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ruin of his family, yet could not bear the death of Alexander. He had shewn great kindness to her, and, not knowing where to expect any more, she took his death to be the completion of her calamity, and therefore, on her hearing of it, refused to take any more sustenance, and famished herself to death out of grief for it. Her death was accompanied with that also of her two grand-daughters, Statira, the widow of Alexander, and Drypetis, the widow of Hephestion; for Roxana having craftily got them into her power, by the concurrence of Pirdiccas, caused them both to be flung into a well and murdered. She feared Statira might be with child; and, if that proved to be a son, it might disturb the settlement which was made in favour of her son, in case she bore one; and therefore thus made her away, to prevent it, and her sister with her. And," not long after, she was delivered of a son, who was called Alexander, and his name, with that of Aridaus or Philip, was afterwards joined in the government of the empire; though neither of them had any more than a name in it, the authority being wholly usurped by those who had divided the provinces among them.

An. 322.

In this division of the provinces, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia were assigned to Eumenes, who Philip 2. had been secretary of state to Alexander. But these had not yet been thoroughly subjected to the Macedonian dominion; for Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, still held those countries, and Alexander, having been called out of those parts in the prosecution of his other wars, before he could fully reduce him, was forced to leave him behind in the possession of his kingdom, and he had continued in it ever since. And therefore, he being first to be conquered before Eumenes could be put in possession of this government, Perdiccas sent to Antigonus and Leonnatus for the effecting of it. The former of them

1 Diodor. Sic. lib. 17. Justin. lib. 13, c. 1. Q. Curtius, lib. 10, c. 8. m Plutarch in Alexandro.

n Arrian. in Excerptis Photii. Pausan. in Atticis & Booticis. Diodor. Sic. lib. 19.

o Plutarch. in Eumene. Q Curtius, lib. 10, c. 10. Diodor. Sic. lib. 18, Justin. lib. 13, c. 4. Arrian. in Excerptis Photii.

had the government of Pamphylia, Lycia, Lycaonia, and the Greater Phrygia; and the latter, that of the Lesser Phrygia and the Hellespont. But they having both of them other designs in their heads, for the promoting of their own interest, neither of them had any regard to what Perdiccas ordered. Leonnatus was then marching into Greece, under pretence of carrying assistance to Antipater, governour of Macedonia, who was then hard pressed by a confederacy of the Greeks against him, but, in reality, to seize Macedonia and Greece for himself; but he being slain in battle against those Greeks, this did put an end to all his designs. When Eumenes came to him with Perdiccas' order, he endeavoured to draw him into his measures, and, in order hereto, communicated to him his whole scheme. But Eumenes, liking neither the man nor his project, refused to be concerned with him in it. Whereon Leonnatus would have put him to death for the concealing of the secret; which Eumenes being aware of, fled to Perdiccas, and revealed the whole matter to him. Whereon he grew very much into his confidence, and was, on other accounts, very acceptable unto him; for he was a very steady man, and had the best head-piece of all Alexander's captains. And therefore Perdiccas, to gratify him, taking the two kings along with him, marched into Cappadocia, and, having vanquished Ariarathes, and cut him off, with all his family and kindred, settled Eumenes in the quiet possession of his government; and afterwards having subdued Isaurus and Laranda, two cities of Pisidia, that had slain their governours and revolted, he marched into Cilicia, and there took up his winter 'quarters. While he lay there, he projected the divorcing of Nicæa, the daughter of Antipater, whom he had lately taken to wife, and the marrying of Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander the Great, in her stead. She had been wife to Alexander king of Epirus; but he having been slain in his wars in Italy, she had ever since lived a widow, and was then at Sardis in Lydia. Thither Perdiccas sent Eumenes to propose the match, and court her to it; for she being in great credit and esteem with the Macedonians, as sister to Alexander

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both by father and mother, he proposed by this marriage to strengthen his interest with them, and then in her right to seize the whole empire. Antigonus, getting knowledge of this project, and that the cutting of him off, to make way for the success of it, was one part of the scheme, he fled into Greece to Antipater and Craterus, who were then making war with the Ætolians, and discovered to them the whole plot; whereupon, clapping up a peace with the Etolians, they immediately marched to the Hellespont to watch these designs, and took Ptolemy, governour of Egypt, into confederacy with them, for the better strengthening of themselves against them. This Craterus was one of the eminentest of Alexander's captains, and of all of them the best beloved and esteemed by the Macedonians. Alexander, a little before his death, had sent him to conduct home into Macedonia ten thousand of his veterans, who were by age, wounds, or infirmity, disabled for farther service, with orders to take upon him the government of Macedonia and Greece, in the room of Antipater, whom he had called to Babylon, as hath been before mentioned. And therefore, after the death of Alexander, these provinces having been assigned to him in joint authority with Antipater, he had accordingly taken on him the government of them in copartnership with him, and very amicably associated with him in all his wars, as especially he had done in this, which the discovery of Perdiccas' designs made it necessary for them to engage in. In the interim, Perdiccas sent Eumenes into his province, not only to put all things there in as good posture as he could, but also to have a watchful eye upon Neoptolemus, governour of Armenia, which lay next him; for Perdiccas had some suspicion of him, and not without cause, as it will afterwards appear. In the beginning P of the next spring, Perdiccas having assembled all his forces together in CappaPhilip 3. docia, deliberated with his friends whether he should march immediately into Macedonia against Antipater and Craterus, or else into Egypt

