1823.] REVIEW.-Bp. Burgess on Greek Original of New Testament. 529 are however made, by various delightfal traits of the peasantry, in which we see sentiment, sincerity, and feeling in their native garb of beauty, glowing with health; not their sickly representatives of compliment, profession, and ceremony, when trained by Art, and mere masquerade disguises pure selfishness. To these are added verses of various merit, mostly good, but all drawn from soul. of The Ingle [fire] side, and the Hameward Hymn are sweet; but we shall give the address of the Jingler [the poetical companion], to his first Love, whom he finds on his pilgrimage to his native land, a wife and mother. "It was you, Christy, you "That tho' ye've ta'en anither, his eminent learning and talents in defence of the doctrines and principles of that Church, of which he is an important pillar, because he does exactly what the Apostles did before him, strenuously maintain sound faith and principles. With exceeding sorrow, we see, however, the Quarterly Reviewers (men highly to be respected) lately striving to write down this excellent Prelate, upon grounds which we, in our dislike of unnecessarily dividing a house against a house, cannot admit to be founded upon common sense; for accusations more frivolous were never brought forward, as will appear almost by the bare enumeration of them. This we do, because his Lordship has himself touched upon them (pp. xxxii-xliii). Accusation the first. Griesbach having pronounced the well-known verse of 1 John, v. 7 ("there are three that bear record in Heaven," &c.), to be spurious, the Bishop has maintained the contrary. In this effort the Quarterly Reviewers say, that he has failed; by which we are to understand, that his Lordship has not given that direct physical proof of black and white, which does not exist; but proceeded by the only proof which was, under the circumstances, practicable. Now it is a rule with us, if we see a man with one leg, to think that he was originally born with two; and yet that it may be absolutely impossible for us, after his death, to know how he lost one of them. If St. John has thought proper to particularize and personally distinguish the Holy Spirit (as descendP. 39, 40. ing, like a dove) at the baptism of Christ; and also to say, that God the Father no man hath seen or can see; we verily think it probable, that such a text might have existed; because, if a man elsewhere mentions nostrils, we suppose it possible that he may not have denied the existence, of noses, We speak in no levity. We are obliged to use only strong figures to explain our meaning, because our limits are scanty; and, knowing as we do, that some of the Epistles of St. John have descended to us in a mutilated state, we do not see how the Bishop can be said to have failed in an undertaking which he never meditated; namely, proof from the external evidence, whereas he expressly disavows (Vindication, Pref. viii.) any such mode of treating Wi' the man, that sou'd been me. In Willy and Helen we have, "Will it be time to praise this cheek, When years an' tears has blencht it; Will it be time to talk o' love, When cauld an' care has quencht it. The ither's held to heaven; 109. The Greek Original of the New Testament asserted: in Answer to a recent Publication, entitled, "Palæo-Romaica." By Thomas Burgess, D.D. F.R.S. F.A.S. and F. R. S. L. Bishop of St. David's. 8vo, pp. 52. THE Bishop of St. David's, very meritoriously in our opinion, has used GENT. MAG. June, 1823. the 530 REVIEW. Bp. Burgess on Greek Original of New Testament. [June, the enquiry. There is, therefore, no error of judgment here. Accusation the second. The institution of Prize and Premium Societies, as a fallacious mode of encouragement. Conceding that public favour and approbation are the superior title, we conceive that the proposition of a premium is only an inducement to make a bird sing that can sing and will not sing. It is a mode which has been often practised with success; and, therefore, no error of judgment. Accusation the third. The Thesis of Adultery, as a prize essay, which essay was a plagiarism from the " Nuptiæ Sacra" of Dean Ireland. Now, if a crime, worse under circumstances than murder, is not full as fit a subject of discussion, as a knotty point of divinity, then by the same arguments, St. Paul ought not to have talked to the Corinthians about incest; Nathan not have visited David; and the Commandment against Adultery not be read in our Churches. The Queen's affair brought up certain casuistical niceties on the subject. The Bishop says, that he was shocked to see the supposititious notion of Christ encouraging facility of divorce, through a perversion of certain texts (p. xxxvii). To clear up the doctrine, he proposed the thesis in question, in order to take a moral advantage of the unhappy affair alluded to. That there was a felicitous propriety in its being made the subject of a Church Society in Wales, will appear from the following extraordinary fact; namely, that the old British practice of community of wives does partially exist in that country. "Religion,' says Nicholson (Cambr. Travell. 