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literature concerning its spirit, aims, purposes, and works, it produces of itself relatively little literature, owing to its policy of refraining from publishing any extended account of its varied activities. Reports are issued by the local conferences and councils, and the council general in Paris publishes "The Bulletin", which is regarded as the official organ of the society. The official organ of English-speaking countries is "The Bulletin", published monthly by the superior council of Ireland. "The Quarterly", published by the superior council of New York, is the official organ of the society in the United States. Superior councils of the society in some other countries likewise issue similar periodicals.

Rules of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul; Manual of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul; The Bulletin (French); The Bulletin (Irish); The Quarterly (U. S.); O'MEARA, Life of Frederick Ozanam (London, 1879); Society Reports.

THOMAS M. MULRY.

Sala, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY, journalist, b. in London, 24 Nov., 1828; d. at Brighton, 8 Dec., 1895, having been received into the Church before death. His grandfather, a native of Rome, came to England in 1776; the family were connected with the stage. Being an unusually precocious child, young Sala began at fifteen to earn his living by draughtsmanship. His versatile talent then passed to scenepainting, illustrating books, etching and engraving, finally finding its real vocation in journalism. Attracting the notice of Dickens, he became a regular contributor to "Household Words" and "All the Year Round", and was sent as special correspondent to Russia. His literary output was large and various, though his style was criticized as florid. From 1857 he worked for the "Daily Telegraph ", acting as special correspondent all over the world. Much of this journalistic work was republished in book form. He was a man of social and convivial habits who prided himself on his extensive knowledge of cookery. Though earning a large income, his expensive tastes caused him frequent embarrassment, and the failure of his magazine, "Sala's Journal", straitened his circumstances in the last years. His love for London, which he knew intimately, characterizes many of his books. SALA, Life and Adventures of George Augustus Sala (London, 1895); YATES, Edmund Yates: his Recollections and Experiences (London, 1882); VIZETELLY, Glances back through Seventy Years (London, 1893); LEE in Dict. Nat. Biog.

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EDWIN BURTON.

Salamanca, DIOCESE OF (SALMANTICENSIS, SALMANTINA, SALMANTICE), in Spain, comprises the civil Provinces of Salamanca, Caceres, Avila, and Léon, and is bounded on the north by Zamora, on the east by Avila and Valladolid, on the south by Caceres, and on the west by Portugal. The episcopal city has a population of 23,000. Its territory formed the southern portion of the ancient Vetonia, and the existence of the city of Salamanca in the Roman period is evidenced by a pretentious bridge over the

River Tormes, with twenty-seven arches, measuring 500 paces in length, and probably erected in the time of Trajan. The See of Salamanca is of unknown origin, probably dating back to the generation immediately succeeding the Apostles, in which generation St. Secundus is said to have founded the Diocese of Avila. Signatures of bishops of Salamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo; in the third council is that of Eleutherius; at the coronation of King Gondemar, that of Teveristus; in the fourth and sixth, of Hiccila; in the seventh, eighth, and tenth, of Egeretus; in the Provincial Council of Merida (metropolis of Salamanca) the signature of Justus; in the twelfth of Toledo that of Providentius; in the thirteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth, of Holemund, probably contemporaneous with the Moslem invasion. Alfonso I the Catholic pushed his conquests as far as Salamanca, and Ordoño I captured the city, but its bishops continued to reside in Asturias, where the Church of San Julian, outside the walls of Oviedo, was assigned to them. Bishop Quindulfus (802) signed a royal deed of gift. Ramiro II, who defeated the Mohammedans at Simancas, began to repeople Salamanca. In 1102 the king's son-in-law, Raymond, Count of Burgundy, and his wife Urraca, gave the churches of the city to Don Jeronimo, the count's master, and built the Cathedral of S. Maria. The celebrated bishop, comrade of the Cid Campeador, died in 1120 and was interred in the newly-built basilica, to which he left the famous "Christ of the Battles" (Cristo de las Batallas).

