sacred books were not as yet translated into Testament are the epistle of St. Barnabas, Greek or other languages, and consequently the pretended epistle of St. Paul to the Laonot known to the writers of those nations.diceans, several spurious gospels, Acts of the The first version of the Bible was that of the Apostles, and Revelations; the book of HerSeptuagint into Greek, by order of that pa-mas, entitled the Shepherd; Jesus Christ's tron of literature, Ptolemy Philadelphus; letter to Abgarus; the epistles of St. Paul to though some maintain that the whole was Seneca, and several other pieces of the like not then translated, but only the Pentateuch; nature; as may be seen in the collection of between which and the other books in the the apocryphal writings of the New Testa Septuagint version, the critics find a great ment made by Fabricius Protestants, while diversity in point of style and expression, as they agree with the Roman Catholics in rewell as of accuracy. jecting all those as uncanonical, have also justly rejected the books of Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, and 1st and 2d Maccabees.

tures in the Latin tongue, which was the universal language of that empire, prevailed every where; but since the face of affairs in Europe has been changed, and so many dif ferent monarchies erected upon the ruins of the Roman empire, the Latin tongue has by degrees grown into disuse; whence has arisen a necessity of translating the Bible into the respective languages of each people; and this has produced as many different versions of the scriptures in the modern languages as there are different nations professing the Christian religion. Of the principal of these, as well as of those other ancient translations, and the earliest and the most elegant printed editions, we shall now take notice in their order.

III. BIBLE, modern Divisions of. The division of the scriptures into chapters, as we at present have them, is of modern date. Some attribute it to Stephen Langton, arch- V. BIBLE, Translations of. We have bishop of Canterbury, in the reigns of John already mentioned the first translation of and Henry III. But the true author of the the Old Testament by the LXX. (§ 2.) Both invention was Hugo de Sancto Caro, com- Old and New Testaments were afterwards monly called Hugo Cardinalis, because he translated into Latin by the primitive Chriswas the first Dominican that ever was raised tians; and while the Roman empire subto the degree of cardinal. This Hugo flour-sisted in Europe, the reading of the scripished about A. D. 1240: he wrote a comment on the scriptures, and projected the first concordance, which is that of the vulgar Latin Bible. The aim of this work being for the more easy finding out any word or passage in the scriptures, he found it necessary to divide the book into sections, and the sections into subdivisions; for till that time the vulgar Latin Bibles were without any division at all. These sections are the chapters into which the Bible hath ever since been divided: but the subdivision of the chapters was not then into verses, as it is now. Hugo's method of subdividing them was by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, placed in the margin, at an equal distance from each other, according to the length of the chapters. The subdivision of the chap- 1. BIBLE, Armenian. There is a very ters into verses, as they now stand in our ancient Armenian version of the whole Bible Bibles, had its original from a famous Jew-done from the Greek of the LXX, by some ish Rabbi named Mordecai Nathan, about of their doctors, about the time of Chrysos1445. This rabbi, in imitation of Hugo Car-tom. This was first printed entire, 1664, dinalis, drew up a concordance to the Hebrew Bible, for the use of the Jews. But though he followed Hugo in his division of the books into chapters, he refined upon his inventions as to the subdivision, and contrived that by verses: this being found to be a much more convenient method, it has been ever since followed. And thus, as the Jews borrowed the division of the books of the holy scriptures into chapters from the Christians, in like manner the Christians borrowed that of the chapters into verses from the Jews. The present order of the several books is almost the same (the Apocrypha excepted) as that made by the Council of Trent.

by one of their bishops at Amsterdam, in quarto, with the New Testament in octavo.

2. BIBLE, Bohemian. The Bohemians have a Bible translated by eight of their doctors, whom they had sent to the schools of Wirtemberg and Basil on purpose to study the original languages: it was printed in Moravia in 1539.

3. BIBLE, Croatian. A translation of the New Testament into the Croatian language was published by Faber Creim, and others, in 1562 and 1563.