572), "has much influenced this athletic race of men [the lead-miners of Rhydfendigaid], in suppressing their habit of having a community of wives." As to the plagiarism of Mr. Tebbs, the author of the essay, the Bishop observes (p. xxxvii), that a comparatively small portion of the materials is in common to the two tracts. Accusation the fourth is the presumed origination of the Royal Society of Literature, which the Reviewer says was an injudicious emanation of mistaken loyalty, for the encouragement of " deaf and dumb Authors, Ushers of Schools, and Attornies' Clerks." One candidate, we know, was proposed for the emoluments of an associate, by a gentleman of eminence, universally respected for his amiable character. That candidate was one, who unsolicitedly relinquished the presentation of a living of 5001. per annum, to the patron, that he might release himself from incumbrances, by the sale of it; and who also declined an annuity of 2001. that he might not compromise the principles due to his profession. We know and respect this candidate : he has a family of seven children unprovided for, some of them of an expensive age, and who certainly is not a " deaf and dumb author, an usher of a school, or an attorney's clerk," but a man respected by neighbouring Dignitaries, of elaborate pursuits, and philosophical abstract habits, patiently enduring severe sacrifices for his family, and supporting Church and King by his pen and conversation, in the good old manner of our ancestors. The lady who obtained the poetical prize, and is much respected in her neighbourhood, Mrs. Hemans, is, we believe, an officer's widow with a family. Who were the other candidates we know not; but these instances may show, that any abuse of the Royal munificence was not contemplated. It seems, further, that the Royal Society of Literature originated in his Majesty's gracious and unsolicited commission: and it is some consolation to those deserving persons, whom the Institution would have seriously benefited, to know that their disappointment is not owing to the Royal feelings, but an hypothetical misrepresentation of the subject, absolutely cruel *. Here we leave the painful topick. The common sense of our countrymen will decide, whether a Bishop's support of an important text of the New Testament, of a Church Society for promoting Religious Knowledge, and of another to encourage suffering literati, are errors of judgment, and such things as justify a work of high merit and influence, in holding up his name to irreverence, and dividing a house against a house. For our parts, we consider the accusations such, because the statements are erroneous in facts, as will be injurious to the Review. With regard to the pamphlet before * See our present volume, p. 413, for a further expostulation concerning the Royal Society of Literature. EDIT. us, 1823.] REVIEW.-Bp. Burgess on Greek Original of New Testament. 581 us, the Bishop calls it a Postscript to the Vindication of 1 John, v. 7. It seems, that certain persons have thought fit to propagate a notion, that the Greek Testament is only a copy of a Latin original, for which strange, in our judgment very absurd, opinion, their main support is, that Latin was the vernacular language of the whole Roman empire. Two great blunders seem to have led to this opinion. One is, that the Scriptures were intended from the first for indiscriminate perusal. This is not the fact. In the Disputatio Francisci Balduini," fixed to the Cambridge edition of "Miprenucius Felix,” 8vo. 1707, p. 34, it is said, that the primitive Christians did not converse concerning the sacraments and mysteries of their religion, in the presence of the uninitiated; and, of course, the New Testament was not a work of indiscriminate access. The authority quoted is the following: "Theodoritus Cyrensis Episcopus, in dialogis, quibus Eraniste nomen dat, Dialogo 11, pag. 159, ed. Lips. ita orthodoxum inducit Eranista de S. eucharistia interroganti respondentem: xpn σxtus T. εικος γαρ τινας αμύητος παρείναι. Non decet aperte loqui: fortassis adsunt mysteriis nondum initiati. Refert Eranistes, aviarwows ʼn amoxpivis LOTH. Proponatur ergo in forma ænigmatis responsio." Cellarius. The second mistake is, that Greek was not a familiar language. Here we antiquaries can show the importance of Archæology. Suetonius, Horace, and Classical Authors without end, disprove the absurd notion. But it is utterly unnecessary to multiply quotations. Borlase says (Cornwall, 34) "it was the universal fashion of the world to write in Greek, two or three centuries before the time of our Saviour." He is a modern; but Cicero also gives the coup de grace to the whole notion of Latin being the vernacular language of the Empire, in the following words, in his Oratio pro Archiâ Poetâ; and we are happy to add it to the Bishop's store. "Nam si quis minorem gloria fructum putat ex Græcis versibus percipi, quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat. PROPTEREA QUOD GRECA LEGUNTUR IN OMNIBUS FERE GENTIBUS; LATINA SUIS FINIBUS EXIGUIS SANE CONTINENTUR." P. 390. Lond. 1681. Ed. fol. Suetonius de Grammaticis gives ample proof of education in Greek, among the Romans. In short, the translation, is ignorance which may be notion that the Greek Testament is a felt. Conceiving it therefore unnecessary learning used by the worthy and beneto bring forward the immense mass of volent Prelate, in demolishing this ignis fatuus of Latin being the original of the New Testament, we beg to stop here, with expressing our sincere revity of his Lordship. spect for the Apostolical zeal and acti 