Santa Maria, DIOCESE OF (SANCTE MARIÆ), a Brazilian see, suffragan of Porto Alegre. The latter, formerly known as the See of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, was recently made an archdiocese and divided, three new sees, Pelotas, Santa Maria, and Uruguayana, being separated from it by Pius X on 15 August, 1910. Santa Maria, containing twenty-two parishes, comprises the central and northern portions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The climate is mild, the country well wooded and fertile, and there are many colonies of German and Italian emigrants among the inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in agriculture and cattle-raising. The population is almost entirely Catholic. The most important town is Cachoeira on the Rio Jacuhy, 120 miles west of Porto Alegre, with which it communicates by steamboat, and rail. The other main centres of population are Rio Pardo, Santa Maria, Passo Fundo, and Cruz Alta. By a Decree of the S. C. of the Consistory, 6 Feb., 1911, Mgr. Lima de Valverde was appointed first Bishop of Santa Maria. GALANTI, Compendio de Historia de Brazil (São Paulo, 1896– 1905). A. A. MACERLEAN.

Santa Maria de Monserrato (BEATE MARIE VIRGINIS DE MONTSERRATO), ABBEY NULLIUS of. When it was determined to restore the Benedictine Order in Brazil, the work was entrusted to the Congregation of Beuron, 24 April, 1895, under the guidance of Dom Gerard van Caloen. By a Decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Consistory, 15 Aug., 1907, the Abbey of Santa Maria de Monserrato at Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1589, was erected into an abbey nullius, the same Decree separated the District of Rio Branco from the Diocese of Amazones and subjected it to the jurisdiction of the Abbot of Santa Maria de Monserrato. This mission territory is bounded on the north and west by Venezuela, on the north and east by British Guiana, on the south by the two branches of the Rio Branco and the Rio Negro. In the early part of 1898 it was visited by Fathers Libermann and Berthon of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost, who did a little apostolic work among the Catholics scattered along the banks of the Rio Branco. The region contains 6000 Catholic Brazilians, and 50,000 pagan Indians. Mgr. van Caloen, born, 12 March, 1853; entered the Benedictine Congregation of Beuron; was appointed Abbot of São Bento at Olinda, 20 May, 1896, and general vicar of the Brazilian congregation in 1899; he was transferred, 28 Feb., 1905, to the monastery of São Bento, at Rio de Janeiro; made titular Bishop of Phocea, 13 Dec., 1907; and elected abbot-general of the Brazilian congregation, 6 Sept., 1908. He resides at Rio de Janeiro. On 8 June, 1907 he obtained a coadjutor, Abbot Dom Chrysostom de Saegher, Abbot of St. Martin of Thebaen, who has the right of succession to the abbatial See of Monserrato. A. A. MACERLEAN.

Santa Marta, DIOCESE OF (SANCTE MARTHE), in Colombia, erected in 1535, its first bishop being Alfonso do Tobes; suppressed by Paul IV in 1562; it was re-established by Gregory XIII-15 April, 1577, as suffragan of Santa Fe de Bogotá; it became suffragan of Cartagena in 1900, at which time it comprised the State of Magdalena and the territories of Sierra Nevada y Motilones and Goajira. In 1905 the north-eastern portion of the diocese was formed into the Vicariate Apostolic of Goajira. Magdalena was first visited by Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. Santa Marta, the second town founded by the Spaniards in America, was established by Rodrigo de Bastidas 29 July, 1525; it was sacked in 1543 and again in 1555; while Sir Francis Drake reduced it to ashes in 1596. St. Louis Bertrand laboured at Santa Marta for a time, and baptized 15,000 pagans there. The town is situated at the mouth of the Río Manzaneres, on the Gulf of Santa Marta, 46 miles north-east of Barranquilla, and contains about 6000 inhabitants,

an episcopal palace, public college, and conciliar seminary. Simón Bolívar d. 17 Dec., 1830, at San Pedro, a few miles distant. A diocesan synod was held at Santa Marta in 1881. The present bishop, Mgr. Francisco Simón y Rodenas, O.F.M., was b. at Orihuela, 2 Oct., 1849; appointed as successor of Mgr. Caledon to the see, 11 June, 1904; and enthroned, 14 Nov. following. The diocese has an area of 20,400 square miles, and contains 8 deaneries, 42 parishes, 40 secular priests, 3 convents of the Presentation Sisters of Tours with 15 nuns, and about 100,000 inhabitants, practically all Catholics. The Sisters of Charity established a hospital and school at Santa Marta in 1883. MOZANS, Up the Orinoco and down the Magdalena (New York, 1910). A. A. MACERLEAN.