Later bishops were: Gerardo; Munio, a partisan of Alfonso of Aragon; Berengario, consecrated in 1135 and transferred to Compostela in 1151; Navarro; Ordoño Gonzalo; Pedro Suárez, praised by Alexander III for learning and prudence; and Vitalis, who maintained the validity of Alfonso IX's marriage with his cousin Teresa of Portugal against the censures of Celestine III and the sentence of the bishops presided over by Cardinal Guillermo in 1197. From his period date the university and the most ancient and famous convents of Dominicans, Franciscans, and Clarisses. In October, 1310, the see being vacant, fifteen prelates of the ancient Province of Lusitania, presided over by the Archbishop of Santiago, assembled in the cathedral of Salamanca to try the case of the Templars, and found them innocent in Spain of all the atrocities with which they were charged. Bishop Juan Lucero accompanied King Alfonso XI to the conquest of Algeciras. Later on he became annulled (1354) his marriage with Blanche of Bourbon subservient to the caprices of Pedro I the Cruel and

in order to unite him with Juana de Castro. Lucero's successor, Alonso Barrasa, on the contrary, supported Henry of Trastamare against Pedro. In May, 1382, a council was held at Salamanca to take action in the matter of the schism of Avignon, and Castile decided in favour of the antipope. In another council (1410) Salamanca again recognized Peter de Luna (Benedict XIII) as pope. At this time St. Vincent Ferrer laboured to convert the Jews of Salamanca; from 1460 to 1478 St. John of Sahagún enlightened the diocese by his preaching.

Salamanca has two cathedrals; the old, celebrated for its massive strength, was founded in 1100 by the aforesaid Count Raymond near the River Gate (Puerta del Rio). At the end of the thirteenth century it was not yet finished, and its main entrance, called Del Perdón (of the Pardon), was covered over in 1680 with new Doric and Composite pilasters. In 1847 it was freed of its inartistic choir. Its building occupied so long a time that Gothic ogival arches are supported by its Byzantine foundations. Of its three naves the principal one terminates in the main chapel on the reredos of which is to be seen the "Last Judgment" painted by Nicolás Florentino in 1446 for Bishop Sancho of Castile. In early days

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none but royal personages were permitted to be buried in this main chapel; here lie Mafalda, daughter of Alfonso VIII, Fernando Alfonso, natural son of Alfonso IX of Léon, Bishop Sancho of Castile, grandson of Pedro, and his successor, Juan de Vivero. The cloister of the old cathedral was Romanesque, but in 1780 Jerónimo Quiñones rebuilt it in Renaissance style. Most remarkable of its four chapels is that of St. Bartholomew, founded by Diego de Anaya, Bishop of Salamanca until 1480, and then Archbishop of Seville, and founder of the famous Colegio de San Bartolomé. There are also the chapels of Talavera, which was consecrated to the Mozarabic Rite in 1510 and in which Rodrigo Arias Maldonado de Talavera is buried, and that of St. Barbara, founded in 1384 by Bishop Juan Lucero.

The new cathedral was founded by the Catholic monarchs, who in 1491 sought to build one at Seville, but the idea was not carried into effect until 1508, when Fernando was at Salamanca. This new edifice was erected side by side with the old, leaving the latter intact. Its architects, Antón Egas and Alfonso Rodriguez, had built churches at Toledo and Seville; Juan Gil de Hontañon was master of the works. The building was begun in 1513, in the episcopate of Francisco de Bobadilla. Divine worship was held in it in 1560, and it was completed on 10 August, 1733. The tower, set on fire by lightning in 1705, was rebuilt by the celebrated José Churriguera, who made it a monument of the style (Churrigueresque) to which he gave his name. In the chapel at the centre of the rood screen are remains of Bishop Jerónimo, transferred from the old basilica in 1744, and the venerated "Christ of the Battles". In two large silver vessels within the high altar, the relics of St. John of Sahagún and St. Thomas of Villanova are preserved. Besides the cathedrals, a sumptuous church worthy of especial mention is that of the Dominican convent of San Esteban, occupied by the Dominicans since 1256, where, it is said, Christopher Columbus was entertained in 1484 and where he found in Fray Diego de Deza one of his most ardent protectors: The church was rebuilt in the sixteenth century, the first stone was laid on 30 June, 1524, and the work was completed in 1610. The founder of this convent was the Salamancan Fray Juan de Toledo, of the House of Alva, Bishop of Cordoba, and cardinal; here, too, is buried the famous Duke of Alva with his wife Maria Enriquez de Toledo. Another beautiful church is that of the Jesuits, founded by King Philip III and his consort Margaret of Austria in 1614. The college was converted into an ecclesiastical seminary by Bishop Beltrán in 1779, was made a pontifical university, and is now under the care of Jesuits. In former times there were numerous hospitals at Salamanca, but in 1851 it was agreed to combine them all into one, under the care of the Brothers of St. John of God, and dedicated to the Trinity. The library of the university and province, containing more than 100,000 volumes, is a remarkable one.

