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dition to them, the North and South Dispensaries, the School for the Indigent Blind, the Workhouse, House of Recovery, the Lunatic Asylum, the Opthalmic Institution, the Female. Penitentiary, and many others of minor importance. Since the former period, the Blue Coat Hospital has undergone such extensive enlargements, that it may almost be classed amongst the modern buildings, and the Infir inary has been rebuilt in a magnificent style.

Third. The only structure devoted to civic and judicial purposes is the Mansion House. In 1761 it was designated the Exchange, but was no more like the present sumptuous edifice, either in magnitude, beauty of external appearance, or splendour of interior decoration, than “ Hyperion to a Satyr." The Mansion House is the admiration of every beholder.

Fourth. Structures for the purposes of BUSINESS. Here the contrast is so dazzling, as to throw the wretched buildings of the ancient town entirely into the shade. In 1761 the Custom House and lower part of the Exchange, were the only places for business. Now those for that purpose are among the principal architectural embellishments of the town. We have the Exchange Buildings, which for magnificence of design, and beauty of execution, rank among the first commercial structures in Europe; the Corn Exchange, a handsome new building; the old and new tobacco warehouses; besides many others. It may be remarked, that the two Government Offices, viz. the Custom House and Post Office, are the only public buildings which disgrace the town! S. R.

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Hail, of which a large portion is now standing, was adorned and improved by Henry the Eighth, who obtained the Lordship in exchange from Thomas Boleyn or Bollyn Earl of Wiltshire, father of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandfather to Queen Elizabeth. Sir Geffry Boleyn, Lord Mayor of London in 1478, was grandfather to the above Earl of Wiltshire, the highest genealogical honour the City of London ever possessed.

HEDINGHAM CASTLE was purchased by Robt. Ashhurst, second son of Sir Wm. Ashhurst, Knt. Lord Mayor of London in 1693. The present possessor is Lewis Majendie, Esq. who inhabits the mansion erected in the beginning of the last century.

MARKS HALL §, about two miles West from Romford, was the property of Thomas Urswyck, Recorder of London, who died in 1479, leaving his five daughters co-heiresses.

HENRY SMITH, Esq. Alderman and Salter of London in the reign of Charles the First, left 2800l. to purchase an estate in this county, for the benefit of the parishes of Braintree, Hooham, Terling, &c. This person, from his travelling with a dog, obtained the name of Dog Smith. He is said to have been a beggar, but if so, he was afterwards rich, and very compassionate of the poor, whom he relieved in a bountiful manner, as his donations in Surrey and other places are not less extensive than those in Essex. He was a native of Wandsworth in Surrey, in which Church is a monument to his memory ||. He died Jan. 3, 1627-8. He is represented in a kneeling attitude in his Alderman's robe, holding a scull in his hands, and an open book lies on a desk before him.

PAUL BAYNING, Aldèrman of London, and Sheriff in the year 1593, new

built the stately and magnificent seat of Bentley Hall; it is now in a ruinous condition. The Bayning family lie interred in a vault in Little Bentley Church.

SIR JOHN BROWNE, Lord Mayor of London in 1480, resided at the manor

Engraved in "Vetusta Monumenta,” and in Morant's "Essex."

§ Engraved in Lysons's "Environs."

Engraved in Dale's "History of Harwich and Dovercourt," and in Manning and Bray's "History of Surrey," vol. III. p. 344.-EDIT.

house

1823.]

Remains of Cyclopean Architecture.

house of Flambards, about a mile and a half from the Church at Cold Norton. SIR JOHN SALTER, Knt. Lord Mayor of London in 1740, re-built the manor house of Warden Hall, and much improved the roads about it. He was also á benefactor to the Churches of Wil

lingehall Dou and Willingehall Spain in this county, having built a neat and spacious gallery in each. This estate afterwards passed to William Mills, Esq. whose father obtained it in marriage with Selina, daughter of the above-named Sir John Salter.

SIR JOHN ALLEN, Alderman of London, occupied Bryce's in 1515, now a good old house about a mile and a half South-east of Kelvedon Church. The Church at Leyton must not be omitted, as it contains a marble tablet to the memory of Mr.WILLIAM BOWYER, citizen of London, a learned and eminent Printer, whose life has been written by the present worthy and venerable Editor of this Magazine, who was his apprentice, partner, and successor, and at whose charge the tablet was erected; and whom the writer of this article felt a pleasure in seeing within the present month presiding in the Court of the Stationers' Company, of which he has been so long and efficient a member, in the plenitude of health and vigour, and possessing those retentive faculties which has enabled him to benefit the public by his interesting work (amongst

109

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clopedia of Antiquities," Mr. FosN the first Number of the « Ency

broke has given a Chapter on Cyclopean Architecture. He does not appear to have seen a Report made by the French Institute in 1810, relative to Cyclopean Remains; and as the Report enumerates many other structures not noticed by Mr. F. I beg you to give insertion to an abstract of it.