Santander, DIOCESE OF (SANCTI ANDERII, SANTANDERIENSIS), in Spain, takes its name not from St. Andrew as some, misled by the sound of the name, believe, but from St. Hemeterius (Santemter, Santenter, Santander), one of the patrons of the city and ancient abbey, the other being St. Celedonius. The diocese is bounded on the north by the Bay of Biscay, on the east by Vizcaya and Burgos, on the south by Burgos and Palencia, on the west by Leon and Oviedo. It is suffragan of Burgos, and comprises most of the civil Province of Santander and parts of those of Alava and Burgos. In Roman times Santander was called Portus Victoria, in memory of Agrippa's having conquered it from the Cantabrians, and in the period of the reconquest was regarded as one of the Asturias-Asturias de Sant Ander, between the Rivers Saja and Miesa. The territory was repeopled by Alfonso I, the Catholic. Alfonso II, the Chaste, founded there the Abbey of Sts. Heme terius and Celedonius, where the heads of those holy martyrs were kept. Alfonso VII, the Emperor, made it a collegiate church. As early as 1068, King Sancho II, the Strong, granted a charter to the Abbey and port of St. Hemeterius in reward for services, and Alfonso V did as much. Alfonso VIII gave the abbot the lordship of the town on 11 July, 1187. In the fourteenth century the canons were still living in community in this abbey, and Abbot Nuño Perez, chancellor to Queen Maria, drew up constitutions for them; these constitutions were confirmed by King Fernando IV in 1312, and later by John XXII. The town of Santander aided King St. Ferdinand when he conquered Seville; it broke the iron chains with which the Guadalquiver had been closed, by ramming them with a ship-which is the armorial blazon of the city.

Santander did not become an episcopal see until the reign of Fernando VI. By a Bull of 12 December, 1754, Benedict XIV confirmed the creation of the See of Santander, making the collegiate church a cathedral, and giving it territory taken from the Archdiocese of Burgos. In 1755 Fernando VI raised the town to the rank of a city. The last Abbot and first Bishop of Santander was Francisco Javier de Arriaza, a native of Madrid, who took possession in 1755 and ruled until 1761. The Province of Santander was formed in 1801, and in 1816 became an independent intendencia and one of the provinces in the definitive political organization (see SPAIN). The city at present has a population of 54,700 and is one of the most important harbours on the Bay of Biscay. The cathedral is a structure of very diverse periods, and at one time had the character of a fortress. Its lower portion contains a spacious crypt, called the parish church of Christ because it serves parochial uses. The dark and sombre character of the structure marks its original purpose of a pantheon. It consists of three naves with three apses forming as many chapels, and a baptistery has been erected in it. The building dates from the twelfth or early thirteenth century, but presents added features of many later periods. A spiral staircase,

constructed in the wall, leads from the crypt to the cathedral properly so called, to which the cloister of the old abbey serves as vestibule, opening on the principal street (Rua Mayor) of the city. The church itself, exclusive of the capilla mayor, is formed of three naves of unequal height, 1281⁄2 feet in length, and 59 feet in width. In the choir is buried the abbot, Pedro Luis Manso y Luñiga (d. 1669), who had it built. In a corner of the nave on the Gospel side is a holy-water font of Arabic workmanship, probably brought as a memorial of the conquest from Córdoba where it served as a basin for ablutions; it bears a very poetical Arabic inscription, which has been translated by Don Pascual Gayangos. The capilla mayor, or principal chapel, was built late in the seventeenth century by Abbot Manuel Francisco de Navarrete y Ladrón de Guevara (1695-1705). The relics of the martyrs Sts. Hemeterius and Celedonius are kept in the high altar. On the south is a cloister which long served as a cemetery; and in the south-eastern corner was the Chapel of the Holy Ghost, the last remains of the hospice founded by Abbot Nuño Pérez Monroy, counsellor to Doña Maria de Molina in the distracted reigns of Fernando IV and Alfonso XI.

