on a new career, entering piously, in its first record, for first line, "In nomine Dei, Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, Amen." Youths soon came to be educated; and they were evidently a refractory set. They would "keep race-horses at ye college and bet at ye billiard or other gaming tables; and it seems that even the faculty were sinners, and subjected to discipline like the youths. Certain professors would insist on marrying. Complaint is made that Mr. Camm, Professor of Divinity, and Mr. Johnson, Master of the Grammar School, have "lately married and taken up their residence" out of bounds, whereby they are unable to attend to their duties. Therefore it is fulminated by the worshipful governors of the College that "all professors and masters hereafter to be appointed be constantly resident of ye college, and upon the marriage of such Professor or Master, that his professorship be immediately vacated."

It was a venerable and dear alma mater, this old college of "William and Mary," to many great men. It

has often been burned down the last time in 1862 but has ever risen from its ashes. It has sent out for their work in the world twenty-seven soldiers of the Revolution, two attorney generals, nearly twenty members of Congress, fifteen senators, seventeen governors, thirty-seven judges, a lieutenant-general and other officers, two commodores, twelve professors, four signers of the Declaration, seven cabinet officers, a chief justice, and three presidents of the Republic. For nearly two centuries it has been the great seminary, the true seedbed of Virginia, and much that she has accomplished through her great intellects may be traced to their training at William and Mary.

So much notice at least is due to this famous old institution. Looking back to the era of its foundation, we may see that the mainspring of all was the excellent and combative clergyman, James Blair, whose face in its framework of curls the long periwig of the time still looks from the faded canvas in the college library. He was a sincere Christian and a determined man; he founded the college and was rector of old Bruton parish; and if there were doubt of his ability, that would be set at rest by one incident. He prosecuted Governor Andros, and when he sent four friends to defend him, "never were four men more completely foiled by one." His victory over the amorous Governor Nicholson has been related; he quite overthrew him in the great tilt at Lambeth Palace, and his Excellency was removed from office. He went away to fight the French at Fort Royal in Acadia, was afterwards Governor of South Carolina, and died Sir Francis Nicholson. He was a man of energy, but not of self-control, since it is eccentric to knock off clergymen's hats and insist on marrying young ladies who wish to marry other people. This Governor Nicholson did; and a freak of history has preserved that portrait of him, the portrait of the disappointed lover.

The new century was now at hand, and Virginia, like the other colonies, was steadily advancing in population and importance. In the absence of an official census it is impossible to ascertain the population of a country; but in the year 1700 there were probably about 300,000 people in the American colonies. By conjecture these were thus distributed in New England 115,000; in New York 30,000; in the Jerseys 15,000; in Pennsylvania and Delaware 20,000; in Maryland 35,000;.

in Virginia 70,000; in the Carolinas and Georgia 15,000. Of these about 50,000 were probably African slaves, the North holding about 10,000 and the South about 40,000. Of the proportion of freemen, indented servants, and slaves in Virginia, there remains no reliable record.

The society continues to be English throughout, loyal to the King, respecting law, and believing in social degrees and the Established Church. The vestries choose their ministers and are ardent churchmen, but will have no bishop; it was at one time the project of Dean Swift to come as bishop to Virginia, and he wrote his friend Addison, asking his assistance, or they would "persuade him to go to Ireland;" but the planters would have made his time unpleasant. Other prominent persons had also narrowly escaped residing in Virginia, - Oliver Cromwell in 1638, Queen Henrietta Maria in 1651, and Charles II. in 1658. What was better for the country was the arrival in 1699 of the good Claude Philippe de Richebourg with his colony of Huguenots, who settled at Mannakin on the upper James River, and infused a stream of pure and rich blood into Virginia society.

1

With the beginning of the new century a new reign begins. Anne succeeds William, and the Burgesses, having assembled at "Her Majesty's royal college of William and Mary in this her Majesty Queen Anne her royal capital," the Governor announces that "her sacred Majesty has been pleased to renew his commission to be her Majesty's Lieutenant and Governor-General of this

1 Anne is a popular name in Virginia. The counties of Princess Anne, and Fluvanna (Fleuve Anna), and the rivers Rivanna, North and South Anna, and Rapidan (Rapid Ann), are named after her.

her Majesty's most ancient and great colony and dominion of Virginia;" after which his Honor makes an address. He informs his listeners that her sacred Majesty has sent them her royal portrait, and adds with deep feeling:

"Honorable gentlemen, I don't in the least doubt that you will join with me in paying our most humble and dutiful, etc., etc., for this great honor, etc., and that she may have a long, prosperous, successful, and victorious reign; as also that she may in all respects, not only equal, but even out-do her royal predecessor, Queen Elizabeth, of ever glorious memory, in the latter end of whose reign this country was discovered, and in honor of her called Virginia." This is indeed the proudest moment of his Honor's life, and he designs celebrating a centennial" jubilee " in Virginia if "God Almighty and her Majesty shall be so pleased." . . . So these foolish old King's or Queen's Governors round their periods and finish with their twaddle; and the Burgesses go back to their room, and attend to matters more important than royal portraits and centennial jubilees, enacting among other things that no English convict, or "negro, mulatto, or Indian," shall hold any office in Virginia, on penalty of prompt ejectment therefrom and a heavy fine for "such his offence."

So the century begins in the loyal colony of Virginia, where the people welcome with "extraordinary joy and expressions of distinguished consideration every new reign, but obstinately persist in managing their own affairs. Lord Orkney is made Governor, but as usual sends his deputy, and in the year 1710 appears the stalwart soldier and ruler, Sir Alexander Spotswood.

XXII.

THE TUBAL CAIN OF VIRGINIA.

ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD, or Spottiswoode as his family were called in Scotland, rises like a landmark above the first years of the century.

was a

When he came to Virginia he was only thirty-four and in the bloom of his manhood. But he had already fought hard, and his faculties as a soldier and ruler were fully developed. He was born in 1676, the year of the Virginia rebellion, at Tangier, in Morocco, then an English colony, where his father a son, it is said, of Sir Alexander Spotswood, Secretary of Scotland surgeon. The boy was left alone in the world at the age of twelve, by the death of his father; entered the army; served under Marlborough, and was wounded in the breast at the battle of Blenheim. He kept the ball, a four-pound cannon shot, and used to exhibit it long afterwards to his friends; and in the background of a portrait of him, still preserved at "Chelsea," in King William, is a picture of Blenheim Castle, in memory of this incident. The portrait represents a large and martial man with a curiously wrinkled face and an air of decision, - the chief trait of the soldier ruler.

The Virginians received Spotswood with open arms. He was a man after their own heart, and brought with him when he came (June 1710), the great writ of habeas corpus. The Virginia people had long claimed that this right was guaranteed to them by Magna Charta, since they were equally free Englishmen with the people of England. Now it was conceded, and the great writ