Constitutional Protection of Private Property and Freedom of Contract

approach argue argument baseline benefits claims common law compensation clause conception constitutional constitutionally contract clause decision demoralization costs discrimination discussion distinction doctrine due process due process clause easement economic effect efficiency eminent domain clause Epstein example existing fairness federal Fifth Amendment freedom of contract Hadacheck harm Harv Holmes impairing imposed individual industry issue judicial Justice justify labor land landowners legislation legislature limited Lochner Lochner era Lochner-like premises losses Madison measure ment Michelman moral hazard natural neutrality nuisance obligation owner ownership parties payment Pennsylvania Coal Co pensation persons police power political position practice present principle private property problem prohibition property rights protection public interest purpose question reason redistribution regulation restriction result Ribnik rule settlement costs social society statute substantive suggest supra note Supreme Court takings clause theory tion utilitarian welfare West Coast Hotel zoning