The other parishes of Santander are: San Francisco, an ancient convent of the Friars Minor, facing on the Plaza de Becedo; Consolación; the parish of the Society of Jesus, connected with the old Jesuit college; the new parish of Santa Lucia. Among the benevolent institutions are: the civil and military hospital of San Rafael, built in 1791 by Bishop Rafael Tomás Menendez de Luarca; the House of Charity; the Asylum of San José, for the education of poor boys; the Casa Cuna (foundling hospital); the provincial inclusa (foundling asylum), founded in 1778 by Bishop Francisco Laso de San Pedro. The intermediate school, Institute de Segunda Enseñanza, has been established in the old convent of the nuns of St. Clare since 1839; and the ecclesiastical seminary since 1852 in the monastery of Santa Catalina de Monte Corbán, formerly Hieronymite, a short distance from the city. There is also the pontifical seminary of Comillas, founded by Antonio Lopez, Marqués de Comillas, placed under the care of the Jesuit Fathers, and raised to the rank of a pontifical university. The distinguished men whom this diocese has produced are numberless; among them may be mentioned: St. Beatus of Liébana, Fray Antonio de Guevara, Juan de Herrera, Amador de los Rios, and Pereda.

FLOREZ, Esp. sagrada, XXVII (2nd ed., Madrid, 1824); AMADOR DE LOS RIOS, Santander. España. sus monumentos (Barcelona, 1891); MARIANA, Hist. gen. de Esp. (Valencia, 1794). RAMON RUIZ AMADO.

Sant' Angelo de' Lombardi, DIOCESE OF (SANCTI ANGELI LOMBARDORUM ET BISACCIENSIS), in the Province of Avellino, Southern Italy. The city was established by the Lombards at an unknown period. There are sulphurous springs in its vicinity. In 1664 it was almost completely destroyed. It became an episcopal see under Gregory VII, but its first known bishop is Thomas, in 1179, when the see was a suffragan of Conza. In 1540 under the episcopate of Rinaldo de' Cancellieri, it was united to the Diocese of Bisaccia (the ancient Romulea), a Samnite town captured by the Romans in 295 B. c.; it appears first as a bishopric in 1179. Another of its prelates, Ignazio Cianti, O.P. (1646), was distinguished for his learning. In 1818 it was incorporated with the See of Monteverde, the earliest known bishop of which is Mario (1049), and which in 1531 was united to the Archdiocese of Canne and Nazareth, from which it has been again separated. The see contains 9 parishes with 40,000 souls, 45 secular priests, and some religious, 3 monastic establishments, and a girls' school.

CAPPELLETTI. Le chiese d'Italia, XX (Venice, 1857).

U. BENIGNI.

Sant' Angelo in Vado and Urbania, DioCESE OF (SANCTI ANGELI IN VADO ET URBANIENSIS). S. Angelo in Vado is a city in the Marches, on the site of the ancient "Tifernum Metaurense", a town of the Umbrian Senones, near the River Metaurus, believed to have been destroyed by the Goths. Later there arose a new burg called, from the Church of S. Michele, Sant' Angelo in Vado, which in 1635 became a city and an episcopal see. Urbania is situated on the River Candiano near S. Angelo, on the site of the ancient Aleria, considerable ruins of which still remain. It was destroyed at an unknown date, and rebuilt under the name of Castel Ripeggiano, but, in 1280, being in favour of the Guelphs it was demolished by the Ghibellines. It was restored again through the munificence of the Dominican bishop, Guglielmo Durante, and called Castel Durante; it was included in the Duchy of Urbino, and contained a magnificent ducal palace. It is uncertain whether the Tifernate bishops Eubodius (Euhodius?), Marius, and Innocent, who assisted at the Roman Councils of 465, 499, and 500, belonged to Tifernum Tiberiacum (Città di Castello) or to S. Angelo. At the beginning of 1635 S. Angelo was an archpresbyterate nullius, subject to the Abbot of the Monastery of S. Cristoforo of Castel Durante, to whom the Archpresbyterate of Castel Durante was also subject. In that year Urban VIII erected the two towns into dioceses, changing the name of Castel Durante to Urbania, and uniting them aque principaliter under Onorato degli Onorati, who governed it for forty-eight years. Other bishops were: Gian. Vincenzo Castelli, O.P. (1711), who restored the cathedral of Urbania, and Paolo Zamperoli, O.P. (1779), sent into exile under Napoleon, dying there. The diocese is a suffragan of Urbino, and has 78 parishes with about 20,000 souls, a Capuchin convent, and 8 houses of nuns. CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia, III (Venice, 1857).

