third and twenty-fourth degrees of north latitude, and about the seventy-second degree of east longitude. It is bounded by the Banass River on the north-west, and is, particularly in this direction, a swampy and flat country, held by several independent chiefs. Janagur is the only town of consequence. CHYLE, n. s. From Lat. chylus, CHYLA'CEOUS, adj. and facio, to make. CHYLIFA'CTION, n. s. Χύλος and ποιέω. The CHYLIFA'CTIVE, adj. (white juice formed in CHYLOPOETICK, adj. the stomach by digesCHY'LOUS, adj.

tion of the aliment, and afterwards changed into blood. Belonging to chyle; the act or process of making chyle in the body; having the power or office of making chyle; consisting of chyle.

Choler is hot and dry, bitter, begotten of the hotter parts of the chylus, and gathered to the gall: it helps the natural heat and senses. Burton. Anat. Mel. When the spirits of the chyle have half fermented the chylaceous mass, it has the state of drink not ripened by fermentation. Floyer on the Humours. The chyle cannot pass through the smallest vessels.

Arbuthnot.

According to the force of the chylopoetick organs, more or less chyle may be extracted from the same food.

Id.

obtained crystals analagous to the sugar of milk Dr. Marcet found the chyle of graminivorous animals thinner and darker, and less charged with albumen, than that of carnivorous. In the former, the weight of the fluid part to that of the coagulum was nearly two to one.

CHYLEMATIS, in ancient geography, a large river of Africa, in Algiers, mentioned by Ptolemy, supposed to be the same with the Mina or Cena,

CHYME, or CHYMUS. By the digestive process in the stomach of animals, the food is converted into a milky fluid, called chyme, which, passing into the intestines, is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile, and thereafter resolved into chyle and feculent matter. CHY'MIST, n. s. CHY'MISTRY, 7. s. CHY'MICALLY, adv. CHY'MIC, adj. CHY'MICAL, adj.

Derived by some trom χυμος juice, or κύω to melt; by others from an oriental word, kema black. According to the supposed etymology, it is written with y or e. mixed bodies by fire, or otherwise; as a science, The art of separating the different substances in it is now generally spelt CHEMISTRY, which see: but, thinking this mode of orthography most consistent with the etymology, we retain it here.

Id. on Aliments.

The chyle enters the blood in an odd place, but perhaps the most commodious place possible, viz. at a large vein in the neck, so situated with respect to the circulation, as speedily to bring the mixture to the heart. Paley's Natural Theology. CHYLE, in anatomy, the milk-like liquor contained in the lacteals, from which the blood is formed, and is separated from the chyme in the process of digestion, by means of the gastric juice. By its acescent qualities it restrains the putrid tendency of the blood; hence the dreadful state of the humors in this respect after starving. By its very copious aqueous latex, it prevents the thickening of the fluids, and thus renders them fit for the various secretions. The chyle secreted in the breasts of puerperal women forms the nutritious milk. The chyle, as found in the thoracic duct has no smell, but a slightly acido-saccharine taste; yet it blues reddened litmus paper, by its unsaturated alkali. Soon after it is drawn from the duct, it separates by coagulation into a thicker and thinner matter. 1. The former, or curd, seems intermediate between albumen and fibrin. Potash and soda dissolve it, with a slight exhalation of ammonia. Water of ammonia forms with it a reddish solution. Dilute sulphuric acid dissolves the coagulum; and very weak nitric acid changes it into adipocire. By heat, it is converted into a charcoal of difficult incineration, which contains common salt and phosphate of lime, with minute traces of iron. 2. From the serous portion, heat, alcohol, and acids, precipitate a copious coagulum of albumen, If the alcohol be hot, a little matter analogous to the substance of brain, is subsequently deposited. By evaporation and cooling, Mr. Brande

its efficacy depends, as well as from what part, and by what concoction, in the human body, these principles are generated and derived.

Paley's Natural Theology. CHYTLA, in antiquity, a liquor made of wine and oil, and sometimes used in divination.

CHYTRI, in antiquity, a festival in honor of Bacchus and Mercury, kept by the Athenians on the thirteenth of the month Anthesterion.

