rents of Dr. Crisp, a divine of the seven-instrument. Peter, commonly called the teenth century. He was fond, it is said, of Hermit, a native of Amiens in Picardy, had, expressions which alarm, and paradoxes made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem; and bewhich astonish; and perplexed himself ing deeply affected with the dangers to much about the divine purposes He did which that act of piety now exposed the not distinguish as he ought, between God's pilgrims, as well as with the oppression unsecret will in his decrees, and his revealed der which the eastern Christians now lawill in his covenant and promises. The boured, formed the bold, and, in all appearroot of his error seems to be this:-he view-ance, impracticable design of leading into ed the union between Christ and the be- || Asia, from the farthest extremities of the liever to be of such a kind as actually to West, armies sufficient to subdue those po- ' make a Saviour of the sinner, and a sinner tent and warlike nations that now held the of the Saviour. He speaks as if God consi-holy land in slavery. He proposed his scheme dered the sinner as doing and suffering what to pope Martin II. who, prudently resolving Christ did and suffered; and Christ as hav-not to interpose his authority till he saw a ing committed their sins, and as being ac-probility of success, summoned at Platually guilty of them. See book under arti- || centia a council of 4000 ecclesiastics and cles ANTINOMIANS and NEONOMIANS. 30,090 seculars. As no hall could be found Crish's Sermons, edited by Dr. Gill; Bogue and Bennet's History of Dissenters, vol. i. p. 400.

CROISADE, or CRUSADE, may be applied to any war undertaken on pretence of defending the cause of religion, but has been chiefly used for the expeditions of the Chris- || tians against the infidels for the conquest of Palestine.

large enough to contain such a multitude, the assembly was held in a plain. Here the pope himself, as well as Peter, harangued the people, representing the dismal situation of their brethren in the East, and the indignity offered to the Christian name in allowing the holy city to remain in the hands of the infidels. These speeches were so agreeable to those who heard them, that the whole These expeditions commenced A. D. 1096. multitude suddenly and violently declared The foundation of them was a superstitious for the war, and solemnly devoted themveneration for those places where our Sa- selves to perform this service, which they, viour performed his miracles, and accom- believed to be meritorious in the sight of plished the work of man's redemption. Jeru- God. But though Italy seemed to have emsalem had been taken and Palestine con- braced the design with ardour, Martin quered by Omar. This proved a considera- thought it necessary, in order to obtain perble interruption to the pilgrims, who flocked fect success, to engage the greater and more from all quarters to perform their devotions warlike nations in the same enterprise..' at the holy sepulchre. They had, however, Having, therefore, exhorted Peter to visit still been allowed this liberty, on paying a the chief cities and sovereigns of Christensmall tribute to the Saracen caliphs, who dom, he summoned another council at Clerwere not much inclined to molest them. But, mont in Auvergne. The fame of this great in 1064, this city changed its masters. The and pious design being now universally difTurks took it from the Saracens; and being fused, procured the attendance of the greatmuch more fierce and barbarous, the pil- est prelates, nobles, and princes; and when grims now found they could no longer per- the pope and the hermit renewed their pa form their devotions with the same safety thetic exhortations, the whole assembly, as An opinion was about this time also prevaif impelled by immediate inspiration, exlent in Europe, which made these pilgri-claimed with one voice, "It is the will of mages much more frequent than formerly: God!" These words were deemed so much it was imagined, that the 1000 years men the effect of a divine impulse, that they tioned in Rev. xx. were fulfilled; that Christ were employed as the signal of rendezvous was soon to make his appearance in Pales- and battle in all future exploits of these adtine to judge the world; and consequently venturers. Men of all ranks now flew to that journeys to that country were in the arms with the utmost ardour, and a cross highest degree meritorious, and even abso- was affixed to their right shoulder by all lutely necessary. The multitudes of pilgrims who enlisted in those holy enterprise. At this who now flocked to Palestine, meeting with time Europe was sunk in the most profound a very rough reception from the Turks, filled ignorance and superstition. The ecclesiastics all Europe with complaints against those in-had gained the greatest ascendant over the fidels, who profaned the holy city, and de- || human mind; and the people, who commitrided the sacred mysteries of Christianity ted the most horrid crimes and disorders, even in the place where they were fulfilled. knew of no other expiation than the obserPope Gregory VII. had formed a design of vances imposed on them by their spiritual uniting all the princes of Christendom against pastors. But amidst the abject superstition the Mahometans; but his exorbitant en- which now prevailed, the military spirit had croachments upon the civil power of princes also universally diffused itself; and, though bad created him so many enemies, and ren not supported by art or discipline, was bedered his schemes so suspicious, that he was come the general passion of the nations, gonot able to make great progress in his under verned by the feudal law. All the great taking. The work was reserved for a meaner lords possessed the right of peace and war.