In 1804 the following set of queries was printed, and copiously circulated among the learned of all nations, as pointing out the precise objects of the researches of the French Institute:

1. In what parts of Greece and Italy do we find inclosures, or ancient walls, constructed of large blocks of stone, hewn into the form of parallelograms, and arranged in horizontal layers, without cement?

2. In what parts of Greece and Italy do we find similar walls constructed of large blocks of stone, hewn into irregular polyhedra, and what was the nature of the erections, which ancient authors, in speaking of the walls of Argos, Mycenae, and Tyrinthia, have designated by the name of the works of the Cyclops +?

* Mr. Fosbroke thus describes the general character of the Cyclopean style : "Immense blocks without cement, and though the walls are now irregular, from smaller stones, which filled up the interstices, having disappeared, yet they were once so compact The stones as the foundation were smaller than those above." Cyclopean Styles.

as to seem an entire mass.

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See Mr. Hamilton's division of the Cyclopean Styles into four eras in Archæologia, vol. XV. P. 320.-Tiryns is the earliest known specimen, and the next is the gate of the Lions at Mycenae, noticed in our last volume, p. 543.-EDIT.

†The Cyclops were an ancient people, whose history is enveloped in the thickset fable. They excelled in the arts; and being succeeded by generations that were almost wholly ignorant of them, their works were regarded as of more than human production. Hence the ancients, when they intended to speak of walls of extraordinary strength, and fortresses which art was supposed to have made impregnable, called them the works of the Cyclops:

the

110

Remains of Cyclopean Architecture.

Answers to the preceding questions were received in the course of the year 1810, not only from Greece and Italy, but from Spain, Asia Minor, and Chersonesus Turica.

I. ITALY.

The ruins of Norba, situated on an eminence which overlooks the Pontine marshes, still exist in the state to which they were reduced on the day when the inhabitants put each other to death rather than fall under the power of Sylla, by whose forces they were besieged. The ramparts of Norba are of Cyclopean construction, in blocks of Apennine marble. Mr. Dodwell, a learned English architect, and Mr. Middleton, an American antiquary, transmitted elegant drawings of the above ruins to the Institute.

The same gentlemen have examined the walls of the cities of Alatri, Segni, and Ferentino. In several places of the walls of Alatri there are basreliefs, representing phallic subjects. One of these bas-reliefs is upon the architrave of the gate of the citadel. As the ramparts of the Etruscan and Roman cities do not present similar subjects, it has been conjectured that they allude to the worship of the god Hermes, who was revered by this symbol in Elis; and it is well known, that from that place the Pelasgian columns which have existed in Italy, from the earliest times, have been derived. The rudeness of the more ancient Greek sculpture has been recognised in two other bas-reliefs on the bastion of the same gate. It is supposed that they allude to the worship of Mars or of Hermes.

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has proved them to be of Roman structure. In some places, however, the foundations seem to have been of Pelasgian origin.

Mr. Dodwell has also transmitted drawings of several Cyclopean erections discovered in that part of the country of the Sabines which adjoins Tivoli. These monuments are similar to those which have been discovered in other parts, which have been occupied by the Pelasgians or Aborigines.

M. Simelli, an architect, residing at Rome, and a Sabine by birth, has also transmitted to the Institute drawings and topographical descriptions of a similar nature. M. Simelli's inquiries were made in the neighbourhood of Torano, on the very spot where Dionysius of Halicarnassus places the ruins of Tiora, and a sacred inclosure, in which the ancient Aborigines interrogated their oracles, which were similar to those of Dodona. These monuments consist of extensive areas, raised upon walls of Cyclopean construction. In the centre of the largest are some large blocks of stone, which seen to have been part of an altar. To the Eastward of Amitermum, two walls have been discovered which seem to have marked the boundaries between the countries of the Sabines and the Vestines, as a Roman inscription with the words Fines Sabinorum has been found on one of the stones.

Baron Degerando has transmitted from Rome a drawing of part of the walls of Spoleto, in Ombria: their foundation is Cyclopean; but in the superstructure, which is Roman, an inscription has been found which contains the names of the magistrates, under whose inspection the walls were rebuilt.