CHYTRIUM, in ancient geography, a place in Ionia, in which formerly stood Clazomene; the Clazomenians, through fear of the Persians, removing from the continent to an adjacent island. Alexander reduced the island, by a mole or causeway, to a peninsula.

CIBALE, or CIBALIS, in ancient geography, a town of Pannonia Inferior, seated on an eminence, near the lake Hiulka, north-west of Sirmium. The emperor Gratian was born in it, and was brought up to rope-making: and it was also rendered famous by the surprisal and defeat of Licinius by Constantine.

CIBA'RIOUS, adj. Lat. cibarius, from cibus food. Relating to food; useful for food; edible.

CIBBER (Colley), a celebrated comedian, dramatic writer, and poet-laureat, born in London in 1671. He derived his Christian name from his mother's family, and was intended for the church, but betook himself to the stage, for which he conceived an early inclination; though it was some time before he acquired any degree of notice, or even a competent salary. His first essay was in the comedy of Love's Last Shift, acted in 1695, which met with success; as did his own performance of the character of the fop in it. From that time, as he says himself, 'My muse and my spouse were so equally prolific,

that the one was seldom the mother of a child, but in the same year the other made me the father of a play. I think we had a dozen of each sort between us; of both which kinds some died in their infancy, and near an equal number of each were alive when we quitted the theatre.' The Careless Husband, acted in 1704, met with great applause, and is reckoned his best play; but none was of more importance to him than the Non-Juror, acted in 1717, and levelled against the Jacobites. This laid the foundation of the misunderstanding between him and Pope, raised him to be the hero of the Dunciad, and made him poet laureat in 1730, on which he quitted the stage. Cibber neither succeeded in acting nor in writing tragedy; and his odes were not thought to partake either of the genius or spirit he showed in his comedies. He died in 1757.

CIBBER (Theo.), son of the preceding, was born in 1703, and educated at Winchester. He was taken early to the theatrical profession, and followed in his father's line of character. Throughout his life he was chiefly distinguished by extravagance and profligacy, and was drowned in 1757, in his passage to Ireland. He altered for the stage some of Shakspeare's plays, and wrote Pattie and Peggy, a ballad opera. His name also appeared to Lives of the Poets, 5 vols. 12mo. His wife, the sister of Dr. Arne, became a tragic performer of the first eminence at Drurylane. She translated St. Foix's Oracle, and died

in 1766.

CIBDELOPLACIA, in natural history; a genus of spars debased by a very large admixture of earth. They are opaque, formed of thin crusts, covering vegetables and other bodies, by way of incrustations.

CIBDELOSTRACIA, in natural history, terrene spars, destitute of all brightness and transparence, formed into thin plates, and usually found coating over the sides of fissures, and other cavities of stones, with congeries of them of great extent, and of plain or botroyide surfaces.

CI'BOL, n. s. Fr. ciboule. A small sort of onion used in sallads. This word is common in the Scotch dialect; but the is not pronounced. Ciboules, or scallions, are a kind of degenerate onions. Mortimer.

CIBORIA, CIBORIUM, Egypt. i. e. a cup, in antiquity, the large husk of Egyptian beans, which are said to have been so large as to serve for drinking cups; whence the name.

CIBORIUM, in ecclesiastical writers, the covering for the altar. This covering is supported by four high columns, and forms a kind of tent for the eucharist, in the Romish churches. Some authors call it turris gestoria and others pyxis; but the pyxis is properly the box in which the eucharist is preserved.

CIBUS FERIALIS, in antiquity, an entertainment peculiar to a funeral; for which purpose beans, parsley, lettuce, bread, eggs, lentils, and salt were in use.

CICACOLE, the largest of the Northern Circars, or districts of Hindostan, reaching from 17° to 20° north latitude, sub-divided into two portions, one bounded by the river Setteveram on the south, and the Poondy on the north, extend

ing about 170 miles along the Bay of Bengal, including an area of 4400 square miles; the other, of a triangular form, extending eighty miles from Moland to Poondy near the frontier of Cuttack, and fifty miles to the north-west, containing about 1000 square miles. The capital is' Cicacole, an ancient town, 118 miles from Ganjam. There is a mosque of great sanctity here, built in the year of the Hegira 105, by Mahommed Khan. See CIRCARS.