U. BENIGNI.

Santarem, PRELATURE NULLIUS OF, created in 1903, in the ecclesiastical Province of Belem do Pará, with a Catholic population of 200,000. The present bishop is Rt. Rev. Armando Bahlmann, titular Bishop of Argos, b. 8 May, 1862, appointed 10 Jan., 1907, is at Santarem, State of Pará, created a city by law of consecrated 19 July, 1908. The residence of the bishop 24 Oct., 1848. It is beautifully situated on the northern shores of the Tapajos River, and has a population of 28,000. The city is divided into four parishes: Santarem, Alter do Chao, Boim, and Villa Franca. The monastery of the Franciscan friars, who have charge of the missions of the prelature, is located also in Santarem. In this town, the government of the State of Pará supplies the necessary funds for a school of over 200 pupils; there are also 3 colleges for boys, 2 for girls, and 1 for boys and girls.

JULIAN MORENO-LACALLE.

Santa Rufina. See PORTO AND SANTA-RUFINA, DIOCESE OF.

Santa Severina, ARCHDIOCESE OF (SANCTÆ SEVERINE), in the Province of Catanzaro in Calabria, Southern Italy. Situated on a rocky precipice on the site of the ancient Siberena, it became an important fortress of the Byzantines in their struggles with the Saracens. It is not known whether it was an episcopal see from the beginning of the Byzantine domination; when it became an archbishopric, probably in the tenth century, its suffragan sees were Orea, Acerenza, Gallipoli, Alessano, and Castro. The Greek Rite disappeared from the diocese under the Normans, but was retained in the cathedral during a great part of the thirteenth century. The earliest known bishop was one Giovanni, but his date is uncertain. From 1096, when the name of Bishop Stefano is recorded, the

list of prelates is uninterrupted. Among them we may mention Ugo (1269), formerly prior of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem; Jacopo (1400), who died in repute of sanctity; Alessandro della Marra (1488), who restored the episcopal palace and the cathedral; Giov. Matteo Sertori, present at the Lateran Council; Giulio Sertori (1535), legate to Ferrara under Charles V and Philip II; Giulio Antonio Santorio (1566), later a cardinal, and Fausto Caffarello (1624), both renowned for learning and piety; Gian Antonio Parravicini (1654), even as parish priest of Sondrio in Valtellina was distinguished for his zeal in combatting and converting heretics; Francesco Falabello (1660), who suffered much in defence of the rights of his church; Carlo Berlingeri (1678), a zealous pastor; Nicolo Carmini Falco (1743), the learned editor of the history of Dio Cassius.

In 1818 the territories of the suppressed dioceses of Belcastro and S. Leone were united to Santa Severina. Belcastro, considered by some authorities to be the ancient Chonia, had bishops from 1122; the most noted was Jacopo di Giacomelli (1542), present at the Council of Trent. Bishops of S. Leone are known from 1322 till 1571, when the diocese was united to that of S. Severina. The archdiocese has now only one suffragan see, Caritati, and contains 21 parishes with 42,000 inhabitants, 80 priests, 4 convents, and 2 houses of nuns.

CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia, XXI (Venice, 1857).

U. BENIGNI.

Santiago (CAPE VERDE). See SÃO THIAGO DE CABO VERDE, DIOCESE OF.

Santiago, KNIGHTS OF. See SAINT JAMES OF COMPOSTELA, ORDER OF.

Santiago, UNIVERSITY OF. It has been asserted by some historians that as early as the ninth century a course of general studies had been established at the University of Santiago by King Ordoño who sent his sons there to be educated, but no absolute proof can be adduced to prove it. The first reliable sources say that it was founded in 1501 by Diego de Muros (Bishop of the Canaries), Diego de Muros (dean of Santiago), and Lope Gómez Marzo, who on 17 July, 1501, executed a public document establishing a school and academy for the study of the humanities, intending, as the document proves, to later include all the other faculties. The founders endowed the school from their private fortunes. On 17 December, 1504, Julius II issued a Bull in which the foundation was declared of public utility for the whole of Galicia and granted it the same privileges as those enjoyed by all the other general schools (estudios generales). In 1506 the faculty of canon law was founded by Bull of Julius II. The faculties of theology and Sacred Scripture were founded in 1555 and those of civil law and medicine in 1648, thus completing the university courses which were required at that time. The real founder of the University of Santiago was Archbishop Alfonso de Fonseca, who founded the celebrated college which bears his name. He endowed it munificently and obtained from Clement VIII (1526) the right to found faculties, assign salaries, frame statutes for the rector, doctors, lectors, and students and for conferring degrees. The faculty of grammar and arts was installed in the hospital of Azabacheria which had been suitably arranged. In 1555 Charles V sent Cuesta as royal delegate with instructions to organize the infant university. Knowing, doubtless, the wrangling which generally existed between the higher colleges and the universities, Cuesta's first care was to completely separate the University and the College of Fonseca, both as to organization and administration.