4. BIBLE, Gaelic. A few years ago, a version of the Bible in the Gaelic or Erse language was published at Edinburgh, where the Gospel is preached regularly in that IV. BIBLE, rejected Books of. The apo-language in two chapels, for the benefit of cryphal books of the Old Testament, accord- the natives of the Highlands. ing to the Romanists, are the book of Enoch (see Jude 14.) the third and fourth books of Esdras, the third and fourth books of Maccabees, the prayer of Manasse, the Testament of the twelve Patriarchs, the psalter of Solomon, and some other pieces of this nature. The apocryphal books of the New

5. BIBLE, Georgian. The inhabitants of Georgia, in Asia, have long had a translation of the Bible in their ancient language; but that language having now become almost obsolete, and the Georgians in general being very ignorant, few of them can either read or understand it.

6. BIBLE, Gothic. It is generally said that Ulphilas, a Gothic bishop, who lived in the fourth century, made a version of the whole Bible, except the book of Kings, for the use of his countrymen; that book he omitted, because of the frequent mention of the wars therein, as fearing to inspire too much of the military genius into that people We have nothing remaining of this version but the four Evangelists, printed in quarto, at Dort, in 1665, from a very ancient manuscript.

7. BIBLE, Grison. A translation of the Bible into the language of the Grisons, in Italy, was completed by Coir, and published in 1720.'

the Jews: this version has never been printed alone, nor any where put in the Polyglots of London and Paris.

16. BIBLE, Swedish. In 1534, Olaus and Laurence published a Swedish Bible from the German version of Martin Luther: it was revised in 1617 by order of king Gustavus Adolphus, and was afterwards almost universally received.

17. BIBLE, Anglo Saxon-If we enquire into the versions of the Bible of our own country, we shall find that Adelm, bishop of Sherburn, who lived in 709, made an Engfish Saxon version of the Psalms; and that Edfrid, or Ecbert, bishop of Lindisferne, who lived about 730, translated several of the books of scripture into the same language. It is said, likewise, that venerable Bede, who died in 785, translated the whole Bible 9. BIBLE, Indian. A translation of the into Saxon-But Cuthbert, Bede's disciple, Bible into the North America Indian lan-in the enumeration of his master's works, guage, by Elliot, was published in quarto, at Cambridge, in 1685.

8. BIBLE, Icelandic. The inhabitants of Iceland have a version of the Bible in their language, which was translated by Thorlak, and published in 1584.

speaks only of his translation of the Gospel, and says nothing of the rest of the Bible. 10. BIBLE, Irish. About the middle of Some say that king Alfred, who lived about the sixteenth century, Bedell, Bishop of 890, translated a great part of the scriptures. Kilmore, set on foot a translation of the Old We find an old version in the Anglo Saxon Testament into the Irish language, the New of several books of the Bible, made by Elfric, Testament and the Liturgy having been abbot of Malmesbury: it was published at before translated into that language: the Oxford in 1699. There is an old Anglo bishop appointed one King to execute this Saxon version of the four Gospels, published. work, who, not understanding the oriental by Matthew Parker, archbishop, of Canterlanguages, was obliged to translate it from bury, in 1571, the author whereof is unknown. the English. This work was received by Mr. Mill observes, that this version was Bedell, who, after having compared the Irish made from a Latin copy of the old Vulgate. with the English translation, compared the The whole scripture is said by some to have latter with the Hebrew, the LXX, and the been translated into the Anglo Saxon by Italian version of Diodati. When it was Bede, about 701, though others contend he finished, the bishop would have been him-only translated the Gospels. We have cerself at the charge of the impression; but his tain books or parts of the Bible by several design was stopped, upon advice given to other translators; as, first, the Psalms, by the lord lieutenant and the archbishop of Adelm, bishop of Sherburn, cotemporary Canterbury that it would seem a shameful with Bede, though by others this version is thing for a nation to publish a Bible trans-attributed to king Alfred, who lived two lated by such a despicable hand as King: however, the manuscript was not lost, for it went to press in 1685, and was afterwards published.

11. BIBLE, King James's. See No. 24. 12. BIBLE, Malabrian. In 1711, Messrs. Ziegenbald and Grindler, two Danish missionaries, published a translation of the New Testament in the Malabrian language, after which they proceeded to translate the Old Testament.

