great part both of the fleet and army joined with him herein. The Lacedemonians entered gladly into this confederacy, because of the dislike which they now had of the peace of Antalcidas. For by this time, discerning all the disadvantages of it, especially the ill consequence which it had in alienating the affections of all the other Greeks from them, because of the dishonour, as well as the damages, which it brought with it to all the Grecian name, they would, for the redeeming of this fault, and the recovery of the credit which they lost by it, have gladly laid hold of this opportunity of again renewing the war with the Persians. But Gaus, the next year after, when he had brought his matters in some measure to bear, being treacherously slain by some that were under him, and Tachos, who set himself up to carry on the same design, soon dying, the whole of it fell to nothing, and after this the Lacedemonians no more meddled with the Asian affairs.

Artax. 21.

Artaxerxes, having thus finished the Cyprian war, a led an army of three hundred thousand foot, and ten thousand horse against the Cadusians. But the country, by reason of its barrenness, not affording provisions enough to feed so large an army, he had like to have lost them all for want thereof, but that Tiribazus extricated him from this danger. He followed the king in this expedition, or rather was led with the court in it as a prisoner, being in great disgrace because of Orontes' accusation, and having received information, that whereas the Cadusians had two kings, they did not act in a thorough concert together, by reason of the jealousy and mistrust which they had of each other, but that each led and encamped his forces apart from the other, he proposed to Artaxerxes the bringing of them to submission by a treaty; and, having undertaken the management of it, he went to one of the kings, and sent his son to the other, and so ordered the matter, that making each of them believe that the other was treating separately with the king, brought both separately to submit to him, and so saved him and all his army. These peo

a Plutarchus in Artaxerxe. Diodorus Siculus, lib. 15, p. 462.

pleb inhabited some part of the mountainous country which lies between the Euxine and the Caspian seas, to the north of Media, where they, having neither seed-time nor harvest, lived mostly upon apples and pears, and other such tree-fruits; the land, by reason of its ruggedness, and unfertility, not being capable of tillage. And this was that which brought the Persians into such distress when they invaded them, the country not being capable of affording provisions for so great an army. Fullerd hath a conceit that these Cadusians were the descendants of the Israelites of the ten tribes which the kings of Assyria carried captive out of the land of Canaan; but his reason for it being only, that he thinks they were called Cadusians, from the Hebrew word Kedushim, which signifieth holy people, this is not foundation enough to build such an assertion upon. It would have been a better argument for this purpose, had he urged for it, that the Colchians and neighbouring rations are said anciently to have used circumcision; for not far from the Colchians was the country of the Cadusians.

Artaxerxes lost a great number of men in this illprojected expedition; among others who perished in it was Camissares, by nation a Carian, and a very gal lant man. He was governour of Leuco-Syria, a province lying between Cilicia and Cappadocia; and was, on his death, succeeded therein by Datames, his son, who was also with Artaxerxes in this expedition, and did him great service in it, for the reward of which he had his father's government conferred on him. He was for valour and military skill the Hannibal of those times. Cornelius Nepos hath given us his life at large; by which it appears no man ever exceeded him in stratagems of war, or in the valour and activity by which he executed them. But these eminent qualities raised that envy against him in the Persian court, as at last caused his ruin; as it hath been the fate of too many gallant men to have been thus undone by their own merit.

b Strabo, lib. 11, p. 507, 508, 510, 523, 524. c Plutarchus in Artaxerxe.

d Miscell. lib. 2, c. 5.

e Herodotus, lib. 2. Diodorus Siculus, lib. 1.

On the king's return to Susa, the service which Tiribazus did him in this expeditionf procured him a fair hearing of his cause; and it having been thorough

examined before indifferent judges appointed by the king for it, he was found innocent, and honourably discharged; and Orontes, his accuser, was condemned of calumny, and with disgrace banished the court, and put out of the king's favour for it.

An. 377.

Artax. 28.