During the first period of its existence, that is from its foundation to the time of Fonseca, among the dis

tinguished professors of the university may be mentioned Pedro de Vitoria and Alvaro de Cadabal, and in the second epoch Villagran and José Rodríguez y González, professor of mathematics, appointed by the Emperor of Russia to direct the observatory of St. Petersburg, and associated with Blot and Arago in the measurement of the meridional circle, and many others. After many disputes and agreements the Jesuits were given charge of the grammar courses in 1593, and remained in charge until their expulsion from the Spanish possessions in 1767. The department of arts was transferred from the Azabacheria to the university. The constitutions of Cuesta were modified by Guevara, by Pedro Portocarrero in 1588, and finally by Alonso Muñoz Otalora. All these changes were approved by Philip II and were in vogue until the general reforms which took place in the eighteenth century.

The colleges of Fonseca, San Clemente, San Martín, Pinario, and that of the Jesuits were independent colleges which were founded and which thrived in the shadow of the university. In the seventeenth century, in this as in all the other universities, studies fell into a state of decadence; between the university and Fonseca College arose serious differences which were not settled until the middle of the eighteenth century in time of Ferdinand VI. About this time (1751), however, many notable reforms were introduced, the number of professorships was increased, and more extensive attributes were granted to the university; a treasurer was also appointed and the rector was named by royal order.

In 1769 the university was transferred to the building formerly occupied by the Jesuits and the faculties were increased making a total of thirty-three, seven of theology, five of canon law, six of civil law, five of medicine, one of mathematics, one of moral philosophy, one of experimental physics, three of arts, and four of grammar. After the university had taken possession of the old Jesuit college it soon became evident that some additions would have to be made, and although these were carried out without any special plan they resulted in a spacious building with a severe and dignified façade. In 1799 the faculty of medicine was suppressed, but it was restored once more in 1801. Canon Juan Martínez Oliva was appointed royal visitor; his visit, however, was not productive of lasting results, the recommendations he had made being set aside in 1807. From then until the present time the university has suffered from the constantly altering plans of the Government which has deprived all colleges and universities of their former state of autonomy. The faculty of theology was definitely suppressed in 1852. The influence of the university in Galicia has been great, and from its halls men eminent in all walks of life have passed. The library of 40,000 volumes is good, as are also the laboratories of physics, chemistry, and natural history. The latter possesses a crystallographical collection of 1024 wooden models which formerly belonged to the Abbé Hauy. The present number of students reaches between 700 and 1000, the majority of whom follow the medical and law courses.

VIÑAS, Anuario de la Universidad de Santiago para el curso de 1856 to 1857; DE LA FUENTE, Hist. de las Universidades (Madrid, 1884); DE LA CAMPA, Hist. filosófica de la Instrucción Pública de España (1872); SEMPER Y GUARINOS, Ensayo de una Biblioteca española de los Mejores escritores del reinado de Carlos III (1785); Boletín oficial de la Dirección General de Instrucción Pública del año de 1895.

TEODORO RODRÍGUEZ.