CICADA, the grasshopper, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of hemiptera. The beak is inflected; the antennæ are setaceous; the four wings are membranaceous and deflected; and the feet, in most of the species, are of the jumping kind. The larvæ of several of this genus evacuate great quantities of a frothy matter upon the branches and leaves of plants, in the midst of which they constantly reside, probably for shelter against the search of other animals, to which they would become a prey. Nature has afforded this kind of defence to insects whose naked and soft bodies might otherwise very easily be injured; perhaps also the moisture of this foam may serve to screen them from the sultry beams of the sun. On removing the foam the larva appears, but it soon emits fresh foam, that hides it again from the eye. In the midst of this foamy substance the larva goes through its metamorphosis into a chrysalis and perfect insect. Other larvæ, whose bodies are not so soft, run over plants without any manner of defence, and escape from insects that might hurt them, by nimbly running or leaping. The chrysalids, and all the larvæ that produce them, differ little from each other, only that the former have the rudiments of wings, a kind of knob at the place were the wings will afterwards be in the perfect insect. The chrysalids walk, leap, and run over plants and trees; as do the larvæ which they produce. At length they throw off their teguments of chrysalids, slip their last slough, and then the insect appears in its utmost perfection. The male alone is then endowed with the faculty of singing, which it exercises not with its throat, but with an organ situated under the abdomen. Behind the legs of the male are observed two valvula, which, raised up, discover several cavities separated by various membranes. The middle contains a scaly triangle Two vigorous muscles give motion to another membrane, which alternately becomes concave and convex. The air, agitated by this membrane, is modified within the other cavities; and, by the help of this sonorous instrument, he amorously solicits his female. This insect begins its song early in the morning, and continues it during the heat of the noon-tide sun. Its lively and animated music is, to the country people, a presage of a fine summer, a plentiful harvest, and a sure return of spring. The cicada have a head almost triangular, an oblong body, their wings fastigiated or in form of a roof, and six legs with which they walk and leap pretty briskly. In the females, at the extremity of the abdomen are two large laminæ, between which is enclosed, as in a sheath, a spine somewhat serrated, which serves them to deposit their eggs, and probably to sink them into the substance of

those plants, which the young larvæ are to feed

upon.

CICASICA, a town and district of Peru, bounded north and north-east by the mountains of the Andes, and by the province of Larecaxa, east by the province of Cochabamba, south-east by that of Paria and Oruro, south-west by that of Pacages, and north-west by that of Omasuyos. It is eighty leagues in length from east to west, and contains 50,000 inhabitants. Vast quantities of cattle are reared in the mountainous districts. Near the Andes the climate is very warm and humid, but fertile in fruits, sugar-cane, and cacao. The vine is also cultivated with success in these regions, and Jesuits' bark. Gold and silver mines were formerly worked, but they are at present closed.

CICATRICE, n. s. Lat. cicatrix. The CICATRI'SANT, n. s. scar remaining after a CICATRI'SIVE, adj. wound; an application CICATRIZA'TION, n. s. that induces a cicaCICATRIZE, v. a. trice. Having the qualities proper to induce a cicatrice. The art of healing the wound. The state of being healed, or skinned over. To apply such medicines to wounds or ulcers, as heal and skin them over; to heal and induce the skin over a sore.

a smooth cicatrix.

A vein bursted, or corroded, in the lungs, is looked upon to be for the most part incurable, because of the motion and coughing of the lungs tearing the gap wider, and hindering the conglutination and cicatrization of the vein. Harvey. We incarned, and in a few days cicatrized it with Wiseman on Tumours. The first stage of healing, or the discharge of matter, is called digestion; the second, or the filling up with flesh, incarnation; and the last, or skinning over, cicatrization. Sharp's Surgery. CICATRICULA, in natural history, a small whitish speck in the yolk of an egg, which is the first rudiments of the future chick. Whatever way the egg is turned, that part of the yolk, which contains the cicatricula, is always uppermost, as is seen upon breaking an egg.

CICATRIX, in surgery, a little seam or elevation of callous flesh on the skin, after the healing of a wound or ulcer.

CICCA, in botany, a genus of the tetrandria order, and monœcia class of plants. Male CAL. tetraphyllous; cor. none; female CAL. triphyllous; COR. none; styles four; CAP. quadricoccous; SEEDS solitary. Species, one only, a Chinese tall

tree.