They were engaged in continual hostilities, ing the straits of Constantinople, were muswith one another: the open country was tered in the plains of Asia, and amounted in become a scene of outrage and disorder: the whole to 700,000 men. The princes enthe cities, still mean and poor, were neither gaged in this first, crusade were. Hugo, count guarded by walls nor protected by privi- of Vermandoise, brother to Philip I king of leges Every man was obliged to depend France; Robert, duke of Normandy; Rofor safety on his own force, or his pri- bert, earl of Flanders; Raimond, earl of vate alliances; and valour was the only Toulouse and St Giles; the celebrated Godexcellence which was held in esteem, or frey of Bouillon, duke of Lorrain, with his gave one man the pre-eminence above an- brothers Baldwin and Eustace; Stephen, other. When all the particular superstitions, earl of Chartres and Bloise; Hugo, count of therefore, were here united in one great St Paul; with many other lords. The geneobject, the ardour for private hostilities took ral rendezvous was at Constantinople In the same direction; and all Europe," as this expedition, Godfrey besieged and took the princess Anna Comnena express it, the city of Nice. Jerusalem was taken by torn from its foundations, se med ready to the confederated army, and Godfrey chosen precipitate itself in one united body upon king. The Christians gained the famous Asia." battle of Ascalon against the sultan of Egypt, All ranks of men now deeming the croi- which put an end to the first crusade, but sades the only road to heaven, were impa- not to the spirit of crusading The rage tient to open the way with their swords to continued for near two centuries. The the holy city. Nobles, artisans, peasants, second crusade, in 1144, was headed by the even priests, enrolled their names; and to emperor Conrad III. and Louis VII. king of decline this service was branded with the France The emperor's army was either reproach of impiety or cowardice. The destroyed by the enemy, or perished through nobles were moved, by the romantic spirit the treachery of Manual, the Greek em. of the age, to hope for opulent establish- ror: and the second army, through the unments in the East, the chief seat of arts and faithfulness of the Christians of Syria, was commerce at that time. In pursuit of these forced to break up the siege of Damascus. chimerical projects, they sold at low prices The third crusade, in 1188, immediately their ancient castles and inheritances, which followed the taking of Jerusalem by Saladin, had now lost all value in their eyes. The the sultan of Egypt. The princes engag infirm and aged contributed to the expedi-ed in this expedition were, the emperor tion by presents and money, and many of Frederic Barbarossa; Frederic, duke of them attended it in person; being determin-Suabia, his second son; Leopold, duke of ed, if possible, to breathe their last in sight Austria; Berthold, duke of Moravia; Her of that city where their Saviour died for man, marquis of Baden; the counts of Nasthem. Even women, concealing their sex sau, Thuringia, Missen, and Holland; and under the disguise of armour, attended the above sixty other princes of the empire; camp; and often forgot their duty still more, with the bishops of Besançon, Cambray, by prostituting themselves to the army. The Munster, Osnaburg, Missen, Passau, Visgreatest criminals were forward in a service burg, and several others. In this expedition which they considered as an expiation for || the emperor Frederic defeated the sultan of all crimes; and the most enormous disorders Iconium: his son Frederic, joined by Guy were, during the course of these expeditions, Lusignon, king of Jerusalem, in vain endea committed by men inured to wickedness. voured to take Acre or Ptolemais. During encouraged by example, and impelled by these transactions, Philip Augustus, king of necessity. The adventurers were at last so France, and Richard II. king of England numerous, that their sagacious leaders be-joined the croisade: by which means the came apprehensive lest the greatness of the Christian army consisted of 300,000 fighting armament would be the cause of its own dis-men: but great disputes happening between appointment For this reason they permit- the kings of France and England, the forted an undisciplined multitude, computed atmer quitted the holy land, and Richard con300,000 men, to go before them under the cluded a peace with Saladin. The fourth command of Peter the hermit, and Gautier croisade was undertaken in 1195, by the or Walter, surnamed the moneyless, from emperor Henry VI. after Saladin's death. his being a soldier of fortune. These took In this expedition the Christians gained the road towards Constantinople through several battles against the infidels, took a Hungary and Bulgaria; and trusting that great many towns, and were in the way of heaves, by supernatural assistance, would success, when the death of the emperor ob supply all their necessities, they made noiged them to quit the holy land, and return provision for subsistence in their march. inte Germany. The fifth croisade was pub They soon found themselves obliged to oblished by pope Innocent III. in 1198. Those tain by plunder what they vainly expected engaged in it made fruitless efforts for the from miracles: and the enraged inhabitants recovery of the holy land: for, though John of the countries through which they passed de Neule, who commanded the fleet equipattacked the disorderly multitude, and slaugh-ped in Flanders, arrived at Ptolemais a tered them without resistance. The more little after Simon of Montfort, Renard of disciplined armies followed after; and, pass-Dampierre, and others, yet the plague de

