name of Evans, and went with him to Clearfield Co., Pa., remaining with him first as a farm hand and lumberman, and later as engineer, until the spring of 1859, when he moved to Johnstown, Pa.; working as a machinist for the Cambria Iron Company under John Fritz, then General Superintendent of that Company. Later in that year he went to Chattanooga, Tenn., to assist Miles Edwards in the erection of a blast furnace.

He remained at Chattanooga until after the breaking out of the Rebellion, having in the meantime married Miss Harriet Lloyd of that place.

In 1861 he was again employed by the Cambria Iron Company as a machinist. In response to President Lincoln's call for nine months' men, he volunteered on July 31st, 1862; enlisting as a private in Co. A., 133d Reg., P.V., he was soon promoted to corporal. He served with his regiment in the army of the Potomac, participating in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville; in both engagements distinguishing himself by personal bravery. Upon the expiration of his term of service, May 26th, 1863, he returned to Johnstown, resuming his position with the Cambria Iron Company.

Later he organized Company F., 194th Reg., P.V., and was mustered in as captain of the same on July 20th, 1864. In accordance with Circular Order No. 56, A.G.O., he was mustered out as a captain of that organization, and re-mustered as captain of an independent company-this being formed of members of the 193d and 194th Regs., P.V.

Captain Jones' company was assigned to provost duty in Baltimore, Md., under Colonel J. Wooley, Provost Marshal; that city being in the Middle Department, commanded by Major General Lew Wallace, with Department Head-quarters at Baltimore.

While acting as Commander of the Provost Guard of Baltimore, Captain Jones was called upon to perform many duties requiring both tact and personal courage, as well as to exercise the qualities of a strict disciplinarian. So well did he and his command acquit themselves, that they not only possessed the confidence of their superior officers, but were publicly complimented by General Wallace. Captain Jones was mustered out on June 17th, 1865, following the close of the war.

He returned to Johnstown, Pa, and again entered the employ of the Cambria Iron Company as assistant to George Fritz, the Company's General Superintendent and Chief Engineer, and as

such assisted in the construction of the Cambria Iron Company's Bessemer Steel Converting and Blooming Mill Plants.

Upon the death of George Fritz, in August, 1873, he resigned his position, and was soon afterwards engaged by the Edgar Thomson Steel Co. (now Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited) to take charge of their Steel Works and Rail Mill-then building from plans designed by A. L. Holley, at Bessemer, Alleghany Co., Pa.

Upon the completion of the works, Captain Jones was made the General Superintendent, and afterwards given full charge of the Engineering Department, as well as the general management of the works. While this plant when erected was, perhaps, the most perfect one in the United States, the rapid advance in the art of steel-making soon made it desirable to completely remodel it, which was done under his direction; the Blooming Mill being rebuilt in 1881, and the Converting Works in 1882.

This Company also decided to build blast furnaces, completing Furnace A., 15 feet 5 inches bosh by 66 feet high, in 1879; and Furnaces B. and C., 21 feet bosh by 80 feet high, in 1880. These were so successful under Captain Jones' management that he was authorized to build two more; completing Furnaces D. and E., 23 feet bosh by 80 feet high, in 1881; and again adding Furnaces F. and G., 23 feet bosh by 80 feet high, in 1886 and 1887 respectively. Furnace H. was in course of construction at the time of his death.

In 1885 he attached automatic tables to the rail mill, thus doing away with a large number of skilled operatives; these tables being covered by his own and Robert W. Hunt's patents. The works were so successful that in 1887 Captain Jones received permission to build an entirely new rail mill; in the construction of which he departed from all precedent, and the result more than filled his most sanguine anticipation.

In 1888 his duties were increased by his being made consulting engineer to Carnegie, Phipps & Co. The principal object of this appointment was to cover their extensive plant at Homestead.

Captain Jones was an industrious inventor, and has covered many of his improvements by patents. Among them being: "A Device for Operating Ladles in Bessemer Process"; "Improvements in Hose Couplings," patented December 12th, 1876; "Fastenings for Bessemer Converters," patented December 26th,

1876; "Improvements in Washes for Ingot Moulds," June 12th, 1876; "Hot beds for Bending Rails," April 10th, 1887; "Machine for Sawing Metal Bars," August 7th, 1877; "Process and Apparatus for Compressing Ingots while Casting," September, 1878; "Ingot Mould," October 1st, 1878; "Cooling Roll Journals and Shafts," July 5th, 1881; "Feeding Appliance for Rolling Mills," April 27th, 1886; "Gas Furnace for Boilers," May 4th, 1886; "Art of Manufacturing Railroad Bars," October 12th, 1886; "Appliance for Rolls," May 15th, 1888; "Housing Caps for Rolls," May 15th, 1888; "Apparatus for Removing and Setting Rolls," June 26th, 1888; "Apparatus for Removing Ingots from Moulds," January 1st, 1899; "Method of Mixing Molten Pig Metal," June 4th, 1889; "Apparatus for Mixing Pig Metal," June 4th, 1889.

