VII. PARTICULARS OF THE WORSHIP OF ATHENÈ.

THE PRAYERS TO ATHENÈ.

(a.) In the Iliad.

1. Prayer of Diomed, wounded by Pandaros, in the name of her love to Tudeus, for power to discover his enemy. Granted, with the faculty of knowing mortals from immortals; of the last he is only to attack Aphroditè (q. cf.). (Il. v. 114 -132).

2. Of Theano, with deposit of the Peplos and promise of a sacrifice. for the repulsion of Diomed. Rejected (Il. vi. 304–311). It was accompanied with the oλoλvyǹ of the women of the procession.

3. Of Odüsseus in the Doloneia, for success (Il. x. 277-282). Accepted (295).

4. Of Diomed, for the like, pleading his father's name, with a votive promise (283-294). Accepted (295).

5. Of Odüsseus, on slaying Dolon, praying for another such raid on
the Thracians, and proclaiming her as the first object of their
invocations (cf. xvii. 568).

6. Of Odüsseus, who is behind in the foot-race with Oilean Aias,
for help.
She accepts; fills his limbs, feet, and hands with
strength, and causes Aias to fall in the cow-dung (Il. xxiii.
768—777).

(b.) In the Odyssey.

1. Of Telemachos, who addresses her from the sea-shore, probably as connecting her with Mentes the Taphian mariner, VIII. (2.), and beseeches aid that he may execute her plan notwithstanding the obstruction of the Suitors.

2. Of Nestor, who, recognizing her in the form of the bird Phenè,
beseeches her favour for himself, his children, and his wife
(Od. iii. 373-381).

3. Of Penelope, who, admonished by Eurucleia that she can save
even from death, prays, pleading the fidelity of Odüsseus in
sacrifice, the safety of her son. Accepted (Od. iv. 758—767).
4. Of Odūsseus in Scheriè, that, as she had not defended him
against Poseidon, she would secure him a good reception.
Athenè complies, but not åvápavdov (Od. vi. 321-329).
5. In the Theophany, on the arrival in Ithaca, Odüsseus entreats
her to let him know whether he is truly in Ithaca (Od. xiii.
324-328).

Priestess of Athene.

In Troy Theano, daughter of Kisseus, a Thracian chief, and wife of Antenor (I. vi. 299; xi. 222-225), reared the spurious son Pedasos with her own offspring to please her husband (II. v. 69-71). Is dia (ibid.), and καλλιπάρῃος (vi. 298, xi. 225).

The Temples and Groves of Athenè.

1. At Athens (Il. ii. 549); in the suspected passage, but in the best part of it.

2. At Troy on Pergamos (Il. vi. 297).

3. In Scherie (Od. vi. 291-293) she has a stately grove (ayλao ἄλσος) with a fountain and meadow. It is also ἄλσος ἱρὸν, as well as κλυτόν (321, 322).

The Sacrifices to Athenè.

1. Of bulls and rams at Athens (Il. ii. 550, 551). [Subject to some suspicion.]

2. The best robe of Hecabè (Il. vi. 293-295) deposited on her knees (303).

3. Vow of twelve heifers never touched by the goad (Il. vi. 93, 274, 308).

4. Vow of a heifer with broad brow, never yoked or trained, and with gilded horns (Il. x. 292-294).

5. Odüsseus dedicates the spoils of Dolon (Il. x. 460) by hanging them astern of his ship (570).

6. Odūsseus and Diomed, returned to the camp, make to her a libation of wine (Il. x. 578).

7. Cow sacrificed to her by the Pylians (Il. xi. 729).

8. Hecatombs offered, as it appears, by Agamemnon for the army to Athene before embarcation to appease her, but in vain (Od. iii. 143-146, 155).

9. Vow of a heifer by Nestor in Od. iii. 382-384; cf. Il. x. 292— 294. The execution of this vow is given in full detail on the following day.

Sacrifice is received by Athenè, as well as by Apollo, with a dignity and independence not observable in the other deities (Studies on Homer, vol. ii. p. 88).

VIII. THEOPHANIES.

[This section is taken from the article on Theophanies.]

(1.) In her own person.

1. Dispatched by Herè, she repairs to the Greek Assembly, visible to Achilles only; takes him by the hair; bids him confine himself to words; promises ample reparation for the great outrage. Returns to Olümpos. (Il. i. 194-221.)

2. Again dispatched by Herè, and desired to go about the Army and repress the impulse to go home, she repairs to Odūsseus, and devolves upon him the charge she had received. He recognizes her voice. (Il. ii. 155-182.)

3. She darts through the Army with her Aigis, and inspires in all the desire to continue the contest even to the end (Il. ii. 446-454). Again she passes through the Army to rouse the men, iv. 515 (ἐρχομένη καθ' όμιλον). It is doubtful whether these were personal manifestations, or only inspira

tions like iv. 439.