it was scarcely possible that any other thing could happen to them. The emperors of Constantinople, instead of assisting, did all in their power to disconcert their schemes: they were jealous, and not without reason, of such an inundation of barbarians. Yet, had they considered their true interest, they would rather have assisted them, or at least stood neuter, than enter into alliances with the Turks. They followed the latter method, however, and were often of very great disservice to the western adventurers, which at last occasioned the loss of their city. But the worst enemies the croisaders had were their ow internal feuds and dissentions. They neither could agree while marching together in armies with a view to conquest,

stroying many of them, and the rest either ed way of life. Thus the barbarism in which returning or engaging in the petty quarrels Europe had been so long immersed began of the Christian princes, there was nothing to wear off soon after The princes also who done; so that the sultan of Aleppo easily remained at home, found means to avail themdefeated their troops in 1204. The sixth selves of the frenzy of the people. By the croisade began in 12-8; in which the Chris- absence of such numbers of restless and tians took the town of Damietta, but were martial adventurers, peace was concluded 'forced to surrender it again. In 1.29, the in their dominions They also took the opemperor Frederic made peace with the portunity of annexing to their crowns many sultan for ten years. About 1240, Richard considerable fiefs, either by purchase, or the earl of Cornwall, brother to Henry III. king extinction of the heirs; and thus the mis of England, arrived at Palestine, at the head chiefs which must always attend feudal goof the English croisade; but finding it most vernments were considerably lessened. With advantageous to conclude a peace, he re-regard to the bad success of the croisaders, embarked, and steered towards Italy. In 1244, the Karasmians being driven out of Turkey by the Tartars, broke into Palestine, and gave the Christians a general defeat near Gazo. The seventh croisade was headed in 1249, by St. Lewis, who took the town of Damietta; but a sickness happening in the Christian army, the king endeavoured a retreat; in which, being pursued by the infidels, most of his army were miserably butchered, and himself and the nobility taken prisoners. A truce was agreed upon for ten years, and the king and lords set at liberty The eighth croisade, in 1279, was headed by the same prince, who made himself master of the port and castle of Carthage in Africa; but dying a short time after, he left his army in a very ill con-nor could'they unite their conquests under dition. Soon after, the king of Sicily coming up with a good fleet, and joining Philip the Bold, son and successor of Lewis, king of Tunis, after several engagements with the Christians, in which he was always worsted, desired peace, which was granted upon conditions advantageous to the Christians; after which both princes embarked to their own kingdoms. Prince Edward, of England, who arrived at Tunis, at the time of this treaty. sailed towards Ptolemais, where he landed a small body of 300 English and French, and hindered Bendochar from laying siege to Ptolemais: but being obliged to return to take possession of the crown of England, this croisade ended without contributing any thing to the recovery of the holy land.