Santiago de Chile, ARCHDIOCESE OF (SANCTI JACOBI DE CHILE), comprises the civil Provinces of Aconcagua (area 6226 square miles), Valparaiso (area 1659 square miles), Santiago (area 5223 square miles), O'Higgins (2524 square miles, this province is named after the liberator of Chile, Bernard O'Higgins), Colchagua (area 3795 square miles), Curicó (area 2913

square miles), and Talcas (area 3678 square miles), and the islands of Juan Fernandez, and extends from the River Choapa, which separates it from the Diocese of Serena, to the River Maule, which forms the boundary line between it and the Diocese of Concepción. Its area is 26,018 square miles, and its population is estimated at 1,600,000, of whom 14,000 are non-Catholics. Erected by Pius IV in 1561 as a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lima, it comprised all of Chile and the Argentine Provinces of Cuyo and Tucumán. This extensive territory was gradually subdivided, portions being taken to form new dioceses. In 1563 the entire southern portion of Chile from the River Biobio was separated to form the Diocese of Imperial, the present Diocese of Concepción. In 1570 Tucumán was separated to form the Diocese of Cordova, the Province of Cuyo being added in 1806. In 1840 Santiago was raised to metropolitan rank by Gregory XVI, the Diocese of Serena being also erected by him, taking from Santiago all the territory which lay north of the River Choapa. The archdiocese has three suffragan dioceses: Concepción, Serena, and Ancud. The principal cities are: Santiago (area eight square miles), the capital of Chile, has 400,000 inhabitants; Valparaiso, 170,000; Talca, 42,000; Curicó, 19,000; Quillota, 12,000; Viña del Mar, 27,000; and San Felipe, 11,000. Twenty-one bishops and four archbishops have governed the diocese, the Most Rev. Juan Ignacio Gonzalez being the present incumbent. The cathedral is a beautiful three-naved stone edifice, Roman in style; it is dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, was built in the eighteenth century, and was restored during the latter part of the nineteenth century by Archbishop Casanova. It is 321 feet long, 95 feet wide, and 52 feet high. The cathedral chapter is composed of a dean, archdeacon, precentor, mastre escuela, treasurer, and eight canons.

The archdiocese is divided into 117 parishes. Valparaiso and Talca are governed by ecclesiastical governors who are invested with some episcopal jurisdiction. The churches and public chapels number about 481, and semi-public oratories are very numerous. There are 20 religious institutes of men, with 905 members and 76 houses, and 29 religious orders of women, with 1727 members and 120 houses. The secular clergy number 412, and the regular 451. There are three seminaries, with 43 students, and a Catholic university, with 619 students. The latter has faculties of law, engineering, mines, architecture, agriculture, and a course in engineering. The Institute of Humanities, which is attached to the university, has 400 pupils. In the secondary schools, for men as well as for women, directed by the secular clergy or members of religious institutes, 5140 students are in attendance. Primary instruction is given to more than 25,000 children in the parochial and other schools under religious direction. Normal schools for teachers are directed by the Christian Brothers, for men, and by the Salesians and the Society of St. Thomas Aquinas, for women. There are 35 hospitals in the archdiocese under the patronage of the State, the municipalities, the Church, or private individuals; 30 of these are under the care of religious, as are also the lunatic asylums and houses for deaf-mutes. The Little Sisters of the Poor conduct two homes for the aged, and the Sisters of the Good Shepherd have houses of correction for women, and ten asylums for penitents. More than 300 missions are preached annually in the archdiocese to prepare the people for complying with the Easter precept, and more than 15,000 persons make retreats in the 19 houses which are dedicated to this

National Union, also for working men; the Society of the Buena Prensa (Good Press), the Society of Primary Instruction, for Catholic schools, under the patronage of St. Thomas Aquinas; the Federation of Social Works, for the promotion of temperance; the Centro Cristiano, for the promotion of learning; the Centro Apostolico, for aiding the missions and helping the poor of the different parishes; that of St. Jerome, for spreading a knowledge of the Holy Gospels. There are forty conferences of St. Vincent de Paul with a membership of 1200, who help more than 500 families. There are 15 patronatos dominicales in the city of Santiago, and 8 workingmen's clubs. Several Catholic societies also exist whose object is to procure cheap and healthful homes for the families of working men, and seven parishes of the capital and of Valparaiso have houses of refuge where needy women are gratuitously housed. The Society for the Propagation of the Faith is under the direction of the Lazarists; these priests collect annually 50,000 francs. The Library Society supports a Catholic library and has been the means of establishing many others throughout the whole republic. Confraternities of all kinds, about 230 in number, flourish in all the parishes. The principal are those of the Blessed Sacrament, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, the Apostleship of Prayer, the Sacred Heart, the Children of Mary, the Congregation of Mary and St. Aloysius, the Most Holy Rosary, Christian Doctrine, Christian Mothers, and Peterspence.

