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Some of the lands surrendered

War indem-
nity of
£500,000

Alliances

follow, to be held in the manner which the king of France and his sons or any of his ancestors, kings of France, held them; that is to say, that which is in domain in domain and that which is in fief in fief, in the manner explained below.

The city, the castle, and the country of Poitiers and all the land and county of Poitou. . . .

Likewise, the king of England shall have the castle and the city of Calais. . . .

Likewise, it is agreed that the king of England and his heirs shall have and hold all the islands adjacent to the lands, countries, and places above named, together with all the other islands which the said king of England holds at present.

Likewise, it is agreed that the king of France will pay to the king of England 3,000,000 gold crowns, of which two are worth one noble, English money; and as hostages, who shall remain for the king of France, as well those who were taken prisoners at the battle of Poitiers, as others; that is to say, Monsieur Louis, count of Anjou, Monsieur John, count of Poitou, sons of the king of France, the duke of Orleans, brother of the said king, the duke of Bourbon, the count of Blois. . . . Likewise, it is agreed that the king of France and his eldest son, the regent, for themselves and for their heirs, kings of France, so soon as it can be done, shall withdraw and depart from every alliance which they have with the Scots, and they will promise, so far as they are able, never hereafter, they or their heirs or those who shall be kings of France hereafter, at any time to give to the king or kingdom of Scotland nor to its subjects, present or to come, comfort, aid, or favor, against the said king of England or against his subjects in any way, and that they will not make any other alliances with the said Scots in any time to come, against the said king and kingdom of England.

And likewise, as soon as possible, the king of England and his eldest son will withdraw and depart from all the alliances which they have with the Flemings.

The importance of the archers in the English army - which has already been illustrated in the account of

the battle of Cressy - was recognized by the English government, and a long series of proclamations and laws, of which this was the first, were issued to prevent the loss of skill in archery.

The king to the lord lieutenant of Kent, greeting.

mation in

Whereas the people of our realm, gentle and simple alike, 141. A proclawere wont formerly in their games to practice skill in archery, favor of the whence, by the help of God, it is well known that high use of the honor and advantage came unto our realm, and no mean long-bow (1363) advantage to ourselves in our feats of war, - and that now, the said skill in archery having fallen almost wholly into disrepute, our people give themselves up to the throwing of stones and of wood and of iron; and some to handball and football and hockey; some to coursing and cock fighting; and some to other unseemly sports that be even less useful and manly; whereby our realm which God forbid - will soon, as it appeareth, be stripped of archers:

We, wishing that a fitting remedy be found in this matter, do hereby command you that, in all places in your county, liberties or no liberties, wheresoever you shall see fit, you have proclamation made to this effect that every man in the same county, if he be able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows, or darts, or both, and learn and practice archery.

Moreover, you are to prohibit all and sundry in our name from such stone, wood, and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock fighting; or other such idle games which are of no usefulness; under penalty of imprisonment. By the king, at Westminster, June 1, 1363.

III. THE QUARREL OVER APPOINTMENTS FROM ROME

Appointments made by the pope to positions in the English church were always unpopular, especially so at this period of strong national feeling. Sometimes such. appointees were Englishmen who had served at the

142. Pream

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papal court and whom the pope wished to reward. In other instances they were foreigners, Italians or Frenchmen. The following is the preamble of a law passed in 1379, directed especially against such appointments of foreigners.

The king hath perceived that . . . benefices1 have been ble of a law given, against the will of the founders, to divers people of anagainst provisors (1379) other language, and of strange lands and nations, and sometimes to the actual enemies of the king and of his realm; which never made residence in the same, nor cannot, may not, nor will not in any wise bear and perform the charges of the same benefices, in hearing confessions, preaching, teaching the people, keeping hospitality, or accomplishing the other things necessary to the governance of the same benefices. These men only seek and take the emoluments and temporal profits, not having regard to the spiritual cure, nor to other charges pertaining or belonging to the same benefices; and manifestly suffer the noble buildings in the old times there made, when the same benefices were occupied by Englishmen, wholly to fall to decay. Thus divine service is greatly diminished, the cure of souls neglected and left, the clergy enfeebled, the treasure of the said realm carried to the hands of aliens, and all the estate of the holy church brought to less reverence than before it was wont to be. . . .