FLOREZ, Esp. Sagrada, XIV (2nd ed., Madrid, 1786); CUAD

RADO, Esp., sus monumentos (Barcelona, 1884); LAFUENTE, Hist. de Esp. (Madrid, 1861).

RAMÓN RUIZ AMADO.

UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA. This university had its beginning in the Cathedral School under the direction, from the twelfth century, of a magister scholarum (chancellor). From this episcopal origin, probably in 1230, sprang the royal foundation of Alfonso IX of Leon, who "with salutary discretion summoned the most experienced masters of sacred letters and established schools" (Lucas de Tuy); which, however, does not signify, as Rashdall infers, that they taught theology. Alfonso IX granted them the privileges alluded to later by St. Ferdinand, who was in reality the founder, the foundation of his father not having en

dured. On 6 April, 1243, in letters patent, the saintly king took under his protection the professors, stu dents, and their property, granting them an ecclesiastical tribunal for the settlement of their disputes. Alfonso X the Wise continued the work of his father. In his time began that period of unrivalled prosperity for the university, which for so many centuries made it "the glory of Spain" (Denifle). In Toledo on 8 May, 1254, the king granted the university the privileges that are its Magna Carta, appointing curators, placing it under the authority of the bishop, exempt

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PRINCIPAL FAÇADE OF THE UNIVERSITY, SALAMANCA

ing it from the regular authorities, and assigning salaries for the professors. The professorship of law received 500 maravedis a year, canon law 300, grammar, logic, and medicine 200. Some have endeavoured to trace an analogy between these privileges and those granted by Ferdinand I and II to the Universities of Bologna and Naples.

But the fundamental difference that characterized the Spanish university must not be overlooked, that, although a royal foundation, it was placed under the direction and control of the bishop, the dean, and the chancellor, who conferred the academic titles in the cathedral. The titles were given until 1830 in the name of the pope and king. Doctrinal and ecclesiastical professorships did not, however, contrary to Stein's view, predominate in the university (Denifle). Departments of medicine and jurisprudence were also established, and preference was given to the law, especially canon law. By petition of the king, 6 April, 1255, Alexander IV confirmed the courses at Salamanca, "because in the multitude of the wise is the security of kingdoms, and their governments are maintained not less by the advice of the prudent, than by the energy and bravery of the strong". Later he decreed that any accepted teacher in any branch whatsoever at Salamanca could teach his subject in any other university, with the exception of Paris and Bologna, a limitation which John XXII instituted in 1333. The

principles Alfonso the Wise had put into practice in Salamanca, he drew from the "Leyes de Partida", commenced in 1256 and terminated in 1263. Rash dall calls this "a sort of educational code the first of its kind in modern Europe". In the time of Sancho the Brave the studies declined because the salaries of the professors were not paid. Finally, Ferdinand IV, authorized by Boniface VIII, assigned for this purpose the tertia ecclesiarum, aid from this date, 7 August, 1300, the university entered upon a new era of prosperity. Classes were once more discontinued from 1306 to 1313, when Clement V commanded the tertia to be used in restoring the churches. In 1313 a third of the tertia was once more devoted to paying the professors of law, civil and canon, medicine, logic, grammar, and music. In 1355 the minorite friar, Didaco Lupi, taught theology in Salamanca; but this branch, which in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was to draw the eyes of the entire world to Salamanca, did

COURTYARD OF THE IRISH COLLEGE, SALAMANCA

not flourish there until Benedict XIII introduced it in 1416, and Martin V re-established it in 1422. This pope gave the university its definitive constitution, and numbered it among the four greatest in the world. In 1401 the bishop, Diego de Anaya Maldonado, founded the first college for poor students, which was called the College of San Bartolomé and later the Old College. This and the colleges of Cuenca, Oviedo, and Fonseca were called colegios mayores, larger colleges. Afterwards a great number of colegios menores, smaller colleges, secular, regular, and of the four military orders were founded. The Liberals suppressed the colegios mayores under the pretext of their decadence but without substituting anything better, or even equally good, to help the poor students. Following this the colegios menores were also closed. The laws of 1845 swept aside the last remaining vestige of these ancient establishments for university training, secularizing them and placing them under the control of the Liberal Government. The number of students at Salamanca in 1584 reached 6778; in 1822 it amounted to only 412, and later it dropped even lower. In the catalogue of its professors figure the names of some celebrated women, such as Doña Beatriz Galindo and Doña Alvara de Alava.