4. To Diomed tending his wound. She reproaches him as less
valiant than Tudeus. He pleads that he had seen Arès on
the field (sup. 128), whom she had bid him not to attack.
She withdraws the prohibition (Il. v. 793—834), and accom-
panies him in his chariot to encounter Arès (835–845).
5. Od. xiii. 299, 312. The recognition in Ithaca. See inf. (2.) 15.
6. Od. xv. 4-9. To Telemachos by night, to warn him to go
home, and teach him how to escape the plot of the Suitors.

(2.) In human form.

1. As a herald (eidoμévy kýpuki), standing by Odūsseus, she hushes the Assembly for him to speak (Il. ii. 279—282).

2. As Laodocos, son of Antenor, persuades Pandaros to discharge an arrow at Menelaos, in violation of the Pact (Il. iv. 86-103).

3. Having descended in the form of an empurpled cloud, to urge on the Greek army, she appears as Phoinix to Menelaos, and is so addressed by him (Il. xxii. 547-561).

4. In answer to the prayer of Achilles to Zeus for rescue from Scamandros, she descends as a man together with Poseidon (δέμας δ ̓ ἄνδρεσσιν εΐκτην). They take his hands, and embolden him. (Il. xxi. 272-298.)

5. In Il. xxii. 226-247, taking the form of Deiphobos, whom Hector specially loved, she with craft (kepdoovy) declares she could not bear to stay away, promises to stand by him, and so encourages him to fight. But disappears before the encounter begins (294-299).

6. In Od. i. 105, she appears amidst the revelling Suitors at the Palace of Odusseus, in the form of Mentes, chief of the Taphians and a reinos.

7. Od. ii. 267, in answer to his prayer, as Mentor his father's friend, predicting mischief to the Suitors, and advising him to prepare a ship.

8. Od. ii. 323, in the form of Telemachos, going about the town, makes up a crew, and begs a ship from Noemon.

9. Od. vi. 20-24. As the daughter of Dumas, co-equal in age, she repairs to the bed of Nausicaa, and recommends her to prompt her father, and to execute the washing-trip.

10. Od. vii. 19. As a damsel with a pitcher, meets Odūsseus in Scherie outside the city, and conducts him to the palace (38, 46).

11. Od. viii. 8-15. In the likeness of the Herald of Alkinoos, traverses the city, and exhorts the people to repair to the Assembly after Alkinoos.

12. Od. viii. 193. In the form of a man, comes to encourage Odūsseus at the game of quoits.

13. Od. xiii. 221. In the form of a young lord, employed in tending sheep, to Odusseus in Ithaca.

14. Ibid. 287-290. Changed into a woman tall and handsome, she discloses herself.

15. Od. xvi. 155. As a fair, tall, skilled woman, at the door of Eumaios, to direct Odūsseus to make himself known to his son, and to promise aid. She is recognized by him and by dogs, but not by Telemachos.

16. Od. xxii. 205. Appears with the form and voice of Mentor during the fight. Odüsseus rejoices, and welcomes him as Mentor, but (210) believes him to be Athenè. 226. She eggs him on to the fight.

17. Again, in like manner, before the final battle; received by Odusseus with joy. In this guise she concludes the peace, and so closes the Poem. (Od. xxiv. 502-505; 545-548.)

(3.) In animal form.

1. With Apollo she sits on the Phegos, to enjoy the spectacle of the Duel (avspáσi тeрróμevo); both in the form of vultures. 2. She descends to refresh the fasting Achilles, apη eiкvia тaνUπ · Téрvy λyvpóry, like, or in the likeness of, the Egyptian kite. Perhaps meaning only like it, (a) because he does not apply KаTÉTаATO (351), or any kindred word, to birds; (b) because

the transformation is not appropriate to the action she is about to perform (Il. xix. 319-354), namely, instilling nectar and ambrosia into the hero.

3. From the Ithacan Palace, where she had appeared as Mentes, she rises on high in the form of the bird Anopaia (a species of kite, q. v.), and is recognized by Telemachos.

4. From the banquet of Nestor she disappears in the form of a Phenè (a species of vulture, q. r.), and is recognized by him (Od. iii. 371-379).

5. During the fight in the palace at Ithaca, she sits on the crossbeam of the roof (to watch it), in the form of xeλídov, a swallow (q.v.).

IX. THE RELATION OF ATHENE TO ATHENS.

1. In Il. 546-552, she reared Erechtheus, son of Aurora, and placed him at Athens, within her own rich (ie., richlyglebed) temple, where she has an annual festival. [Apollo, in Od. xxi. 255, has a monthly festival. It is difficult to accept the whole passage, 546-556, which is out of proportion to the place of the Athenians in the Poem; and yet difficult to know how much to reject. The lines 546-548 seem the least doubtful; then 550-551; and 553-555 the worst. Studies on Homer i. 129-137.]