13. BIBLE, Malayan. About 1670, Sir Robert Boyle procured a translation of the New Testament into the Malayan language, which he printed, and sent the whole impression to the East Indies.

14. BIBLE, Rhemish. See No. 23. 15 BIBLE, Samaritan. At the head of the oriental versions of the Bible must be placed the Samaritan, as being the most ancient of all (though neither its age nor author have been yet ascertained,) and admitting no more for the holy scriptures but the five books of Moses. This translation is made from the Samaritan Hebrew text, which is a ħttle different from the Hebrew text of

hundred years later. Another version of the Psalms, in Anglo Saxon, was published by Spelman in 1640-2. The evangelists, still extant, done from the ancient Vulgate, before it was revised by St Jerome, by an author unknown, and published by Matthew Parker in 1571. An old Saxon version of several books of the Bible made by Elfric, abbot of Malmesbury, several fragments of which were published by Will. Lilly, 1638; the genuine copy by Edm. Thwaites, in 1699, at Oxford.

18. BIBLES, Arabic. In 1516, Aug. Justinian, bishop of Nebio, printed at Genoa an Arabic version of the Psalter, with the Hebrew text and Chaldee paraphrase, adding Latin interpretations: there are also Arabic versions of the whole scripture in the Polyglots of London and Paris: and we have an edition of the Old Testament entire printed at Rome, in 1671, by order of the congregation de propaganda fide; but it is of ittle esteem, as having been altered agreeably to the Vulgate edition. The Arabic Bibles among us are not the same with those used with the Christians in the East. Some

learned men take the Arabic version of the Old Testament printed in the Polyglots to be that of Saadias', who lived about A. D. 900: their reason is, that Aben Ezra, a great antagonist of Saadias, quotes some passages of his version, which are the same with those in the Arabic version of the Polyglots; yet others are of opinion that Saadias version is not extant. In 1622, Erpenius printed an Arabic Pentateuch, called also the Pentateuch of Mauritania, as being made by the Jews of Barbary, and for their use. This version is very literal, and esteemed very exact. The four evangelists have also been published in Arabic, with a Latin version, at Rome, in 1591, folio. These have been since reprinted in the Polyglots of London and Paris, with some little alteration of Gabriel Sionita. Erpenius published an Arabic New Testament entire, as he found it in his manuscript copy, at Leyden, 1616. There are some other Arabic versions of later date mentioned by Walton in his Prolegomena, particularly a version of the Psalms, preserved at Sion College, London, and another of the prophets at Oxford; neither of which have been published. Proposals were issued for printing a new edition of the Arabic Bible, by Mr. Carlyle, chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle, and professor of Arabic in the university of Cambridge; but I am sorry to add that he has been called away by death, without finishing it.

pies of it in several of the public libraries. A translation, however, of the New Testament by Wickliffe was printed by Mr. Lewis, about 1731. J. de Trevisa, who died about 1598, is also said to have translated the whole Bible; but whether any copies of it are remaining does not appear. The first printed Bible in our language was that trans||lated by W. Tindal, assisted by Miles Coverdale, printed abroad in 1526; but most of the copies were bought up and burnt by bishop Tunstal and Sir Thomas Moore. It only contained the New Testament, and was revised and republished by the same person in 1530. The prologues and prefaces, added to it, reflect on the bishops and clergy; but this edition was also suppressed, and the copies burnt. In 1532, Tindal and his associates finished the whole Bible, except the Apocrypha, and printed it abroad; but, while he was afterwards preparing a second edition, he was taken up and burnt for heresy in Flanders. On Tindal's death, his work was caried on by Coverdale, and John Rogers, superintendant of an English church in Germany, and the first martyr, in the reign of queen Mary, who translated the Apocrypha, and revised Tindal's translation, comparing it with the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German, and adding prefaces and notes from Luther's Bible. He dedicated the whole to Henry VIII, in 1537, under the borrowed name of Thomas Matthews; 19. BIBLES, Chaldee, are only the glosses whence this has been usually called Mator expositions made by the Jews at the time thew's Bible. It was printed at Hamburgh, when they spoke the Chaldee tongue: these and license obtained for publishing it in Engthey call by the name of targumim, or pa- land, by the favour of Archbishop Cranmer, raphrases, as not being any strict version of and the bishops Latimer and Shaxton. The the scripture. They have been inserted en- first Bible printed by authority in England,and tire in the large Hebrew Bibles of Venice publicly set up in churches, was the same Tinand Basil; but are read more commodious-dal's version, revised and compared with the ly in the Polyglots, being there attended with a Latin translation.