II. SPAIN.

The question proposed by the Class, having been distributed among the

The walls of Segni and Ferentino were generally supposed to have been of Cyclopean origin; but Mr. Dodwell, by discovering a Latin inscription on the walls of Ferentino, thinks he the thunderbolts of Jupiter, the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were also ascribed by the poets to the same hands. Gigantic skeletons have often been said to be dug up in Sicily; and, as that island is the place where the Cyclops of fable are supposed to have lived, these skeletons are thought to have belonged to those mysterious personages. The bones, however, are doubtlessly those of quadrupeds; and the Cyclops, we may be assured, did not in reality exceed the ordinary stature. We know that there are few countries in which there are not traditions of an ancient generation of giants; but Mr. Bryant suggests an ingenious reason for the popular conception concerning the bulk of the Cyclops. The Cyclops came to be worshipped in succeeding ages as gods; and the poets,' says our author, have given a mixed description, and in lieu of the deity of the place, have introduced these strange personages, the ideas of whose size were borrowed from the sacred edifices where the deity was worshipped.' Ancient Mythol. ii. 222. They were particularly famous for architecture. Mr. Bryant's Essay, and the report contained in the text, will mutually illustrate each other. The Cyclops inhabited or travelled in various countries, and were perhaps, as builders, what the Freemasons are supposed subsequently to have been.-Dr. Clarke (Travels) has shewn that the Cyclops were Celts.

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officers

1823.]

· Remains of Cyclopean Architecture.

officers of the French army in Spain, M. Brianchon, a lieutenant of artillery, has transmitted some observations on the walls of Toledo. The foundations seem to be Cyclopean; the superstructure is composed of square stones; and the whole is surmounted by brick work. It is already well known that the walls of Tarragona are constructed in a similar manner; and it is remarkable that Livy, when speaking of the walls of Saguntum, characterises by the word camenta, the irregular form of the construction of part of the walls which he supposes to be very ancient. The French antiquaries think it of the utmost importance that these inquiries should be prosecuted in Spain, because that country was known to the Pelasgians of Zacynthos two hundred years before the siege of Troy, although it was very little known to the Helleni in the days of Strabo.

III. GREECE.

The learned are once more indebted to Mr. Dodwell for some valuable information on the subject of Grecian Antiquities. Accurate drawings of the walls of the cities of Argos, Tyrinthia, and above all, of Lycosuræ, the most ancient city of Arcadia, were much wanted. Á particular degree of interest was attached to the ruins of this city, as it was the metropolis of those Arcadian settlers, who constructed the most ancient towns of Italy, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The drawings and details transmitted by Mr. Dodwell prove, that in the ramparts of the city of the Lycosuri, there are two kinds of Cyclopean architecture, the one more ancient than the other, and that there are other walls in the same place, which seem to have belonged to a period when the Cyclopean_construction was no longer The same learned traveller has taken the present occasion to add to the list of Cyclopean structures already known, the ramparts of the towns of Elatea, Ithaca, Amphissa, Leucados, and Stymphalos. Finally, by way of answer to the first question put by the class, he has named the ruins of eighteen cities of the Peloponnesus, in the walls of which he has only observed the construction in parallelogram blocks of the second age of the Greek antiquities.

in use.

IV. ISLANDS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO.

M. Fourcade, French commissary in the Archipelago, has observed some

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ruins in the Island of Candia (formerly
Crete), which he thinks are Cyclo-
pean. They are the top of a moun-
tain, on which was situated the an-
cient citadel of Cydonia. History will
render this fact extremely probable in
the opinion of those who know to
how remote a period we may refer the
settlement of the Telchines in Crete,
and their subsequent return into Bo
tia, where, according to Pausanias,
they erected monuments.
chines and the Cyclops were one and the
same people, according to the best critics.

The Tel

M. Fourcade also observed the Cyclopean architecture in the walls of the ancient Cytherea, in the island of Cerigo, and in the village adjoining the walls of the ancient temple of the Phoenician Venus: he saw that ruins of this kind were surmounted by other ruins in rectangular parrallelogram stones, as elegant in composition as those which composed the tomb of Atreus, at Mycena. The same arrangement of the two kinds of building has been observed in the walls of Melos, by M. Jassaud, another French commissary, who has also transmitted drawings on the subject.