Captain Jones was a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, and the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain. He was a frequent contributor to the papers of these various societies on subjects relating to Mechanics and Bessemer Steel Manufacture.

In 1888 he was chosen senior Vice-Commander, Department of Pennsylvania, G. A. R.

As soon as news was received of the terrible Johnstown, Pa., flood disaster, May 30th, 1888, Captain Jones acted with his characteristic promptness and decision. He dispatched a trusted messenger to investigate and report to him the true situation. As many of the citizens of Braddock had with Captain Jones been former residents of Johnstown, they were intensely excited. He directed this into systematized collections of supplies which were the first relief to be forwarded to the stricken people. The officials of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. requested him to assume command of the workmen which they proposed sending. He consented, and impressed upon them the magnitude of the undertaking. Upon reaching Johnstown after a march of some miles, Captain Jones at once established his men. in an organized camp. His dispatch to the relief committee of the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, stating that the work was beyond the limits of any volunteer movement, and could only be successfully handled by the State, and also urging the General Government to send a pontoon train to bridge the streams, was the first comprehensive grasp of the situation.

Captain Jones was possessed of great physical strength and an indomitable will, but overmastering all, a most generous nature, and a heart as tender as any woman's. While quick of temper, he was ever ready to acknowledge and repair a mistake. Without the advantages of early education and associations, he cultivated a true love of the beautiful in nature, art, and litera ture.

His life's success was most intimately identified with that of the Bessemer Process in America. Alexander L. Holley's fame will always stand as having made the wonderful developments of that process possible, but without the co-operation of such practical mechanics and energetic developers as George Fritz and William R. Jones, Holley's convictions of the possibilities would, at least, have been later in realization. Fritz was called away just as the first triumphs were being attained. Holley lived to see what appeared to be complete victory, but Jones and others were spared to carry the process beyond Holley's most sanguine dreams. Jones loved Holley, and seemed to feel that each succeeding achievement of his was adding another garland to Holley's fame.

Captain Jones was beloved by all who knew him. The men under his management worshipped him, and the community in which he lived, honored and respected him. The world is better for his life, but many hearts are made desolate by his death. If ever a man existed who was absolutely honest in every fibre of his being, such a man was William Richard Jones.

RUDOLPH JULIUS EMANUEL CLAUSIUS.

Rudolph Julius Emanuel Clausius was born at Cöslin, Pomerania, a province of Prussia bordering on the Baltic, January 1st, 1822.

While a child, he saw something of the ship building and other construction and manufacturing then growing up in that district, and became interested in all the sciences and their applications to the purposes of industry. He was sent to Berlin when old enough to attend the secondary school, and there at once showed his inclination towards science, and especially his talent as a mathematician. He went through the University, giving special attention to these branches, and, on graduation, was made "Privatdocent" in the University, and an instructor

in Natural Philosophy-the good old term was then still adhered to-in the Royal School of Artillery. While in this position, he published a number of valuable papers on applied optics, some of which have been translated into English and published in Taylor's Scientific Memoirs, a collection of papers familiar to every reader in physical science.

Clausius was called to the Chair of Natural Philosophy at Zurich, in 1857, at the age of 35, and before he had acquired much fame among physicists, and before he had become at all known to the world at large. He remained at the Polytechnic School seventeen years, and it was here that his most famous work became known and appreciated. He had, as early as 1849-50, while still at Berlin, actually created the science as author of which he ultimately became famous; but his deductions and discoveries had not as yet attracted the attention of the men of science of the day, nor had they become acknowledged as accurate and reliable. Both Clausius and Rankine had arrived at the form and discovered the uses of what is now. known as the "General Equation of Thermodynamics" almost simultaneously, in 1848-9, the one publishing his results in Poggendorff's Annalen for 1850, and the other in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh of similar date; both discovering the fact of the partial condensation of steam and some other vapors while doing work by adiabatic expansion, about 1856, and both indicating the fact of the constancy of both specific heats and constructing a correct thermodynamic theory of the heat engines during the decade 1859-60, reaching all essential and important results in singular unanimity and publishing generally almost simultaneously. Rankine collected his work and republished, first, in the Philosophical Magazine, and then in his "Manual of the Steam Engine." Clausius collected his papers in book-form, and, toward the close of his life, revised them and gave them a more continuous and logical shape, and incorporated with them some controversial matter, the whole, fortunately, giving in compact form all his more important work in thermodynamics.

After his arrival at Zurich, Clausius drifted into the study of molecular physics and of electrical phenomena, and his work in thermodynamics mainly ceased. In fact, the work of the great founders of the science was already substantially accomplished, and only minor lines of investigation remained to be pursued by