2. In Od. vii. 78-81, after conducting Odüsseus to the entrance of the city of the Phaiakes, she withdraws to Marathon and wide-wayed Athens, and enters the solidly-built mansion of Erechtheus. Marathon appears to be a name of Phoenician origin; and the passage may be meant to indicate the reentry into the Hellenic or Achaian world; yet it does not thoroughly correspond with the general text, since she has further action yet to perform in Scheriè.

3. It will be remembered that neither the olive nor the owl, both of which are closely related to Athenè in the Athenian tradition, have the smallest connection with her in Homer, apart from the contested, and in the Poems uncorroborated, construction of the epithet Glaukopis. This negative evidence is the more remarkable, as to the olive, because we learn what tree her grove among the Phaiakes was composed of—namely, ayapos, the blade poplar (L. and S.); and as to the owl, because at various times she assumes the form of the vulture and of several other birds. See sup. VIII. (3.)

X. OUTLINE OF THE ACTION OF ATHENÈ.

(a.) The Action of Athene of the Iliad.

[The action of Athenè in the Iliad is occasional; in the Odyssey, except the books of the Outer Geography, it is continuous. Her sentiment on behalf of the Greeks is more personal than national. She tends Odūsseus in particular like a mother (xxiii. 782), and her attachment to the nation does not prevent her from regarding the Telamonian Aias with aversion on the voyage homeward, probably on account of his rivalry with Odusseus (Od. iv. 502) and enduring hatred towards him (Od. xi. 543—564). Hence there is yet greater scope for her in the more personal of the two Poems. So her action in the Iliad is derivative, or permitted; in the Odyssey it is mainly original and unrestrained.]

i. 104. Her mission to Achilles (sup. VIII.) prevents an outbreak before the Assembly.

ii. 155. Her mission to Odüsseus (sup. VIII.) prevents a premature return home.

446. Gathers the soldiery for the array (sup. VIII.).

iii. 439. Cited by Paris as having given Menelaos the victory. iv. 20. In Olympian Council, with Herè, mutters dissatisfaction at the proposal of Zeus to find a solution of the quarrel and is fiercely angry (χόλος δὲ μιν ἄγριος ᾕρει· ν. 24; comp. viii. 459).

69-73; eagerly obeys the injunction of Zeus to tempt the Trojans into a breach of the truce; and, sup. VIII. (2.), persuades Pandaros to shoot an arrow at Menelaos (86-103), which she then diverts, so that it shall only graze the flesh (130-140).

439. Stirs up the Greeks to fight.

515. Again, rouses them when they flag.

539-542. The unwounded were kept so by her protection, she diverting the weapons of the enemy.

v. 1-3. Inspires resolution and daring into Diomed.

29-37. Leads Arès out of the battle; the Trojans hereupon give way.

121. Accepts the prayer of Diomed (sup. VII.).

290-296. Guides his spear against Pandaros, whom he slays.

420-425. Her bitter sarcasm on the cause of Aphrodite's wound.

511. Her aid to the Greek side.

713. Invited by Herè, arms (sup. V.), ascends the chariot of that goddess. First they visit Zeus on Olumpos; then, alighting on earth, they pass on with dovelike steps, and she finds Diomed tending his wounds (777-795). Her manifestation, sup. VIII. (1.).

837-839. She enters his chariot, and acts as driver. The great weight of the two.

845. Puts on the helm of Aïdes (sup. VI.).

853-856. Averts the spear of Arès; impels and directs the spear of Diomed.

875-882. Is complained of by Arès to Zeus for insubordination; without effect.

907-909. Returns successful with Herè to Olümpos. vi. 84-98. Hector, exhorted by Helenos the Augur, moves Hecabe to proceed with the elder women to her temple. and offer the best robe, with the promise of a sacrifice of twelve cows, if only she will hold Diomed off the Trojans (269-280). It is done; but she repels the prayer (297) 311).

vii. 17-61. From Olümpos, perceives that Greeks are falling; and descending to the plain, outwits Apollo by an agreement to arrest the fight, through a challenge of Hector to the Greeks for a trial by single combat. She sits with Apollo on the Phegos, sup. VIII. (3.).

153 Had given victory to Nestor as a youth in his battle with Ereuthalion.

viii. 28-40. In Olympian Assembly, professing obedience to Zeus, and promising to hold off from the fight, claims notwithstanding to supply counsel to the Greeks. He acquiesces.

357. Zeus having egged on the Trojans, Herè stirs up Athene, who complains of his ingratitude after the services