Religion. A part of family education.-A foundation for religious impressions should be laid by parents. Ex-familiated education mischievous, which does not confirm impressions of religion. and good moral habits received by a child at home. -Parents therefore should have sound religious opinions that they may instil them into their children.

-

Distinction between religion and a church establishment. The supreme power in the state may create a religious establishment.-But it cannot command or control religious opinions.-Yet it has attempted to do so.

Maxims of Queen Elizabeth and her Ministers.More just than those which influence Government at the present time.

Letter of Lord Burleigh on this subject. He takes the true ground upon which a church establish

ment rests.

Articles of religion established in England-consonant to the maxims of Queen Elizabeth's Government-forbid the assumption of power over

men's consciences.-But

This assumption of power over men's consciences notwithstanding thereof assumed by the State. When and how.-Contrary to the precepts of the Gospel, the rules of our National Church, --and the Maxims of Queen Elizabeth's government.-Revolting to every devout Christian. Violation of principle-never fails to lead to incon

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sistencies. Examples with reference to civil disabilities on account of religion.

Civil disabilities adverse to sound policy.-Distinction between civil qualifications and civil disabilities on account of religion.-No one excluded by the former. The wisest and the best excluded by the latter.-Monopoly given to a favoured class. -Monopoly adverse to talent and improvement. State and operation of the exclusion-having regard

to the Church of Scotland the Protestant Dissenters and the Roman Catholics. Consequences in Great Britain.-Every man entitled to the benefit of his talents, in the same manner, and for the same reason, that he is entitled to the fruits of his industry.

The sting of the exclusion peculiarly felt in Ireland. -Roman Catholics still treated there as an inferior race.-Ascribe (and justly) their inferiority to the law which has created and keeps up a distinction between Catholics and Protestants.Angry passions thus kept alive-which dry up the springs of industry-and lead to acts of violence, which will continue until all distinction is removed.

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The prejudices upon which such distinction is continued, have no longer any foundation.-Papal influence and power gone-even in matters of religion where these concern the National Church -Exemplified in Ireland in the case of the Veto. Contrast between the policy followed from the time

of Elizabeth to the time of Charles 11., and that
followed since.-In its effects.-Ireland thereby
kept in the situation in which England was in the
time of Henry VIII.-Curious note from Hol-
linshed.

Danger to the Church-ridiculed.-In danger only
from its own members.

Uniformity in religion-not attainable--and not de-
sirable even if it were attainable.-Competition
as wholesome among ministers of religion as
among other classes in the community.

ESSAY V.

OF THE POOR, AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THEM, AS

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AFFECTED BY INTEREST AND PREJUDICE ............ 58 Distinctions which have not been attended to in practice.

Enactment of 43d Elizabeth.-Its main provisions
-and object-not attended to in practice.-Er-
rors with respect to children.-With respect to
grown persons.
Workhouses.-Not intended by the 43d Elizabeth.
---Origin of them.-Proceeded upon misconcep-
tion. The statute which introduced them in-
creased the mischiefs of the poor system.-Dwell-
ings intended for the poor by 43d Elizabeth.
Proceedings to remedy the evils of the Poor Laws.
-Committees of Enquiry of 1816 and 1817-
Bill consequent thereupon.-Its provisions.-
Further attempts.-Objections to them.
Separation of wages from the rate.-The most im-

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portant part of the subject.-Committee for this
purpose in 1824.-Its report.-Returns made by

its order adverted to.
Scotland.-Management of the poor there. Provi-
sions of the law.-Compulsory provision not gene-
rally resorted to. Actual management.-Report
of the General Assembly of the Church of Scot-
land thereon.-Improvement effected by Dr. Chal-
mers at Glasgow. His plan.

Voluntary associations for the relief of the poor-
would have taken place as other associations have
arisen for relieving every other species of human
misery, but for the operation of the Poor Laws.—
In addition to the separation of wages from the
rate, the soundest course to be followed in order.
to supersede the existing systems. How to be
promoted-Will provide for all, but the poor,
able, but not willing, to work.-How they should
be dealt with.

ESSAY VI.

OF THE CORN LAWS, THE CREATURE OF INTEREST
AND PREJUDICE

d

Errors which prevail with respect to the effect of
high prices. No persons suffer so much from high
prices as the growers of corn.

Illustrated by the prices of wheat and of wages at
different periods. Also by the application of a
pound of silver in making purchases.-Effect of
a non-importation price upon landlords as con-
sumers of corn.-1
-Upon tenants. Illustrated by

102

means of a Chronological Table of Prices.-Sir G. Shuckburgh Evelyn's Table-and the Windsor Prices of Wheat.-Tenants can receive only a return for the capital they employ corresponding to the return received for capital employed in other branches of industry at the time.-Surplus goes to landlord as rent.-Capital of tenant increased as prices advance.-The profits of stock on which leaves so much less for the landlord. Alternations of prices-chiefly occasioned by the seasons. -This remark made by the Rev. Mr. Howlett in 1797-adopted by Mr. Chalmers-illustrated by Mr. Tooke.-Increased by the present Corn Laws. How.-Stated and explained.-All articles of general demand liable to an over rise and depression.-Causes.-Corn being in most demand, most liable to such over rise and depression. Fluctuations-chiefly and greatest in times of scarcity.Reason why.-Necessary operation of the present Corn Laws to produce fluctuations.

Periods when the subject of corn forced upon Par-
liament.-Years of plenty after years of scarcity.
-Object to raise the price of corn-unjust.-
Growers, not consumers, attended to.

Monopoly of home market to home grower.Sup-
posed to insure the home consumer against the
danger of trusting to a foreign supply.-Proceeds
upon two suppositions which are without founda-
tion. Shewn to be so from the importations for
forty years previous to 1815.

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