Hebrew, and in many places amended by Miles Coverdale, afterwards bishop of Exeter; and 20. BIBLES, Coptic. There are several examined after him by archbishop Cranmer, manuscript copies of the Coptic Bible in who added a preface to it; whence this was some of the great libraries, especially in called Cranmer's Bible. It was printed by that of the late French king. Dr. Wilkins Grafton, of the largest volume, and publishpublished the Coptic New Testament, ined in 1540; and, by a royal proclamation, quarto, in 1716; and the Pentateuch also, in quarto, in 1731, with Latin translations. He reckons these versions to have been made in the end of the second or the beginning of the third century.

21. BIBLES, Danish The first Danish Bible was published by Peter Palladus, Olaus Chrysostom, John Synningius, and John Maccabæus, in 1550, in which they followed Luther's first German version. There are two other versions, the one by John Paul Resenius, bishop of Zealand, in 1605; the other of the New Testament only, by John Michel, in 1524.

every parish was obliged to set one of the copies in their church, under the penalty of forty shillings a month; yet, two years after, the popish bishops obtained its suppression by the king. It was restored under Edward VI. suppressed again under queen Mary's reign, and restored again in the first year of queen Elizabeth, and a new edition of it given in 1562 Some English exiles at Geneva, in queen Mary's reign, viz. Coverdale, Goodman, Gilbie, Sampson, Cole, Wittingham, and Knox, made a new translation, printed there in 1560, the New Testament having been printed in 1557; hence called the Geneva Bible, containing the

22. BIBLES, Dutch. See No. 26. 23. BIBLES, East Indian. See No. 12, variations of readings, marginal annotations, 13, 44.

&c. on account of which it was much valu24. BIBLES, English. The first Englished by the puritan party in that and the folBible we read of was that translated by J.lowing reigns. Abp. Parker resolved on a Wickliffe, about the year 1360, but never new translation for the public use of the printed, though there are manuscript co-church; and engaged the bishops, and other G

1609 and 1610, from the Vulgate. with annotations, so that the English Roman catholics have now the whole Bible in their mother tongue; though, it is to be observed, they are forbidden to read it without a license from their superiors. The last English Bible was that which proceeded from the Hampton Court conference, in 1603; where, many exceptions being made to the Bishops' Bible, king James gave order for a new one; not, as the preface expresses it, for a translation altogether new, nor yet to make a good or better; or, of many good ones, one best. Fifty-four learned men were appointed to this office by the king, as appears by his letter to the archbishop, dated 1604; which being three years before the translation was entered upon, it is pro