In

1291, the town of Acre or Ptolemais was taken and plundered by the sultan of Egypt, and the Christians quite driven out of Syria There has been no croisade since that period, though several popes have attempted to stir up the Christians to such an undertaking. - particularly Nicholas IV. in 1292, and Clement V. in 1311.

one government after they had made them. They set up three small states, one at Jerusalem, another at Antioch, and another at Edessa. These states, instead of assisting, made war upon each other, and on the Greek emperors; and thus became an easy prey to the common enemy. The horrid cruelties they committed too, must have inspired the Turks with the most invincible hatred against them, and made them resist with the greatest obstinacy. They were such as could have been committed only by barbarians inflamed with the most bigotted enthusiasm. When Jerusalem was taken, not only the numerous garrison were put to the sword, but the inhabitants were massacred without mercy and without distinction. No age or sex was spared, not even sucking children. According to Voltaire, some Christians, who had been suffered by the Turks to live in that city, led the conquerors into the most private caves, where women had concealed themselves with their children, and not one of them was suffered to escape. What eminently Though these croisades were effects of shews the enthusiasm by which these conthe most absurd superstition, they tended querors were animated, is, their behaviour greatly to promote the good of Europe after this terrible slaughter. They marched Multitudes, indeed, were destroyed. M. Vol- over heaps of dead bodies towards the holy taire computes the people who perished in sepulchre: and while their hands were polthe different expeditions at upwards of two luted with the blood of so many innocent millions. Many there were, however, who persons, sung anthems to the common Sareturned; and these having conversed so viour of mankind! Nay, so far did their relong with people who lived in a much moreligious enthusiasm overcome their fury, that magnificent way than themselves, began to entertain some taste for a refined and polish

their conduct can be exceeded by any thing, it must be by what follows. In 1204, the frenzy of croisading seized the children, who are ever ready to imitate what they see their parents engaged in.. Their childish folly was encouraged by the monks and schoolmasters; || and thousands of those innocents were conducted from the houses of their parents on the superstitious interpretation of these words: "Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings hast thou perfected praise." Their base conductors sold a part of them to the Turks, and the rest perished miserably Hume's Hist. of England, vol. i. p,|| 192, &c. and vol. ii. p. 280; Enc. Brit.; and Mosheim's Ecc. Hist. \

CROISIERS, a religious order, founded in honour of the invention or discovery of the cross by the empress Helena. They were, till of late, dispersed in several parts of || Europe, particularly in the Low Countries, France, and Bohemia: those of Italy, were suppressed even before the late revolutions. These religious follow the rule of St. Augustine. They had in England the name of Crouched Friars.

Jews confess, indeed, that they crucified people in their nation, but deny that they inflicted this punishment upon any one alive. They first put them to death, and then fastened them to the cross, either by the hands or neck. But there are indisputable proofs of their crucifying men frequently alive. The worshippers of Baal-peor and the king of Ai were hung up alive: as were also the descendants of Saul, who were put into the hands of the Gibeonites, 2 Sam. xxi.9.

