touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes.

symbol was used. In the reign of Ar-king, the head of a goat having only one chelaus of Macedon, B. C. 413, there horn. Of this coin, so remarkable for occurs, on the reverse of a coin of that the single horn, there are two varieties,

6 And he came to the ram that 7 And I saw him come close unto had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power.

the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and

ander, who conquered the known world, The margin is, a horn of sight. This and who is said to have wept because corresponds with the Hebrew, the word there were no other worlds to conquer. rendered notable--meaning proAnd touched not the ground. Marg, perly look, appearance, and then somenone touched him in the earth. The translation in the text, however, is more literal translation would be, a horn of thing conspicuous, or remarkable. The correct than that in the margin. He seemed to bound along as if he did not appearance; that is, conspicuous, large. Gesenius, Lex. touch the ground-denoting the rapidity of his movements and conquests. A similar description of great beauty occurs in Virgil, Æn. vii. 806, seq. of Camilla:

6. And he came to the ram, &c. Representing the Medo-Persian power. ¶ And ran unto him in the fury of his power. Representing the fierceness and fury with which Alexander attacked the Persians at the Granicus, at Issus, and at Arbela, with which he invaded and overthrew them in their own country. Nothing would better express this than to say that it was done in the fury of power.'

Cursu pedum prævertere ventos, Illa vel intacta segetis per summa volaret Gramina, nec teneras cursu læsisset aristas, Vel mare per medium fluctu suspensa tumenti Ferret iter, celeres nec tingeret æquore plantas. Nothing would better express the rapid conquests of Alexander the Great, than 7. And I saw him come close unto the the language employed by Daniel. He ram. The ram standing on the banks of died at the early age of thirty-three, and the Ulai, and in the very heart of the emhaving been chosen generalissimo of the pire. This representation is designed unGreeks against the Persians at the age of twenty-one, the whole period occupied by him in his conquests; and in his public life, was but twelve years, yet in that time he brought the world in subjection to his arms. A single glance at his rapid movements will show the propriety of the description here. In the year 334 B. C., he invaded Persia, and defeated the Persians in the battle of the Granicus; in the year 333, he again defeated them at the battle of Issus, and conquered Parthia, Bactria, Hyrcania, Sogdiana, and Asia Minor. In the year 332, he conquered Tyre and Egypt, and built Alexandria. In the year 331, he defeated Darius Codomannus, and in 330 completed the conquest of the Persian empire. In the year 328, he defeated Porus, king of India, and pursued his march to the Ganges. In these few years, therefore, he had overrun nearly all the then known world, in conquests more rapid and more decisive than had ever before been made. And the goat had a notable horn between his eyes. The goat represented the Macedonian power, and all this power was concentrated in the person of Alexander-undoubtedly denoted by the single horn-as if all the power of Greece was concentrated in him.

It is true the

doubtedly to denote that the Grecian
power would attack the Persian in its
own dominions. Perhaps the vision was
represented at the place which would be
the capital of the empire in order to de-
note this. And he was moved with
choler against the ram. With wrath or
anger. That is, he acted as if he were
furiously enraged. This is not an impro-
per representation. Alexander, though
spurred on by ambition as his ruling mo-
tive, yet might be supposed without im-
propriety to represent the concentrated
wrath of all Greece on account of the re-
peated Persian invasions.
Persians had been defeated at Leuctra,
and at Marathon, and at Salamis, and
that their hosts had been held in check
at Thermopylæ, and that they had never
succeeded in subduing Greece, and that
the Grecians in defending their country
had covered themselves with glory. But
it is true. also, that the wrongs inflicted
or attempted on the Greeks had never
been forgotten, and it cannot be doubted
that the remembrance of these wrongs
was a motive that influenced many a
Greek at the battle of the Granicus and Is-
sus, and at Arbela. It would be one of the
most powerful motives to which Alexan-
der could appeal in stimulating his army.

there was no power in the ram to could deliver the ram out of his stand before him, but he cast him hand. down to the ground, and stamped 8 Therefore the he-goat waxed upon him; and there was none that very great: and when he was strong,

And brake his two horns. Completely pressive of the conduct of Alexander. prostrated his power-as Alexander did The empire was crushed beneath his when he overthrew Darius Codomannus, and subjugated to himself the Medo-Persian empire. That empire ceased at that time, and was merged in that of the son of Philip. And there was no power in the ram to stand before him. To resist him. But he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him. An act strikingly ex

power, and, as it were, trampled to the earth. And there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand. No auxiliaries that the Persian empire could call to its aid that could save it from the Grecian conqueror. The following is the usual representation of the head of Alexander the Great.