learned men, to take each a share or portion: || afterwards published in 1618, under archthese, being afterwards joined together and bishop Abbot. About thirty years after their printed, with short annotations, in 1568, in New Testament, the Roman catholics publarge folio, made what was afterwards call-lished a translation of the Old at Douay, ed the Great English Bible, and common ly the Bishops' Bible. In 1589, it was also published in octavo, in a small but fine black letter; and here the chapters were divided into verses, but without any breaks for them, in which the method of the Geneva Bible was followed, which was the first English Bible where any distinction of verses was made. It was afterwards printed in large folio, with corrections, and several prolegomena, in 1572: this is called Matthew || Parker's Bible. The initial letters of each translator's name were put at the end of his part; e. gr. at the end of the Pentateuch. W. E. for William Exon; that is, William, || bishop of Exeter, whose allotment ended there: at the end of Samuel, R. M. for Richard Menevensis; or, bishop of St. David's, to whom the second allotment fell:bable seven of them were either dead, or and the like of the rest. The archbishop had declined the task; since Fuller's list of oversaw, directed, examined, and finished the translators makes but forty-seven, who, the whole. This translation was used in the being ranged under six divisions, entered on churches for forty years, though the Geneva || their province in 1607. It was published in Bible was more read in private houses, be- 1613, with a dedication to James, and a ing printed above twenty times in as many learned preface; and is commonly called years. King James bore it an inveterate ha- king James' Bible. After this, all the other tred, on account of the notes, which, at the versions dropped, and fell into disuse, exHampton Court conference, he charged as cept the epistles and gospels in the Common partial, untrue, seditious, &c. The Bishop's Prayer Book, which were still continued acBible, too, had its faults. The king frankly || cording to the bishops' translation till the alowned that he had seen no good translation teration of the liturgy, in 1661, and the of the Bible in English; but he thought that psalms and hymns, which are to this day of Geneva the worst of all. After the trans- continued as in the old version. The judilation of the Bible by the bishops, two other cious Selden, in his Table-talk; speaking of private versions had been made of the New the Bible, says, "The English translation Testament; the first by Laurence Thomp of the Bible is the best translation in the son, from Beza's Latin edition, with the world, and renders the sense of the originotes of Beza, published in 1582, in quarto,|| nal best; taking in for the English translation and afterwards in 1589, varying very little the Bishops' Bible, as well as king James'. from the Geneva Bible; the second by the The translators in king James' time took Papists at Rheims, in 1584, called the Rhe- an excellent way. That part of the Bible mish Bible, or Rhemish translation. These, was given to him who was most excellent in finding it impossible to keep the people from such a tongue (as the Apocrypha to Andrew having the scriptures in their vulgar tongue, || Downs:) and then they met together, and resolved to give a version of their own, as fa- one read the translation, the rest holding in vourable to their cause as might be. It was their hands some Bible, either of the learnprinted on a large paper, with a fair letter and ed tongues, or French, Spanish, or Italian, margin: one complaint against it was, its re- &c. If they found any fault, they spoke; taining a multitude of Hebrew and Greek if not, he read on.' [King James' Bible is words translated, for want, as the editors that now read by authority in all the churchexpress it, of proper and adequate terms in es in Britain.] Notwithstanding, however, the English to render them by; as the words the excellency of this translation, it must be azymes, tunike, holocaust, prepuce, pasche, acknowledged that our increasing acquaint&c. however, many of the copies were seiz- ance with oriental customs and manners, and ed by the queen's searchers, and confiscat- the changes our language has undergone ed; and Thomas Cartwright was solicited since king James' time, are very powerful by secretary Wallingham to refute it; but, arguments for a new translation, or at least after a good progress made therein, arch- a correction of the old one. There have bishop Whitgift prohibited his further pro- been various English Bibles with marginal ceeding, as judging it improper that the references by Canne, Hayes, Barker, Scatdoctrine of the church of England should be tergood, Field, Tennisen, Lloyd, Blayney, committed to the defence of a puritan; and Wilson, &c.; but the best we have, perappointed Dr. Fulke in his place, who re- haps, of this kind, are Brown's and Scott's futed the Rhemists with great spirit and learning. Cartwright's refutation was also

guage. There have been printed separately, the Psalms, Canticles, some chapters of Genesis, Ruth, Joel, Jonah, Zephaniah, Malachi, and the New Testament, all which have since been reprinted in the Polyglot of London. As to the Ethiopic New Testament, which was first printed at Rome in 1548, it is a very inaccurate work, and is reprinted in the English Polyglot with all its faults.