Before crucifixion, the criminal was generally scourged with cords; sometimes little bones, or pieces of bones, were tied to these scourges, so that the condemned person might suffer more severely. It was also a custom, that he who was to be crucified should bear his own cross to the place of execution. After this manner, we find Christ was compelled to bear his cross: and as he sunk under the burden, Simon the Cyrenian was constrained to bear it after him and with him. But whereas it is generally supposed that our Lord bore the whole cross, i. e. the long and transverse part both, this seems to be a thing impossible; and CROSIER, or CROZIER, a shepherd's therefore Lipsius (in his treatise De Supcrook; a symbol of pastoral authority, con- plicio Crucis,) has set the matter in a true sisting of a gold or silver staff, cooked at light, when he tells us that Jesus only carrie the top, carried occasionally before bishopsd the transverse beam; because the long and abbots, and held in the hand when they give the solemn benedictions.

beam, or the body of the cross, was either fixed in the ground before, or made ready to be set up as soon as the prisoner came: and from hence he observes, that painters are very much mistaken in the description of our Saviour carrying the whole cross. There was several ways of crucifying; sometimes the criminal was fastened with cords to a tree, sometimes he was crucified with his head downwards. This way, it is said, Peter

CROSS, in scripture language, means the suffering of Christ, Gal. vi. 14. The sufferings, trials, or persecutions of the people are also called a cross, Matt. xvi. 24. Cross signifies also a gibbet, made with two pieces of wood, placed crosswise, whether they cross with right angles at the top like a T, or in the middle of their length like an X. The cross to which our Saviour was fasten-chose, out of respect to his master, Jesus ed, and on which he died, was of the former Christ, not thinking himself worthy to be kind; being thus represented by old monu crucified like him; though the common way ments, coins and crosses. The death of the of crucifying was by fastening the criminal cross was the most dreadful of all others, with nails, one through each hand, and one both for the shame and pain of it; and so through both feet, or one through each of scandalous, that it was inflicted as the last them: for this was not always performed in mark of detestation upon the vilest of people. the same manner; the ancients sometimes It was the punishment of robbers and mur- represent Jesus Christ crucified with four derers, provided that they were slaves, too; nails, and sometimes with three. The cribut otherwise, if they were free, and had minal was fixed to the cross quite naked; the privilege of the city of Rome, this was and, in all probability, the Saviour of sinners then thought a prostitution of that honour, was not used with any greater tenderness and too infamous a punishment for such a than others upon whom this punishment was one, let his crimes be what they would. inflicted. The text of the Gospel shews The form of a cross being such as has been clearly that Jesus Christ was fastened to the already described, the body of the criminal cross with nails; and the Psalmist (Ps. xxii. was fastened to the upright piece by nailing || 16.) had foretold long before, that they the feet to it, and on the other transverse shou d pierce his hands and his feet: but piece generally by nailing the hands on each there are great disputes concerning the side. Now, because these parts of the body, number of these nails. The Greeks reprebeing the instruments of action and motion, I sent our Saviour as fastened to the cross are provided by nature with a much greater || with four nails; in which particular Gregory quantity of nerves than others have occasion of Tours agrees with them, one on each for; and because all sensation is performed hand and foot. But several are of opinjon by the spirit contained in the nerves; it will that our Saviour's hands and feet were follow, as Stanhope observes, that wherever pierced with three nails only, viz. one on they abound, the sense of pain must needs in each hand, and one through both his feet: proportion be more quick and tender. The and the custom of the Latins is rather for

this last opinion; for the generality of the old crucifixes made in the Latin church have only three nails. Nounus thinks that our Saviour's arms were besides bound fast to the cross with chains; and St. Hilary speaks of the cords wherewith he was tied to it. Sometimes they who were fastened upon the cross lived a good while in that condition. St Andrew is believed to have continued three days alive upon it. Eusebius speaks of certain martyrs in Egypt who were kept upon the cross till they were starved to death. Pilate was amazed at Jesus Christ's dying so soon, because naturally he must have lived longer, if it had not been in his power to have laid down his life, and to take it up again. The thighs of the two thieves, who were crucified CROSS-BEARER, in the Romish church, with our Saviour, were broken, in order to the chaplain of an archbishop, who bears a hasten their death, that their bodies might cross before him on solemn occasions. Crossnot remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, bearers also denote certain officers in the InJohn xix 31 33, and to comply with the quisition, who make a vow before the inquilaw of Moses, which forbids the bodies to be sitors, or their vicars, to defend the catholic left there after sun-set. But among other na-faith, though with the loss of fortune and tions, they were suffered to remain upon the || life Their business is also to provide the incross a long time. Sometimes they were de-quisitors with necessaries voured alive by birds and beasts of prey Guards were appointed to observe that none of their friends or relations should take them down and bury them. The Roman soldiers, || who had crucified Jesus Christ and the two thieves, continued near the crosses till the bodies were taken down and buried.

