are affixed to the fronts of houses, on the death of their proprietor, to denote his rank and condition. On the death of a husband, for example, that side of the lozenge which is appropriated to his distinctive arms, is painted black, while the wife's side remains white. The above, we trust, will suffice to give a general idea of the principles of Heraldry.

The term Autographics, may be applied to the study of the handwriting of individuals, with a view to its recognition. The signature of any person is commonly called his autograph; but this name is also applied to manuscripts of whatever length, when they are in the handwriting of their author. Extensive collections of autographs have been made; which, in identifying manuscripts, or signatures, are of historical, as well as biographical importance. Of similar use is the study of Sphragistics, or the examination of seals, with their devices and inscriptions. This study has been termed a branch of Diplomatics; as serving to authenticate treaties, and other documents but we think it also especially subsidiary to Biography. Seals, are of various shapes, though usually in that of a shield, whether cardiform or oval; and they were formerly impressed on gold, silver, lead, or common wax, until the introduction of sealing wax, in the sixteenth century. Originally, none but persons of rank, or churches, or corporations, and states, had a right to use seals; and the color of the wax indicated their relative dignity. The earliest regular work on Sphragistics, was that of Heineccius, on seals, published in 1709.

In comparing distinguished individuals with each other, it seems most natural and proper to institute the comparison between those of similar characters, or pursuits. Thus, we may naturally compare Cæsar and Bonaparte; or Des Cartes and La Place: but a comparison between Alexander and Aristotle, or between Newton and Shakspeare, would be futile, if not absurd. In such cases, it is enough to know that each was preeminent, in his own sphere. This principle will be our guide, in the subordinate arrangement of this department; in which the only philosophical method that occurs to us, is to group together individuals of the same country, and of similar pursuits; as statesmen, warriors, divines, and other classes of men. The subject of Biography is of course inexhaustible; so that even the largest works are found to commemorate but an extremely small portion of our race; and this in reference only to their most prominent actions and traits of character. We have thought that the small space here allotted, would be best devoted to a systematic arrangement of the most prominent names; preparatory to the perusal of extensive and miscellaneous Biographical works.

We proceed therefore to treat of the present department, in geographical, and ethnographical order, under the four branches of Euclassic, Oriental, European, and American Biography.