tan, printed in 1535, and often reprinted with the correctness of John Calvin and others; another by Sebastian Castalio, remarkable for particular ways of expression never used by good judges of the language. John Diodati likewise published a French Bible at Geneva in 1644; but some find fault with his method, in that he rather paraphrases the text than translates it. Faber Stapalensis translated the New Testament into French, 26. BIBLES, Flemish. The Flemish Bi- which was revised and accommodated to the bles of the Romanists are very numerous, use of the reformed churches in Piedmont, and for the most part have no author's name and printed in 1534. Lastly, John le Clerc prefixed to them, till that of Nicholas Vinck, published a New Testament in French at printed at Louvain in 1548. The Flemish Amsterdam, in 1703, with annotations taken versions made use of by the Calvinists till chiefly from Grotius and Hammond; but 1637 were copied principally from that of the use of this version was prohibited by Luther. But the synod of Dort having, in || order of the states-general, as tending to re1618, appointed a new translation of the vive the errors of Sabellius and Socinus. Bible into Flemish, deputies were named 28. BIBLES, German. The first and most for the work, which was not finished till 1637. || ancient translation of the Bible in the Ger27. BIBLES, French. The oldest Frenchman language is that of Ulphilas, bishop of Bible we hear of is the version of Peter de the Goths, in the year 360. An imperfect Vaux, chief of the Waidenses, who lived manuscript of this version was found in the about the year 1160. Raoul de Preste trans- abbey of Verden, near Cologne, written in Jated the Bible into French in the reign of letters of silver, for which reason it is called King Charles V. of France, about A. D. 1383. Codex Argenteus; and it was published by Besides these, there are several old French Francis Junius in 1665. The oldest Gertranslations of particular parts of the Scrip- man printed Bible extant is that of Nuremture. The doctors of Louvain published the burg, in 1447; but who was the author of it Bible in French at Louvain, by order of the is uncertain. John Emzer, chaplain to George emperor Charles V. in 1550. There is a duke of Saxony, published a version of the version by Isaac le Maitre de Sacy, published New Testament in opposition to Luther— in 1672, with explanations of the literal and There is a German Bible of John Ekeus, in spiritual meaning of the text; which was 1537, with Emzer's New Testament added received with wonderful applause, and has to it; and one by Ulemburgius of Westphalia, often been reprinted. Of the New Testa- procured by Ferdinand duke of Bavaria, and ments in French, which have been printed printed in 1630. Martin Luther having emseparately, one of the most remarkable is ployed eleven years in translating the Old that of F. Amelotte, of the Oratory, compo- and New Testaments, published the Pentased by the direction of some French pre- teuch and the New Testament in 1522, the lates, and printed with annotations in 1666, historical books and the Psalms in 1524, the 1667, and 1670. The author pretends he books of Solomon in 1527, Isaiah in 1529, the had searched all the libraries in Europe, and Prophets in 1531, and the other books in collected the oldest manuscripts; but, in ex- 1530. The learned agree that his language amining his work, it appears that he has is pure, and the version clear and free from produced no considerable various readings intricacies. It was revised by several persons which had not before been taken notice of of quality, who were masters of all the delieither in the London Polyglot, or elsewhere. cacies of the German language. The GerThe New Testament of Mons, printed in man Bibles which have been printed at Sax1665, with the archbishop of Cambray's per-ony, Switzerland, and elsewhere, are, for the mission, and the king of Spain's license, made great noise in the world. It was condemned by pope Clement IX. in 1668; by pope Innocent XI. in 1669; and in several bishoprics of France at several times. The New Testament, published at Trevoux, in 1702, by M. Simon, with literal and critical annotations upon difficult passages, was condemned by the bishops of Paris and Meaux in 1702. F. Bohours, a Jesuit, with the assistance of F. F. Michael Tellier and Peter Bergier, Jesuits, likewise published a trans- 29. BIBLES, Greek. There are many edilation of the New Testament in 1697; but tions of the Bible in Greek, but they may be this translation is for the most part harsh all reduced to three or four principal ones; and obscure, which was owing to the authors' viz that of Complutum, or Alcala de Headhering too strictly to the Latin text. There nares; that of Venice, that of Rome, and are likewise French translations published by that of Oxford. The first was published in Protestant authors: one by Robert Peter Olive-1515 by cardinal Ximenes, and inserted in the

most part, the same as that of Luther, with little variation. In 1604, John Piscator published a version of the Bible in German, taken from that of Junius and Tremellius; but his term of expression is purely Latin, and not at all agreeable to the genius of the German language. The Anabaptists have a German Bible printed at Worms in 1529. John Crel||lius published his version of the New Testament at Racovia in 1630, and Felbinger his at Amsterdam in 1660.