110. The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth. Among which are interspersed other solemnities, public expenditures, and remarkable events, during the reign of that illustrious Princess. Collected from Original Manuscripts, scarce Pamphlets, Corporation Records, Parochial Registers, &c. &c. Ilustrated with Historical Notes. By John Nichols, F.S.A. Lond. Edinb. and Perth. A new Edition, in 3 vols. 4to. Nichols and Son. IF we may venture to use a bold figure, we would call the reign of Elizabeth the Parthenon of British Royalty, and herself the Minerva of our regal deities, whose colossal statue, like that of Phidias, ennobled the fabrick. That Henry the Eighth, her father, in the variety of his amours, and the arbitrary use of his thunder, lorded it, as a can be no doubt; and if he did not acJupiter, in the British Olympus, there tually suffer labour-pains in the head to give birth to this Daughter, he certainly felt them severely in regard to getting rid of the Mother. Upon a visit years ago to Havering Bower, a most delightful spot, the following imperfect distich, whence derived we know not, was there mentioned: that Henry VIII. was at Havering, when Anne Boleyn was executed, and was walking upon a terrace, belonging tunate Queen's decapitation. By the to the palace, at the time of the unforfiring of guns, or some signal, he had the speediest intelligence of this despicable assassination, and immediately exclaimed, "-here I stand, As jolly a widower, as any in the land." - ap We will not say, with Strabo (L. ix.) cond 532 REVIEW. Nichols's Queen Elizabeth's Progresses. condis not. " Money was scarce," says Mr. Lodge, "and the persons called Merchants were generally factors of the men of landed property, who owned the great mass of wealth." Lords Burleigh and Leicester were both, in this way, engaged in trade. (Lodge's Illustrations, Brit. Hist. ii. 211.) In Mason's "Dublin" are authentic documents, which show her encourage ment of this plan, by which, in the end, Factors became Principals. If, therefore, we are indebted to Elizabeth for those two great parents of liberty and wealth, the Protestant Religion and Commerce, we see no reason why she should not be deemed the tutelary deity of our Athens; for without the blessings which we owe to her wise reign, we should neither have liberty, wealth, nor naval power. We take the opportunity of inserting here a very curious Jesuitical slander; for such tales were common in the reign of Elizabeth; witness Saunders, Campian, &c. "Dr. Bailey (says the communicator to our friend) the biographer of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, is made to assert, that Anna Boleyn was begotten upon the body of the wife of Sir Thomas Boleyn, by Henry (VIII.) himself, when he was about seventeen years old, and that her Ladyship told him so, when he was about to marry her. And it is further intimated, that Elizabeth, knowing this incestuous origin, was afraid that the Duke of Norfolk, or some powerful Baron, by marrying Mary Queen of Scots, might place the latter upon the throne." This extract is professed to be contained in Bailey's "Life of Fisher." Now it so happens, that Fisher was beheaded in 1535, and that the book was written by Richard Hall, of Christ's College, and printed under the name of T. Bailey, at London, 1665, 12mo, as Tanner, Bibl. Brit. p. 372, cited Gough's Brit. Topogr. i. 238; but 1655, as Mr. Pegge, in our Magazine for 1752, p. 554. It is also said, that Anne Boleyn, like Herodias, exulted over Fisher's head, which she had brought to her, on purpose, &c. &c.-a story in this very book, of which story, &c. Fuller observes (Church Hist. xvi. p. 205) "but enough, yea too much of such damnable false hoods." Every thing relative to Elizabeth, as well as to all great personages, gratifies a natural instinct, often of high benefit in the amelioration of character, [June, and perhaps, therefore, providentially implanted in us. Where there is a wise sovereign, wisdom must become a court necessity, and foolish things cannot be endured where none are said or done. In every state in which Elizabeth appears, Nature never extinguishes Reason, nor does Condescension encourage Familiarity. This is a common consequence of high intellectual character. Johnson appears in Boswell in every situation, but his occasional wit and levity never degrade him. Of the character of the interesting work alluded to, the book before us strongly partakes, though the materials and construction are dissimilar. We see both the woman and the queen in the one, as we see the man and the instructor in the other; and we see them in intercourse with every mode of life, and every variety of character. One has weaknesses, and the other has preju dices; but in their strongest exhibition, they are only the haze of a brilliant summer's day-the imperfection attached to every thing human. In subordinate views, this Collection dramatically shows the singular manners of the day; chivalry and pedantry strangely jumbled together; favourit ism openly displayed without concession of mental independence; love with bridled feelings; nature confined to studied forms of affectation, in the expression of it; men, grown old in years and wisdom, kept in the subjec tion of children at school; nonsense and buffoonery, and long repetitions of verses not always harmonious, endured without a murmur, and got up by approbation; implying