CHACON, Historia de la Universidad de Salamanca (1569) in El Semenario Erudito, XVIII (Madrid, 1789); DE LA FUENTE, Hist. de las Univ. (Madrid, 1899); DENIFLE, Die Entstehung der Unie. (Berlin, 1885); RASHDALL, The Universities of Europe, II (Oxford, 1895).

RAMÓN RUIZ AMADO.

Salamis, a titular see in Cyprus. Salamis was a maritime town on the eastern coast of Cyprus, situated at the end of a fertile plain between two mountains, near the River Pediæus. It was already an important centre in the sixth century B.C. Its foundation is attributed to Teucer, son of Telamon, King of

the Island of Salamis, opposite Attica; others believe it to be of Phoenician origin and derive its name from the Semitic selom, peace. Its fine harbour, its location, and fortifications made it the chief city of the island. In the sixth century B. C. it had kings, allies of the princes of Cyrene; one of them, Gorgus, refused to join in the Ionian revolt, and was expelled by his brother, who took command of the troops of Salamis and the other cities; the battle was fought before Salamis, which fell again into the power of Gorgus. It was besieged by Anexicrates, the successor of Cimon. After the Peace of Antacidas, the Persians had to fight for ten years against the valiant king Evagoras, whose panegyric was composed by Isocrates. It was at Salamis in 306 B. C. that the greatest naval battle of antiquity was fought, Demetrius I, Poliorcetes, defeating the Græco-Egyptian fleet of Ptolemy I. In 295 B. c. Salamis passed under the sway of the kings of Egypt, and in 58 B. c. under that of Rome, at which time it possessed all the eastern portion of the island. When St. Paul landed at Salamis with Barnabas and John, surnamed Mark, returning from Seleucia, there were several synagogues, and it was there he began the conversion of the island (Acts, xiii, 5). Salamis was destroyed by earthquakes, and was rebuilt by Constantius II (337-61), who called it Constantia. It was destroyed by the Arabs in 647 or 648. Its unimportant ruins are near the village of Hagios Sergios, a little north of Famagusta. After its destruction the inhabitants and clergy betook themselves to Famagusta, which became and for a long time remained the residence of the archbishops. present they reside at Nicosia. In the article on Cyprus (q. v.) are mentioned the principal bishops of Salamis or Constantia; the list of these prelates is given in Le Quien, "Oriens christianus", II, 1043 seq., and more fully in Hackett, "A History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus" (London, 1901), 651.

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SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog.; ENGEL, Kypros, eine Monographie, I (Berlin, 1841), 89; DI CESNOLA, Cypern (London, 1877); IDEM, Salaminia (2nd ed., London, 1884); VON LÖHER, Cypern (Stuttgart, 1878); FILLION in VIGOUROUX, Dict. de la Bible, s. v. Salamine

S. PETRIDES.

Eleutheropolis, in Judea, after 310; d. in 403. While Salamis, EPIPHANIUS OF, b. at Besanduk, near On his return to Judea he founded a monastery at very young he followed the monastic life in Egypt. Besanduk and was ordained to the priesthood. In 367 his reputation for asceticism and learning brought about his nomination as Bishop of Constantia (Salamis), the metropolis of the Island of Cyprus. For nearly forty years he fulfilled the duties of the episcopate, but his activity extended far beyond his island. His zeal for the monastic life, ecclesiastical authority; hence the numerous occasions on which learning, and orthodoxy gave him extraordinary his advice was sought, and his intervention in important ecclesiastical affairs. He went to Antioch, probably in 376, to investigate Apollinarianism and to intervene in the schism which divided that Church. He decided in favour of Bishop Paulinus, who was supported by Rome, against Meletius, who was supassisted at the Council of Rome to uphold the cause ported by the episcopate of the East. In 382 he of Paulinus of Antioch. About 394, carried away by an apparently excessive zeal, he went to Jerusalem to oppose the supposed Origenism of the bishop, John. In 402 he was at Constantinople to combat the same pretended heresy of St. John Chrysostom. He died on his return journey to Cyprus.

It was at the instance of his correspondents that Epiphanius compiled his works. The earliest (374) is the "Ancoratus", or "The Well-Anchored", i. e. the Christian firmly fixed against the agitations of error. The Trinity and the dogma of the Resurrection are particularly treated by the author, who argues

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