Six diocesan synods-1586, 1612, 1625, 1670, 1688, 1763, 1895-have been held in the archdiocese. In the latest of these (1895) all canonical legislation useful for the government of the archdiocese was collected in a code of 1888 articles. Constitutionally, the state is Catholic; other forms of religion are simply tolerated, and all public manifestation of worship on their part prohibited. Bishops, canons, parish priests, curates, and substitutes are paid by the State, which also contributes to the building of the churches pursuant to an agreeement made with the Holy See, to compensate for the suppressed contribution of the diezmo, which was in force until 1853. The constitution gives the State the right of patronage, by virtue of which the president of the republic proposes to the pope the candidates for all sees, and to the bishops the candidates for canonries. The parish priests are named by the bishop, subject to the placet of the president. The Holy See does not recognize this right of patronage, which the civil power has arrogated to itself. The dioceses, churches, seminaries, chapters, cathedrals, parish churches, and religious communities established with the consent of the Government are incorporated and are legal persons. Canonical legislation is recognized in these matters, and these artificially constituted persons can acquire property to any extent. The churches, convents, schools, and charitable institutions do not pay direct The present (1911) archbishop, Mgr. Juan Iñigo Gonzales Eyzaguirre, was born at Santiago de Chile, 11 July, 1844; was appointed titular Bishop of Flavias, 18 April, 1907: and was promoted to the archbishopric in 1909.

taxes.

Catálogo de los eclesiásticos... de Chile (Santiago, 1911); Anuario Estadístico de Chile (Santiago, 1910); Censo de la República de Chile en 1907 (Santiago, 1908); La Provincia Eclesiástica de Chile (Freiburg, 1895); Boletín Eclesiástico de Santiago (16 vols., Santiago, 1861 to 1908).

CARLOS SILVA COTAPOS.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO.-For many years the prelates and influential Catholics of Chile, dissatisfied with the instruction given by the State University which had under its control all the secondary and higher grades, had desired to found in Santiago a free Catholic university. The Catholic Assembly of 1885 appointed a committee which in accord with the bishops formulated a plan to realize this desire. On

21 June, 1888, Archbishop Mariano Casanova issued the decree founding the Catholic University and naming as its first rector D. Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas, titular Bishop of Martyropolis. The university was solemnly opened on 31 March, 1889; at that time it comprised only the faculties of law and mathematics, and an institute for literary and commercial courses. There was no further addition until 1896, when mathematics was divided into the two courses of civil engineering and architecture. In 1900 the Institute of Humanities was founded, adding a department of letters to the courses at the university. The princely legacy left in 1904 by D. Frederico Scotto and his mother made possible the foundation of an industrial and agricultural school, a course of much utility in this country where scientific industry and agriculture are still in their infancy. In 1905 a sub-course of engineering was founded to fill a much felt want for the training of foremen and assistants to the engineers. The faculty of medicine, although undoubtedly the most necessary, has not yet been established, as the cost of maintaining it would be more than that of all the others combined. Up to the present time no faculty of theology has been founded, owing to various difficulties, but it will not be long before this also will be organized. The attendance in 1910 for the courses of law, mathematics, agriculture, industries, and engineering was 619, with 51 professors; and in the Institute of Humanities 400, with 44 professors. The university has chemical, physical, electrical, and mineralogical laboratories and a library of more than 30,000 volumes. Its property, movable and immovable, amounts to about five million francs.

The Catholic University, although in many respects incomplete, is beginning to exercise considerable influence in the country on account of the increasing number of students and the high standing of its professors. Many of the text books compiled by them have been adopted by the State University. Much would be added to its power and development if the state would authorize it to confer degrees which would enable those holding them to exercise the professions of lawyer, engineer, or doctor and occupy such public offices as require these decrees. Up to the present the official university reserves this right exclusively to itself, imposing at the same time its programme and plan of studies on the Catholic University. Since its foundation the university has had three rectors. The first was the titular Bishop of Martyropolis later created Archbishop of Anazarba, D. Joaquín Larrain Gandarillas, the most eminent of the educators of Chile, for to him principally is due the foundation of the seminary and the Catholic University of Santiago. He devoted his entire private fortune and that of many of his relatives to the maintenance of these two