CICELY, n. s. myrrhus. A sort of herb. CICER, the chick pea, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-second, papilionacea: CAL. quinquepartite, as long as the corolla, with its four uppermost segments incumbent on the vexillut: the legumen is rhomboidal, turbid, and dispermous. There are but two species, which produce peas shaped like the common ones, but much smaller. They are much cultivated in Spain, where they are natives, being one of the ingredients in their olios; as also in France; but are rarely known in Britain.

CÍCERO (Marcus Tullius), the celebrated Roman orator, was born A. U. C. 647, and A. A. C. 107. His father Marcus Tullius, who was

of the equestrian order, took great care of his education, which was directed to the bar. Young Tully, at his first appearance in public, declaimed with such vehemence against Sylla's party, that it became necessary for him to retire into Greece; where he heard the Athenian orators and philo sophers, and greatly improved both in eloquence and knowledge. Here he met with Titus Pomponius, who had been his school-fellow: and who, from his love to Athens, obtained the surname of Atticus; and here they revived and confirmed that friendship which subsisted between them through life. From Athens he passed into Asia; and after an excursion of two years returned to Rome; where next year he was made quæstor. The quæstors were sent annually into the provinces distributed to them by lot. Lilybæum, in Sicily, happening to fall to Cicero's share, he acquitted himself so well, that he gained the love and admiration of all the Sicilians. In a tour he made of the island before he left Sicily, he discovered at Syracuse the tomb of Archimedes. His marriage with Terentia is supposed to have been celebrated immediately after his return, when he was about thirty years of age. By his questorship he gained an admission into the senate for life; and he employed himself constantly in defending the persons and properties In his thirty-seventh of his fellow citizens. year he was elected Edile, by the unanimous suffrages of all the tribes. After his election, but before his entrance upon the office, he undertook the famed prosecution of C. Verres, the late prætor of Sicily, who was charged with many flagrant acts of injustice, rapine, and cruelty, during his triennial government of that island. This was one of the most memorable transactions of his life, for which he was justly celebrated by antiquity, and will, in all ages, be esteemed by the friends of mankind. The result was, that he so confounded Hortensius, then the reigning orator at the bar, and usually styled the king of the forum, that he had nothing to say for his client. Verres, despairing of all defence, went into voluntary exile; he is said to have been relieved in this miserable situation by the generosity of Cicero; yet was after all proscribed and murdered by Marc Antony, for the sake of those fine statues and Corinthian vessels, of which he had plundered the Sicilians. After the usual interval Cicero offered himself a candidate for the prætorship; and, in three different assemblies convened for the choice, he was unanimously elected the first prætor. He was now in the career of his fortunes, and in sight, as it were, of the consulship; and therefore, when his prætor ship was at an end, he would not accept of any foreign province. His ambition was to shine in the city, as the guardian of its laws; and to teach the magistrates how to execute, the citizens how to obey them. Being in his forty-third year, he declared himself a candidate for the consulship along with six competitors, of whom four were patricians, or nobles; the last two the sons o. fathers who had first imparted public honors to their families. Cicero was the only new man among them. In this competition the practice of bribing was shamefully carried on by Antonius and Catiline, However, as the election ap