[All Englishmen are forbidden to act as agents for such foreign ecclesiastics or to transmit any money to them from their benefices. No English bishop shall give any assistance to them in obtaining any profits from their benefices.]

A similar law was soon afterward passed prohibiting Englishmen from seeking papal appointment, and making such appointments void.

That no liegeman of the king, of what estate or condition that he be, great or small, shall pass over the sea, nor send

1 I.e. church positions bringing in an income, as those of bishops, canons in cathedrals, abbots of monasteries, or priests of parish churches.

Englishmen seeking papal

out of the realm of England, with license or without license, 143. A law unless by special leave of the king himself, to provide or pur- against chase for himself benefice of holy church, with cure or without cure, in the said realm; and that if any do so, and by virtue appointof such provision accept for himself or for another any ments (1388) benefice of the same realm, at that time the same provisor shall be out of the king's protection and the same benefice void, so that it shall be lawful to the patron of the same benefice, whether spiritual or temporal, to appoint to the same an able clergyman at his pleasure.

The following law, passed in 1393, was the culmination of the long series of statutes of provisors and praemunire, and remained the law till superseded by the statutes passed at the opening of the Reformation, though it was not regularly enforced.

(1393)

Whereas the Commons of the realm in this present parlia- 144. Last ment have showed to our redoubtable lord the king, grievously statute of praemunire complaining, that whereas the said our lord the king and all his liege people ought of right, and of old time were wont, to sue in the king's court, to recover their presentments to churches, prebends, and other benefices of Holy Church, to the which they had right to present. . . . But now of late divers processes are made by the holy father the pope, and censures of excommunication upon certain bishops of England, because they made execution of such commandments, to the open disherison of the said crown and destruction of our said lord the king, his law and all his realm, if remedy be not provided. .. Whereupon our said lord the king, by the assent aforesaid, and at the request of his said Commons, has ordained and established, that if any purchase or sue for, or cause to be purchased or sued for, in the court of Rome or elsewhere, any such translations, processes, and sentences of excommunication, bulls, instruments, or any other things whatsoever, which touch our lord the king, against him, his crown, his royalty or his realm, as is aforesaid, and they which bring the same within the realm, or receive them, or make thereof

145. Extracts from the

chronicle of

notification, or any other execution whatsoever within the same realm or without; that they, their notaries, procurators, maintainers, abettors, favorers, and counselors, shall be put out of the king's protection, and their lands and tenements, goods and chattels, forfeited to our lord the king; and that they be attached by their bodies, if they may be found, and brought before the king and his council, there to answer to the cases aforesaid, or that process be made against them by praemunire facias, in manner as it is ordained in other statutes concerning provisors and others who sue in any other court in derogation of the royalty of our lord the king.

The following extract from the chronicle of Adam of Usk, written shortly after this time, gives an autobiographical account of his journey to Rome in 1402 with the expectation of receiving in due time an appointment in England from the pope. Such appointments of natives would not have been as objectionable as foreign appointments; nevertheless they were forbidden by the laws, and Adam was not one of the favored exceptions.

And now, O God, thou, who of thine unbounded grace didst grant me to fulfill my student's time at Oxford and the Adam of Usk three years' doctor's course, and then seven years' duty as pleader in the court of Canterbury, and in all other business whatsoever hast been my help, from the days of my youth to old age and decay, desert me not; but make of me an example for goodness, that they who come nigh me may behold and be astonished, since thou hast helped and comforted me. And now grant that my journey to Rome, as thou hast ordered it, both in my going thither and in my departing thence to return hither according to my desire, whether I be numbered among advocates or auditors, may mercifully receive thy consolation, to the honor and praise of thy name, and to my welfare in either man, and with threefold honor and temporal wealth.

Adam's prayer

His narrative

To be short; on the 19th of February, in the year of our Lord 1402, I, the writer of this history, as by the will of God I determined, took ship at Billingsgate in London, and

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