations of extraordinary medals; inscriptions cut on stone, and other monuments of former ages.

I now proceed to notice the "Recherchés Historiques sur l'origine des Sarmates, des Esclavons, et des Slaves; et sur les époques de la conversion de ces peuples au Christianisme;" a curious work, published in 1812, at St. Petersburg, in four octavo volumes. The accomplished author, whose name I shall here place at full length before the reader, "M. Stanislave Siestrence

In

wicz de Bohusz," is described in the title-page as Archevêque Métropolitain de Mohilew sur le Boristhène, Président du Collége Catholique Romain, Commandeur de l'ordre de St. André, &c. &c." The first volume contains the "Traité des Sarmates ;" and informs us that the Scythians, who predominated in Asia, brought colonies of Medes from their own country, about the year 1455 before Christ, and established on the Tanais or Don a considerable number of them, who were called Sauromatæ by the Greeks, and Sarmatæ by the Romans. Some were settled in Paphlagonia : their true name was Slaves; and the Greeks entitled them Enotians, which corresponds to the signification of the original name. this volume we find much interesting research concerning the Amazons; those Sarmatians, called by Herodotus Laxes, who used the Attic dialect: the Jazyks and other tribes of the Sarmatian race, brought into Europe by Mithridates king of Pontus, and led against the Romans and Scythians in the year 81 before the Christian era: also concerning the Alains, the Besses or Biessians, the Japygians, the Sarmatian Roxolans, the Areates, Spales, Valcs and Vallachians, Vandals, and other tribes: this first volume concluding with some ingenious remarks on the Sarmatian and Slavonian languages.

In the "Traité des Esclavons," which constitutes the second volume, our learned author informs us that about the year 81 before Christ, three Sarmatian tribes were brought into Europe by Mithridates: of these, the Basilians, or royal Sarmatians, and the Corollians, inhabited the Eastern part of Europe. The third or principal tribe was the Sarmatian Jazyks, who established themselves near Bycés, a gulf of the sea of Asof; but after the death of Mithridates (64 years before Christ) extended their settlement towards the west one party of them, in the time of Ovid, (who died seventeen years before our era,) still occupied the sea-coast and the banks of the Danube. Two centuries after, they made predatory incursions into the Roman provinces; and in the third and fourth centuries of Christ, the Asiatic Sarmatians invaded the European portion of the kingdom of Bosporus; and we find the descendants of those Sclavonian tribes among the Croatians, Poduchians, Dalmatians: the Ostrogoths, Victovalians, Heruleans, and the Livians or Livonians, near the Baltic; from whom descend the Prussians. In this second volume we find many curious observations on the Lithuanian language, composed of five different dialects, which our author traces to the Sanscrit.

The third volume of this work comprises the "Traité des Slaves," or researches on that race of Medes who were brought into Paphlagonia by the Scythians, and denominated by the Greeks Enetians: they are mentioned by Homer, Strabo, and Ptolemy; and it was from Paphlagonia that they were led to assist the Trojans against the Greeks:

VOL. XXXVII.

Cl. JI. NO. LXXIV.

P

Παφλαγόνων δ' ἡγεῖτο Πυλαιμένεις λάσιον χῆρ,

Ἐξ Ἐνετῶν, ὅθεν ἡμιόνων γένος ἀγροτεράων, &c.
Hom. II. B. 851.

Of these Enetians, Henetians, or Venetians, as they were named at different times, some settled in Thrace, and others passed into Italy under Antenor, about the year 1183 before Christ; occupying without opposition the northern part of Illyria on the Adriatic gulf: they also established themselves southward of the Danube, and in Carniola, Carinthia, and Pannonia; but were subdued in Dacia by the Huns under Attilus. On his death, however (in 454), the Slavians, or Slaves, shook off the yoke imposed on them by that conqueror; and subsequently extended their settlements to the eastern extremity of Europe, called European Sarmatia, and peopled Pomerania or Slavia, between the Oder and the Elbe ; and from the Danube they passed to the banks of the Vistula in the year 568. But we must here close this third volume, which is replete with interesting remarks on many ancient tribes and nations, besides those which are the immediate subject of our author-the Huns, the Antes, the Bulgarians, Severians, and others. In the fourth and last volume are comprised, the “ Citations et Notes Marginales, avec leur Chronologie, des Recherches Historiques, &c." or references to all the authorities, exhibiting such a copious list of works in different languages, ancient and modern, as sufficiently proves the diligence of M. de Bohusz, and the extent of his researches. To the first volume is prefixed a small map showing "Les passages et les domiciles des Sarmates, des Esclavons, et des Slaves, et de leur postérité :" comprehending a vast space, from Media and Assyria, to Venice and Petersburgh; the Black Sea, part of the Mediterraneau, Adriatic, Baltic, &c. In the second volume is a large folding map, entitled “La Tauride d'après les Trois Cartes de S. E. Mr. de Hablitz, Cons. d'Etat actuel," &c. This map, expressly constructed to illustrate our author's Histoire de la Tauride, marks the ancient cities which exist no longer. The third volume contains a much larger folding map, entitled "La Scythique d'après Hérodote depuis 1800 ans avant notre ère, avec des changemens successifs jusqu'à l'an 1800 de notre ère:" distinguishing by Roman and Italic characters the ancient from the modern names.

In the very commencement of this work, the learned and liberal author acknowleges his obligations to our ingenious countrymen who founded the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. "Nous devons," says he, vol. i. p. 2, aux recherches de la Société de Calcutta, la connoissance de cette partie de l'Asie qui a été cultivée la première. MM. Hastings, Cornwallis, et autres gouverneurs-généraux pour la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, ayant accepté le titre de patrons de cette Société, lui procurèrent des ressources savantes et historiques, en lui ouvrant les archives." &c.

P. Q.