proached, Cicero's interest appeared superior to that of all the other candidates: for the nobles themselves, though desirous to depress him, yet from the dangers which threatened the city, began to think him the only man qualified to preserve the republic. The people, not content with silently voting for him, loudly and universally proclaimed Cicero the first consul; so that, as he himself says, he was not chosen by the votes of particular citizens, but by the common suffrage of the city; nor declared by the voice of the crier, but of the whole Roman people.' He had no sooner entered upon his office than he had occasion to exert himself against P. Servilius Rullus, one of the new tribunes, who had been alarming the senate with the promulgation of an Agrarian law; the purpose of which was to create a decen.virate, or ten commissioners, with absolute power for five years over all the revenues of the republic, to distribute them at pleasure to the citizens, &c. These laws used to be greedily received by the populace, but Cicero, in an artful and elegant speech from the rostra, gave such a turn to the inclination of the people, that they rejected this law with as much eagerness as they had ever received one. But the grand affair which constituted the glory of his consulship, and has transmitted his name with lustre to posterity, was the unwearied pains he took in suppressing that horrid conspiracy which was formed by Catiline for the subversion of the commonwealth. For this great service he was honored with the glorious title of pater patriæ, the father of his country. Cicero had no sooner quitted his office, than he began to feel the weight of that envy which is the certain fruit of illustrious merit. He was now, therefore, the common mark, not only of all the factions against whom he had declared perpetual war, but of an envious, and not less dangerous party, who determined to drive him out of the city. Cicero sent a particular account of his whole administration to Pompey, who was finishing the Mithridatic war in Asia, in hopes to prevent any wrong impressions there from the calumnies of his enemies, and to draw from him some public declaration in his favor. But Pompey, being informed by Metellus and Cæsar of the opposition that was rising against Cicero in Rome, answered him with great coldness. About this time Cicero bought a house of M. Crassus on the Palatine bill, adjoining to that in which he had always lived with his father, and which he is now supposed to have given up to his brother Quintus. The house cost him nearly £30,000, and seems to have been one of the noblest in Rome. It excited many reflections on his vanity, especially as it was purchased with borrowed money. The most remarkable event that happened in this, the forty-fifth year of Cicero's life, was the pollution of the mysteries of the Bona Dea by P. Clodius; which, by its consequences, involved Cicero in no small calamity. Clodius had an intrigue with Casar's wife Pompeia, who was celebrating in her house those sacrifices of the goddess to which no male person was ever admitted. Clodius, wishing to gain access to her in the midst of her ministry; dressed himself in a woman's habit; but, by some mistake between him and his guide, when he

came inside the house, he lost his way, and was detected among the female servants. The defence which Clodius made, when, by order of the senate, he was brought to trial, was to prove himself absent at the time of the fact; for which purpose he produced two men to swear that he was then at Interamna, about two or three days' journey from the city. But Cicero being called upon to give his testimony, deposed that Clodius had been with him that very morning at his house in Rome: a species of honesty to the public which Clodius never forgave. The first triumvirate was now formed; Pompey's chief effort was to obtain a confirmation of his acts by Cæsar in his consulship, which was now coming on; Cæsar, by giving way to Pompey's glory, to advance his own; and Crassus, to gain that ascendancy by the authority of Pompey and Cæsar, which he could not sustain alone. Cicero might have made what terms he pleased with the triumvirate, but he would not enter into any engagements with men whose union the friends of the republic abhorred. Clodius in the mean time being chosen tribune, began to threaten Cicero with the terrors of his office, and both Cæsar and Pompey secretly favored the scheme. Cæsar wanted to distress him so far as to force him to a dependence on himself; for which end, while he was privately encouraging Clodius to pursue his plans, he proposed expedients to Cicero for his security; while Pompey gave him the strongest assurances that there was no danger, and that he would sooner be sacrificed himself than suffer him to be injured. Clodius, in the mean time, was pressing on the people several new laws, that he might introduce with better grace the banishment of Cicero; and having caused a decree to be enacted, that any one who had condemned a Roman citizen unheard should himself be banished, he soon after impeached Cicero upon that ground; and this great orator was now in consequence banished by the votes of the people 400 miles from Italy; his houses ordered to be demolished, and his goods set up to sale. "Within three months, however, his return was moved for, and carried in so triumphant a manner, that he had reason, he says, to fear, lest it should be imagined that he had contrived his late flight for the sake of so glorious a restoration. He was at this time in his fiftieth year. this time, domestic grievances, which touched him very nearly; they arose chiefly from the petulant humor of his wife, which began to give him frequent occasions of chagrin; and, by a series of repeated provocations, confirmed in him that settled disgust, which at last ended in a divorce. In the fifty-sixth year of his age, he was made proconsul of Cilicia; where his administration gained him great honor. About this time the expectation of a breach between Cæsar and Pompey engaged the general attention. Cicero clearly foresaw, that, which side soever got the better, the war must necessarily end in tyranny. The only difference, he said, was, that if their enemies conquered, they should be proscribed; if their friends they would be slaves. He no sooner arrived at the city, than he found the war in effect proclaimed for the senate had just voted a decree, that Cæsar should disband his

But he had, about