Artaxerxes, being now freed from all other wars, resolved on the reducing of the Egyptians; they having freed themselves from the yoke of the Persians, and stood out in revolt against them now full thirty-six years; and accordingly & he made great preparations for it. Achoris, foreseeing the storm, provided against it the best he could, having armed not only his own subjects, but drawn also a great number of Greeks and other mercenaries into his service, under the command of Chabrias the Athenian. Pharnabazus, having the care of this war committed to his charge, sent ambassadors to Athens, to make complaint against Chabrias for engaging in this service against the king, threatening them with the loss of the king's friendship, unless he were forthwith recalled. And at the same time he demanded Iphicrates, another Athenian, and the ablest general of his time, to be sent to him, to take on him the command of the mercenary Greeks in the Persian army for this war. The Athenians, at that time much depending on the favour of the Persian king, for the supporting of their affairs at home, amid the broils which they had with the other cities of Greece, readily complied with both these demands; for they immediately recalled Chabrias, setting him a day for his return, and at the same time sent Iphicrates into the Persian army, to take on him the charge he was designed for. On his arrival, he having mustered his men, applied himself to exercise them in all the arts of war; in which he made them so expert, that thenceforth, under the name of Iphicratesian soldiers, they became as famous among the Greeks, as formerly the Fabian were

f Diodorus Siculus, p. 463.

g Diodorus Siculus, lib. 15, p. 471. Corn. Nepos in Chabria et Iphicrate.

among the Romans for the same reason. And they had time enough, before they entered on action, to grow up hereto, by the instruction that was given them.

An. 376.

Artax. 29.

For the Persians being very slow in their preparations, it was two years after ere the war commenced. In the interim died Achoris, king of Egypt, and was succeeded byg. Psammuthis in that kingdom, who reigned only one year. After Psammuthis, reigned in Egypth Nepherites, the last of the Mendesian race in that king

An. 375.
Artax. 30.

dom: for, after a reign of four months, he was succeeded by Nectanabis, the first of the Sebennite race, who reigned twelve years.

Artaxerxes, that he might the easier get Grecian auxiliaries for his Egyptian war, sent ambassadors into Greece, to put an end to all war there; requiring that all the different states and cities in that country should live in peace with each other, upon the terms of the peace of Antalcidas; and that all garrisons being withdrawn, all should be left to enjoy their liberty, and be governed according to their own laws. This proposal was readily accepted by all the cities of Greece, excepting the Thebans, who, having then in view the gaining the empire over all, were the only Grecian people that refused to comply herewith. All things being now ready for the Egyptian war,i the Persian army was all drawn together at Ace, afterwards called Ptolemais, and now Acon, in Palestine, and were there mustered to be two hundred thousand Persians, under the command of Pharnabazus, and twenty thousand Grecian mercenaries, under the command of Iphicrates; and their forces by sea were proportionable hereto; for their fleet consisted of three hundred gallies, and two hundred ships, besides a vast number of victuallers and tenders, which followed, to furnish both the fleet and army with all things necessary. At the same time the army marched by land, the fleet set also to sea,

An. 374.
Artax. 31.

g Euseb. in Chronico. Syncellus, p. 257.

h Euseb. in Chronico.

i Died. Sic. lib. 15, p. 478. Corn. Nepos in Iphicrate.

that so they might the better act in concert with each other, for the carrying on of the war. The first attempt which they made was upon Pelusium. Their design was to besiege it by sea and land; but the Persians having been long in preparing for this war, gave Nectanabis time enough to provide for the defence of the place; which he did so effectually, that they could not come at it either by land or sea. And therefore their fleet instead of making a descent at this place, as was first intended, sailed from thence to the Mendesian mouth of the Nile; for that river then discharged itself into the Mediterranean by seven mouths (though now there are but two,) each of which was guarded by a fortress and a garrison; but the Mendesian mouth not being so well fortified against them as the Pelusian, because they were not here expected, they easily landed at this place, and as easily took the fortress which guarded it, destroying all those who were there set for its defence. After this action Iphicrates advised that they should immediately have sailed up the Nile to Memphis, the capital of Egypt. And had they fol lowed his advice, before the Egyptians had recovered from the consternation which this powerful invasion, and the first success thereof, had put them into, they would have found the place wholly unprovided for its defence, and therefore must have certainly taken it, and with it all Egypt must again have fallen under their power. But the main of the army not being yet come up, Pharnabazus would not engage till he had gotten all his strength together, thinking that then his power would be invincible, and he must necessarily carry all before him. But Iphicrates, rightly judging, that by that time the opportunity would be lost, pressed hard for leave to attempt the place with the mercenaries only that were under his command. But Pharnabazus envying him the honour which would redound to him from hence, should he succeed in the enterprise, would not hearken to the proposal. In the interim, the Egyptians having gotten all their forces together, and put a sufficient guard into Memphis, with the rest k That is, Damietta and Rosetta.