great place in their own practice. Imbert, the prior of Gascony, was severe y prosecuted in 1683 for telling the people, that, in the ceremony of adoring the cross, practised in that church on Good Friday, they were not to adore the wood, but Christ, who was crucified on it. The curate of the parish told them the contrary. It was the wood; the wood they were to adore! Imbert replied, it was Christ, not the wood for which he was cited before the archbishop of Bordeaux, suspended from his functions, and even threatened with chains and perpetual pri- › sonment. It little availed him to cite the bishop of Meaux's distinction: it was answered, that the church allowed it not

CRUCIFIX, a cross, upon which the body of Christ is fastened in effigy, used by the Roman catholics, to excite in their minds a strong idea of our Saviours passion. CRUCIFIXION OF CHRIST. See

CROSS.

CRUSADE, Sée CROISADE.

Invention of the Cross, an ancient feast CURATE, the lowest degree in the churh solemnized on the 3d of May, in memory of of England; he who represents the incumSt. Helena's (the mother of Constantine) find-bent of a church, parson, or vicar, and offiing the true cross of Christ deep in the ground on Mount Calvary, where she erected a church for the preservation of part of it; the rest being brought to Rome, and deposited in the church of the Holy Cross of Jerusalem.

ciates in his stead he is to be licensed and admitted by the bishop of the diocese, or by an ordinary having episcopal jurisdiction; and when a curate hath the approbration of the bishop, he usually appoints the salary too; and in such case, if he be not paid, the curate hath a proper remedy in the ecclesiastical court, by a sequestration of the profits of the benefice; but if the curate be not licens

Exaltation of the Cross, an ancient feast held on the 14th of September, in memory of this, that Heraclitus restored to Mount Calvary the true cross, in 642, which had beened by the bishop, he is put to his remedy at carried off fourteen years before by Cosrocs, king of Persia, upon his taking Jerusalem from the emperor Phocas.

common law, where he must prove the agreement, &c. A curate, having no fixed estate in his curacy, not being instituted and inThe Adoration of the Cross seems to have ducted, may be removed at pleasure by the been practised in the ancient church, in as bishop, or incumbent. But there are perpetumuch as the heathens, particularly Julian, al curates as well as temporary, who are apreproached the primitive Christians with pointed where tithes are impropriate, and it and we do not find that their apologists no vicarage endowed: these are not removedisclaimed the charge. Mornay, indeed, as-able, and the improprietors are obliged to serted that this had been done by St. Cyril, find them: some whereof have certain porbut could not support his allegation at the tions of the tithes settled on them. Curates conference of Fountain-bleau. St. Helena is must subscribe the declaration according to said to have reduced the adoration of the the act of uniformity, or are liable to impriCross to its just principle, since she adored sonment. Though the condition of curates be Christ in the wood, not the wood itself With somewhat meliorated by a late act, it must such modifications some Protestants have be confessed that they are still, in many rebeen induced to admit the adoration of the spects exposed to hardships: their salaries cross. John Huss allowed of the phrase, pro- are not equal to many dissenting ministers, vided it was expressly added, that the ado- who have nothing to depend on but the liberation was relative to the person of Christ.rality of their people. Can there be a greater But, however Roman catholics may seem to triumph by virtue of such distinction and mitigations, it is well known they have no

reproach to the dignified ecclesiastics of this country, than the comparatively miserable pittance allowed the curates, who do all the