8. Therefore the he-goat waxed very ander. Its power did not pine away; it great. The Macedonian power, especially was not enfeebled, as monarchies are ofunder the reign of Alexander. And ten, by age, and luxury, and corruption; when he was strong, the great horn was it was most flourishing and prosperous just broken. In the time, or at the period, of its greatest strength. Then an event occurred which broke the horn in which was concentrated its power. It is easy to see the application of this to the Macedonian power. At no time was the empire so strong as at the death of Alex

at the period when broken by the death
of Alexander. Never afterwards did it
recover its vigour; never was it consoli-
dated again. From that time this mighty
empire, broken into separate kingdoms,
lost its influence in the world.
for it came up four notable ones. In the

And

the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven.

9 And bout of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exbc. 11. 25, &c.

a c. 7. 6, &c.

place of this one horn in which all the city of Phrygia, was fought between Anpower was concentrated, there sprang up tigonus and his son Demetrius, on the four others that were distinguished and one side, and the combined forces of these remarkable. On the word notable, see princes on the other. Antigonus had Notes on ver. 5. This representation aimed at universal sovereignty; he had would lead us to suppose that the power taken and plundered the island of Cywhich had thus been concentrated in one prus; had destroyed the fleet of Ptolemy monarchy, would be divided and distri- Lagus, and had assumed the crown.buted into four, and that instead of that one Against him and his usurpations, Ptopower there would be four kingdoms that lemy, Cassander, and Lysinachus, comwould fill up about the same space in the bined their forces, and the result was his world, occupy about the same territory, complete overthrow at the battle of Ipsus. and have about the same characteristics Lengerke, in loc. In this battle, Antigo-so that they might be regarded as the nus lost all his conquests and his life. succession to the one dynasty. The same In the division of the empire, Seleucus representation we have of this one power Nicator obtained Syria, Babylonia, Mein ch. vii. 6: "And the beast had four dia and Susiana, Armenia, a part of Capheads." See also ch. xi. 4: "His king- padocia, Celicia, and his kingdom, in name dom shall be broken, and shall be divided at least, extended from the Hellespont to towards the four winds of heaven." This the Indies. The kingdom of Lysinaaccords with the accounts in history of chus extended over a part of Thrace, the effect of Alexander's death, for though Asia Minor, part of Cappadocia, and the the kingdom was not by him divided into countries within the limits of Mount four parts, yet, from the confusion and Taurus. Cassander possessed Macedoconflicts that arose, power was ultimately nia, Thessaly, and a part of Greece. concentrated into four dynasties. At his Ptolemy obtained Egypt, Cyprus, and death, his brother Aridæus was declared Cyrene, and ultimately Colo-Syria, Phoking in his stead, and Perdiccas regent. nicia, Judea, and a part of Asia Minor But the unity of the Macedonian power and Thrace. Lengerke, in loc. ¶ Towas gone, and disorder and confusion, ward the four winds of heaven. Towards and a struggle for empire, immediately the four quarters of the world. Thus the succeeded. The author of the books of Maccabees (1 Mac. i. 7, 8, 9,) says: "So Alexander reigned twelve years, and then died. And his servants have rule every one in his place. And after his death, 9. And out of one of them came forth a they all put crowns upon themselves; so little horn. Emblematic of a new power did their sons after them many years; that should spring up. Comp. Notes on and evils were multiplied in the earth." ch. vii. 8. This little horn sprang up Alexander died B. C. 323; Antipater suc- out of one of the others; it did not spring ceeded Perdiccas, B. C. 321; Ptolemy up in the midst of the others as the little Lagus the same year took possession of horn in ch. vii. 8, did among the ten othEgypt; Cassander assumed the govern-ers. This seemed to grow out of one of ment of Macedon, B. C. 317; Seleucus the four, and the meaning cannot be misNicator took possession of Syria, B. C. understood. From one of the four pow311; in 305 B. C. the successors of Alex-ers or kingdoms into which the empire of ander took the title of kings, and in 301 B. C. there occurred the battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus, who reigned in Asia Minor, was killed, and then followed in that year a formal division of Alexander's empire between the four victorious princes, Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysinachus. This great battle of Ipsus, a

dominions of Seleucus were in the East; those of Cassander in the West; those of Ptolemy in the South, and those of Lysinachus in the North.

Alexander would be divided, there would spring up this ambitious and persecuting power. Which waxed exceeding great. Which became exceedingly powerful. It was comparatively small at first, but ultimately became mighty. There can be no doubt that Antiochus Epiphanes is denoted here. All the circumstances of