An. 321.

p Diodorus Sic. lib. 18. Plutarchus in Eumene. Justin. lib. 13, c. 6. Corn. Nep. in Eumene. Arrian. in Excerptis Photii.

against Ptolemy. Should he march first into Macedonia, the fear was, that Ptolemy, who had made himself very strong in Egypt, should take the advantage to seize all the Greater Asia. For the preventing of this, it was resolved not to leave Ptolemy at his back, but to reduce him first, and after that to carry the war into Macedonia, and that, in the interim, Eumenes should be left with a part of the army to guard the Asian provinces against Antipater and Craterus. For the executing of which resolutions, Perdiccas gave unto Eumenes the provinces of Caria, Lycia, and Phrygia, in addition to those he had before, and made bim captain-general of all the countries from the Hellespont to Mount Taurus, ordering all the governours of them to obey his orders; and then, by the way of Damascus and Palestine, marched into Egypt, carrying the kings with him in this expedition also, thereby to give the greater countenance and authority to his actings in it.

Eumenes, to make good his charge, lost no time in providing for himself an army to withstand Antipater and Craterus, who had passed the Hellespont to make war upon him. They, in the first place, made use of all manner of endeavours to draw him over to their party, promising him the provinces which he had, with the addition of others to them; but he, being a steady man, would not, on any terms, be wrought upon to break his faith with Perdiccas. But they had better success with Alcetas and Neoptolemus; for they prevailed with the former, though the brother of Perdiccas, to stand neuter, and with the other to come over to him; but, while he was on his march to join their army, Eumenes fell upon him, and, having vanquished him in battle, took from him all his baggage; and Neoptolemus himself difficultly escaped, with three hundred horse only, to Antipater and Craterus, the rest of his forces, that were not cut off in battle, tak

ing service under Eumenes. Whereon Antipater marched into Cilicia, from thence to pass into Egypt to the assistance of Ptolemy, if his affairs should re

q Plutarch. & Corn. Nepos in Eumene. Diodor. Sic. lib. 18. Justin. lib. 13, c. 8. Arrian. in Excerptis Photii.

quire it; and sent Craterus and Neoptolemus, with the rest of the army, into Cappadocia, against Eumenes; where, it coming to a battle between them, Craterus and Neoptolemus were both slain, and Eumenes gained an entire victory; which was wholly owing to his wisdom and military skill in ordering the battle; for, whereas the Macedonians generally had that love for Craterus, that not one of them would have drawn a sword against him, Eumenes ordered the matter so, that none of the Macedonians that were in his army knew that Craterus was with the enemy, till that he was slain, and the victory won.

In the interim Perdiccas entered Egypt, and there waged war against Ptolemy, but not with the same success. For Ptolemy, since his having entered on the government of Egypt, managed all things there with that justice and benignity, that he had not only made himself strong in the affection of the Egyptians, but had drawn many others thither, who flocked to him out of Greece and other countries, to enjoy the benefit of so just and mild a government; which added great increase to his strength; and the army of Perdiccas were so well affected to him, that they went with great unwillingness to make war against him, and many of them daily deserted to him; all which made against Perdiccas, and at last ended in his ruin; for, having unfortunately endeavoured to pass a branch of the Nile, which made an island in it over against Memphis, he had one thousand of his men drowned in the attempt, and as many more devoured by the crocodiles of that river; which angered the Macedonians who followed him to that degree, that, rising in a mutiny against him, they slew him in his tent, and most of his friends and confidents with him. About two days after came the news of Eumenes' victory. Had it been known two days sooner, it would have prevented the mutiny, and the revolution which afterwards followed in favour of Ptolemy, Antipater, and those of their party. The next day after the death of Perdiccas, Ptolemy passed over the Nile into his

r Diodor. Sic. lib. 18. Plutarch. in Eumene. Arrian. in Excerptis Photii. Pausan, in Atticis.

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