V. WESTERN SHORES OF ASIA MINOR.

Dr. Chandler has noticed, under the

appellation of incertum, the Cyclopean walls which confine the bed of the Caïster, near Ephesus. M. Le Chevalier has also published some observations on the above two kinds of Cyclopean building in the walls of Prusa, in Bithynia. He has also given, in his travels in Troas, the engraving of a tumulus of the same construction. Monuments of the same kind have been discovered by M. Gropius, on one of the summits of Mount Sipyla, near Smyrna, in the ruins of two cities, and of several tumuli; some of Cyclopean construction, and others of parallelogram blocks. The distant period to which we ought to ascribe the origin of these two cities, seems already confirmed by the parallel, of tumuli of a different construction, but corresponding respectively to the two different systems of the construction of the ramparts of these cities. One of these tombs was 300 feet in circumference, and its height is proportioned to this base.

M. Cousinery, commissary in the Levant, communicated a letter of M. Tricon, a French antiquary, settled at Smyrua. This gentleman, on pursuing the discoveries made by M.

Gropius

112

Cyclopean Antiquities.-Derivation of " Hundred."

Gropius on Mount Sipyla, found two other ruins of cities, the walls of which were of Cyclopean origin, and the buildings of parallelogram blocks. He thinks, therefore, that the walls were built at an earlier period than the houses; but the antiquity of the whole is unquestionable; for no fragments of regular columns, or any inscription, are to be found. M. Tricon is about to pursue this inquiry in Caria and Ionia, where he has hitherto only met with ruins of Ionian origin, the age of which does not go beyond the year 1130, A. C.

. VI. NORTHERN SHORES OF ASIA

MINOR.

The result of the researches of M. Fourcade, in the neighbourhood of his residence in Paphlagonia, proves, that the moles which jut out into the sea at Synopa and Amysus, are of Cyclopean origin. Several ancient tumuli in the same district are of similar construction. One of these tombs, when opened, contained some small pieces of gold with some characters inscribed on them. We know that Bithynia and Paphlagonia have been occupied, from the earliest periods of Greek history, by those Thracian colonies, who divided with the Thessalonian colonies the shores of Asia Minor, where maritime works, and tumuli of the same architecture, have been already discovered.

VII. CHERSONESUS TAURICA.

One half of the Peninsula of Kertsch, according to M. Fourcade, is crowded with gigantic tumuli, composed of raised earth covered with huge irregular blocks of stone. On attentively examining a series of sixty-six tombs, he found all the various shades of architecture which distinguish the walls of the ancient cities of Greece. Drawings of two of these tombs have been transmitted; the largest is situated on Cape Myrmecium, and it occupies a space of one hundred and thirty feet. The other is formed of rocks, extremely rude in appearance, but carefully joined. The above are supposed to be tombs of the Scythian kings, which, according to Herodotus, were preserved with great care.

The members of the Class, in concluding their report, congratulate the lovers of antiquities upon the acquisitions which have been made through their exertions. One hundred and seventy-seven ancient cities, the walls of which are of Cyclopean architec

[Feb.

ture, have been described in the course of their reports, and they invite a continuation of the services of travellers in foreign countries to aid them in the further prosecution of their researches. They point out, as particularly worthy of the notice of the learned, the shores of Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace, and the Southern coast of Asia Minor, i. e. Lycia, Pamphilia, and Cilicia; the latter place in particular, as having been occupied by colonies from Argos, who extended themselves to the shores of the Tigris. Xenophon places on the banks of that river the walls of Larissa, a city once inhabited by the Medes, but which Cyrus found deserted. Strabo also speaks of the Argian colony of Gordys, as being settled in the same country, of which the Kurdis Tartars still retain the name.

Mr. URBAN,

ON

R.

Feb. 7.

N reading the remarks of your Reviewer on Sir Richard Hoare's Modern Wiltshire, in the Supplement to the last volume of your valuable Magazine, I observe that he expresses himself "staggered" at the derivation of the word Hundred, as given by the worthy Baronet. The passage he quotes is "The hundred and tything evidently regarded not the land but the people. The hundred consisted of that number of freemen as nearly located together as circumstances permitted," &c. The Reviewer says, "we have hitherto thought with Du Cange, Brotier, and others, that the component parts of the hundred referred to the same number of farms as we should call them in modern language, not free men, within the district under discussion."

Now, I take it for granted, that when Sir Richard speaks of the number of men, he includes the shelter over their heads, and consequently we have a hundred dwellings, each containing the family of its owner; other wise, if every individual is to be counted, the district would be very thinly. peopled indeed. With this house must be included the means of subsistence about it-in a forest, game-in a plain, the produce of the soil; and therefore what has in reality staggered your Reviewer, is confounding such a dwelling having such appurtenances, with the idea of a farm in modern language.

The corresponding term to Hundred in the Welsh language is Cantrev, compounded of cant, a hundred; and trev, a town; not that there were a hundred towns,

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