The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IV: September 1921-September 1922The fourth volume of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers marks the period of deepening crisis in the UNIA's political and economic fortunes. After September of 1921, membership declined and morale in the UNIA began to weaken. Underlying it all, however, was the final failure of the Black Star Line that resulted when negotiations with the United States Chipping Board for the purchase of the long proposed African ship collapsed in March 1922. The movement also suffered a major setback when the first Liberian colonization plan aborted in the summer of 1921. On the political front, Garvey's African program had to compete with W.E.B. Du Bois's Second Pan-African Congress. The were also major shifts in Garvey's political strategy during this period, his speeches reflecting a desire to placate the U.S. government, while simultaneously assailing his lef-wing critics for promoting "social equality." This disavowal of radicalism earned him further enemies on the left. One of his chief black critics, Cyril V. Briggs, the leader of the African Blood Brotherhood, unwittingly supplied federal investigators with evidence that led to Garvey's indictment on charges of mail fraud in February 1922. By prosecuting him, however, the Department of Justice did not discredit Garvey in the eyes of his followers; rather, it temporarily strengthened his hold over the movement as the appearance of persecution intensified the loyalty of the UNIA membership. But later in 1922 Garvey did lose favor among many of his followers when it was disclosed that he had met secretly in Atlanta with the Acting Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. What Garvey had thought was a diplomatic triumph proved instead to be anathema to most blacks. At the Third UNIA Convention in 1922, Garvey repudiated the entire executive council of the UNIA, while expressing his anger of "plots" against him from within the UNIA leadership. Loyalty to Garvey thus became a more urgent issue than ever before. But although Garvey was once again able to silence his critics within the UNIA, the price was to be a badly fractured and demoralized movement. At the same time, his political adversaries outside the UNIA were steadily gaining ground against him. As meticulously documented as the three previous volumes, Volume IV provides the first extended record of Garvey's emergent social philosophy, particularly as it relates to his conception of "racial purity" and the metaphysics of the human condition. It stands as an impressive record of the Garvey movement. |
Contents
ILLUSTRATIONS | xxvii |
EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES | xxxvii |
TEXTUAL DEVICES | xliii |
CHRONOLOGY | li |
September Edward J Brennan to William J Burns | 1 |
Kanawha | 8 |
Certificate | 10 |
September Report by Special Agent P138 | 14 |
February John E Bruce to J R Ralph Casimir | 519 |
ca January | 527 |
March E Powis Jones to Sanford H E Freund | 541 |
March Report by Special Agent Mortimer J Davis | 557 |
March Sanford H E Freund to the Ship Sales Divi | 565 |
March Editorial in the Christian Recorder | 566 |
March Wilbur J Carr Director Consular Service | 582 |
March Meeting Announcement | 588 |
September | 19 |
September Report by Special Agent J G Tucker 17 | 22 |
September J Harry Philbin to the United States | 28 |
September Negro Factories Corporation Advertisement | 49 |
Thomas Phillips | 57 |
September | 71 |
September | 77 |
September Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 91 |
September Cyril A Crichlow to Charles Evans Hughes | 92 |
McGuire | 128 |
Garvey | 135 |
October Article by W A Domingo | 153 |
November George B Christian Jr Secretary | 161 |
72 | 162 |
November Report by Special Agent J G Tucker | 170 |
November Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 217 |
77 | 228 |
December Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 271 |
December Negro World Advertisement | 282 |
December Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 301 |
December Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 307 |
September Report by Special Agent J G Tucker | 308 |
December J J Hannigan to the Director Office of Naval | 311 |
ca December Statement by the UNIA | 317 |
September Article by James Weldon Johnson | 322 |
January J Harry Philbin to the Treasurer United | 330 |
Intelligence | 339 |
the Secretary United States Shipping Board | 375 |
September William H Ferris to Cyril V Briggs | 395 |
September Report by Special Agent 850 | 427 |
January James Weldon Johnson to Marcus Garvey | 437 |
January Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 443 |
January William J Burns to Edward J Brennan | 462 |
91 | 472 |
February Bureau of Investigation Report | 478 |
February Report by Bureau Agent Harold Nathan | 489 |
February Ganesh Rao to the Editor Negro World | 495 |
February Speech by Marcus Garvey | 496 |
February Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey | 504 |
February A W Bennett to the Crisis | 512 |
April Secretary of W E B Du Bois to Dusé | 597 |
April A Rudolph Silverston to the United States | 615 |
May Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 624 |
September Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 630 |
May Marcus Garvey to President Warren | 639 |
May Marcus Garvey to Nicholas Murray Butler | 646 |
June Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey | 672 |
June J J Hannigan to the Director Office | 678 |
June William C Matthews to Sanford H | 686 |
July Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 700 |
July Advertisement for the Negro Times | 706 |
July Marcus Garvey to William Pickens | 715 |
July Report by Special Agent James E Amos | 729 |
Nations | 735 |
July Speech by Marcus Garvey | 743 |
July Marcus Garvey to Charles Evans Hughes | 751 |
August Opening Speech by Gabriel M Johnson | 760 |
August Speech by Marcus Garvey | 766 |
August Convention Brochure | 777 |
August Convention Report | 783 |
August Convention Report | 794 |
August Convention Report | 805 |
August Royal Italian Ministry of External Affairs | 812 |
August Article in the New York Times | 816 |
August Convention Report | 824 |
August Convention Report | 830 |
August J Edgar Hoover to John B Cunningham | 841 |
August Convention Report | 920 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 932 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 942 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 949 |
August Convention Report | 1003 |
August Convention Report | 1016 |
September Convention Report | 1048 |
Revisions to the Constitution | 1063 |
Delegates to the 1922 UNIA | 1069 |
Finances of the Black Star Line | 1077 |
Report of the UNIA Treasurer | 1086 |
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Common terms and phrases
African Blood Brotherhood America Applause Asia attorney believe Black Star Line Bois cause colored Conference Confidential Informant 800 convention Crichlow Crusader Cyril Briggs disarm DJ-FBI dollars Europe fight file 61 four hundred million France freedom funds Garvey's going human hundred million Negroes Indian Irish Japanese Kanawha Laughter leaders letter libel Liberia Liberty Hall lynching Marcus Garvey matter meeting ment movement nation Negro Improvement Association Negro race Negro World never November October organization Original headlines omitted Orion ourselves paid Pan-African Congress Phyllis Wheatley political President Harding President of Africa Printed in NW propaganda Provisional President recipient's copy Secretary Shipping Board social equality South Africa speech statement statesmen steamship tell things Thompson tion UNIA United Universal Negro Improvement W. E. B. Du Bois Washington West Indies Yarmouth