taste, which neither judgment or feeling could sanction;-these, and many more such anomalies mark the extraordinary character of an age, which abounded with festivities, of which the principal wit consisted in the pageantry. Dry things her Majesty says; and to awkward compliments, she returns amiable answers; but it is always endurance, always a landlord giving a treat to his tenants; always condescension only; always obedience and admiration exacted, as the price of favour. However unamiable this may appear, it restrained Favourites from endeavouring to influence her (see vol. 1. p. 385), and caused her subjects to entertain no fear of them. The Sovereign, throughout the whole nation, was the only 1923.] REVIEW. Nichols's Queen Elizabeth's Progresses. only Sun or the system; the others were mere planets. Shakspeare knew the age and her greatness too well to make her, at his awful peril, directly or indirectly the subject of a drama; but no loss has been sustained. In the admirable novel of Kenilworth the portrait is exact; and, if we there see her in romance, we behold her in this work in reality, with the addition of very curious information, in the text and notes, concerning the manners of the times. Some of these we shall extract, as historically instructive. Every body knows that the Poor Laws commenced in the reign of Elizabeth; but they do not know, that wisdom and piety, not necessity, produced them. Dr. Cox, Bishop of Ely, writing to the Parson of Downham, says, "I must nedes earnestlie call upon you liberally and cherefully to helpe youre poore neighbours, consideringe many causes that ought to move you thereunto; scil. First, ye ar delivered in manner from all kind of wicked and ungodly beggars, as from friers, perdours, charges of pilgrimages, and deckings of images, and such like; whereby ye be the better able to comfort your poore neighbours. Secondly, the Quene's Majestie, with her Counsel, do daily travaile to deliver you from valiant vagabonds and idle beggars. Thirdly, her Majesty, by her said Counsell, hathe geven expresse commaundement, that the effect and matter of the sta tute for the provision of the poore shal be put in use......I require and charge ye, the Minister of the Church, the Churchwardens and the Collectors for the poore, to certifie me, or my Chancellor, within one moneth after the recite hereof, of the names of them, that gave wekely to the poore, and also the summes, and further the names also of them, that are able and yet will depart with nothinge." P. 257. Thus it appears, that Poor's Rates 533 were originally intended only as a wise and justifiable substitute for the sums expended upon superstitious trash. The establishment and mode of living by an Archbishop of Canterbury, in the 16th century, are curious. It would be characteristick in the present day of a large boarding-house or hotel. "On the 8th of May, Archbishop Parker obtained from his Royal Mistress * a grant, having forty retainers; but he had a great many more, as appears from the following Cheque-roll of his Household: "His Chancellor, with allowance of three Servants. "The Steward 201. wages, with two Men and two Geldings. "The Treasoror 20 marks wages, with two Men and two Geldings. "Controller 10l. wages, with one Man and one Gelding. "These three Chief Officers: "Chief Almoner, a Doctor, with other Chaplens. "Dr. Drewrie, the Master of the Faculties. The Doctors and Chaplains every one Man without any wages. "Chief Secretary 20 nobles wages, and one Man. "Students, Antiquaries, and Writers. "Gentlemen of the Horse 41. wages. "Gentlemen Huishers two, like wages, and every one of them one Servant. "Of the Private Chamber, one Gentleman, 31. 6s. 8d.; three others; Gentlemen Daily Waiters, 16 or 14, every one of them 31. wages. Clerk of Kitchin 40s. wages, and his fee. The Cater 40s. wages. "The Master Cook, Larderers, and Postler, besides four Pages; this four nobles wages, the other 40s. and their fees. Yeomen of the Squillery and two Gromes. "Yeomen Usher of the Great Chamber and of the Hall, four marks wages the peece. "Yeomen Waiters eight. "Yeoman Officers, two in every office; "In the preceding year Archbishop Parker had the honour of being godfather to the infant son of the Margravine of Baden, when the Queen was personally present as godmother. Another signal mark of the Queen's favour will be seen in the following Letter from Lord Robert Dudley to the Archbishop: MY LORD, The Queen's Matie being abroad hunting yesterday in the Forrest, and having had very good hap, besides great sport, she hath thought good to remember your Grace with part of her prey, and so commanded me to send you from her Highness a great and fat stag killed with her own hand, which because the weather was hot, and the deer somewhat chafed, and dangerous to be carried so far without some help, I caused him to be perboyled in this sort for the better preservation of him, which I doubt not but shall cause him to come unto you as I would be glad he should. So having no other matter at present to trouble your Grace withall, I will commit you to the Allmighty, and with my most hearty commendations take my leave, in haste, at Windsor, this third of Sept. Your Gr. assured R. DUDDELEY'." "Cardinal Pole had a patent, dated Aug. 20, 4 Philip and Mary, for retaining a hundred servants, which gives some idea of his splendour and hospitality." J |