great works. The second was the titular Bishop of Amatonte, D. Jorge Montes, who on account of poor health was obliged to resign shortly after his appointment. The third is the Rev. Rodolfo Vergara Antímez, journalist, orator, poet, and author of various historic and didactic works which have attracted considerable notice. Among the most noted professors of the university may be mentioned: D. Abdon Cifuentes, senator and Minister of State, who has devoted his entire life to working for the freedom and the progress of private education; D. Clemente Fabres, D. Carlos Risopatrón, D. Ventura Blanco Viel, D. Ramón Gutiérrez, D. Enrique Richard Fontecilla, all noted jurists and public men; D. Joaquín Walker Martínez, Chilian representative to the United States and the Argentine Republic, parliamentary orator and statesman; D. Miguel Cruchaga, author of a treatise on international law; D. Luis Barros Méndez, litterateur; D. Francisco de Borja Echeverría, economist and sociologist; Canon Esteban Muñoz Donaso, orator and poet; and Rev. Ramón Angel Jara, the present Bishop of Serena.

Anuario de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Chile, 3 vols.; Catálogo de los eclesiásticos de

Chile (Santiago, 1911). CARLOS SILVA COTAPOS. See COMPOSTELA.

Santiago de Compostela.
Santiago de Cuba. See CUBA.

Santiago del Estero, DIOCESE OF (SANCTI JACOBI March, 1907, suffragan of Buenos Aires. Its terriDE ESTERO), in the Argentine Republic, erected 25 tory exactly corresponds with that of the State of Santiago, bounded by the States of Salta and Tucuman Sante Fé on the E., and by the Territory of El Chaco on on the N. W., La Rioja on the W., Cordova on the S., the N. E. It has an area of nearly 40,000 sq. miles and a population averaging about 5 to the sq. mile.

name.

Santiago, the cathedral city as well as the capital of the state, is situated on the Rio Dulce, about forty miles north of the Salinas Grandes, or Great Salt Marshes, of Northern Argentina. Although the newest diocese in the republic, its capital was the seat of the first bishop in that part of South America. The ecclesiastical organization of what afterwards St. Pius V, who erected what was at first known as became the Argentine Republic began in 1570 under of all but the seaboard of that country, covered a the Diocese of Tucuman. This, the original diocese vast and almost unexplored territory of the same Estero was then designated as the seat of the Bishop The Spanish settlement of Santiago del of Tucuman, and its church, built about 1570, was thirty years later (1699), in the episcopate of Juan the cathedral. Not until nearly one hundred and Cordova. The old diocese thenceforward took its Manuel Mercadillo, O.P., was the see transferred to of Cordova. Thus Cordova is still regarded as the name from its capital, being known as the Diocese ancient cathedral in the country is at Santiago del most ancient diocese of Argentina, while the most Estero. Early in the nineteenth century the Diocese of Salta was formed out of that part of the Cordova from a portion of the Salta jurisdiction the (new) jurisdiction which included Tucuman and Santiago; Diocese of Tucuman was formed in 1897, and from this new diocese, again, was formed, ten years later, the Diocese of Santiago del Estero.

For three years after its erection the diocese was governed by Right Rev. Pablo Padilla, Bishop of Tucuman, as administrator Apostolic, until in 1907 Right Rev. Juan Martín Janiz, its first bishop, was appointed by Pius X. It is divided into twelve parishes. The parochial clergy are few for so large besides a vicar forane and the bishop's personal a territory-not more than one priest to each parish, staff. There are, however, three schools for boys, capital, besides several other approved Catholic and an orphanage under the care of religious at the educational institutions.

Guía ecles. de la Rep. Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1910); BATTANDIER, Annuaire pont. (1911). E. MACPHERSON. Santiago de Venezuela. See CARACAS, ARCH

DIOCESE OF.

Santini, GIOVANNI SANTE GASPERO, astronomer, b. at Caprese, in Tuscany, 30 Jan., 1787; d. at Padua, 26 June, 1877. He received his first instruction from his parental uncle, the Abate Giovanni Battista Santini. This excellent teacher implanted at the same time the deep religious sentiments which Santini preserved throughout his life. After finishing his philosophical studies in the school year 1801-2, at the seminary of Prato, he entered in 1802 the University of Pisa. He very soon abandoned the study of law in order to devote himself, under the direction of Prof. Paoli and Abate Pacchiano, exclusively to mathematics and the natural sciences. It appears that at Pisa Santini still wore the cassock. This cir