longer amygdaloidal- or tongue-shaped, it is plainly curved. A point. was what the maker wanted; this being obtained, he left untrimmed the remainder of the nucleus from which he fashioned it. This boucher weighs 3 lbs. In the same locality where I found it, I discovered several examples having the same peculiar bend. In Fig. 7 the apex is, in proportion to its size, as broad as in Fig. 9, and it is not easy to contend that this somewhat uncouth boucher could have been put to any other purpose than the one to which the indented point bears corroborative testimony, i.e., digging. Moreover, the points of Figs. 5, 7, 9, 10 show marks of retrimming. Fig. 22 is the representation of a quadrangular implement somewhat unique in shape. Had its purpose been that of a hammer, pounder, or club-head, the butt or edges would show signs of wear, which they do not in the least, but the point has been retrimmed; moreover, in this particular case, the four sharp edges preclude the possibility of its being held in the hand as a club, except possibly in a case of emergency, but as a digging tool it would be most serviceable. In most of the examples pointed at each end, one of the ends shows more service than the other (Figs. 13, 15).

Oblong or ovoid implements, of which it is difficult to say which end is the butt or point, are extremely rare among the Stellenbosch type. Fig. 24 is an example. It is too large to have been a scraper, its edges are too sinuous to permit of it having been a cleaving tool. Moreover it is, like Fig. 18, made of a surface quartzite differing from the material used for the Stellenbosch type, and is certainly less ancient. But in the deposits of the Orange River type, especially the Griqua sub-type, these ovoid implements are occasionally found.

As already mentioned, the striking characteristic of the wellexecuted South African palæoliths is their huge size. We have in the collection, apart from these already quoted, many specimens. weighing from 2 lbs. to 6 lbs., and the average of a boucher 20 cm. long is a little less than 3 lbs.

This great weight is also a strong argument against the likelihood of their having been hafted. They would have proved very unwieldy even to men of powerful physique.

But it does not follow that we have not in South Africa bouchers of moderate and also small dimensions, and comparable in that respect with those obtained elsewhere. Figs. 4, 18, 19, are good examples of some, although they are rare, but I know of others which are smaller still, and of as perfect a type as the best Acheu

lean (Figs. 18, 76, 77, 79). Some were found in association with larger implements, others by themselves.

It is not unreasonable to suppose that they were made either by, or for the children, and possibly also for the women.

The singular implement, Fig. 23, Pl. III., is of a type that has been discovered hitherto in the Berg River Valley (Cape Colony) only. Three are known from Wellington, and I lately discovered two more at Simondium, where there is what I consider to be the oldest station yet found, lying together with some of the best finished and largest palæoliths it has been my good fortune to discover, as well as with still more numerous unfinished ones.

I think that the explanation corroborated by the figures here given makes it quite clear that the makers of these palæoliths fashioned at the same time two kinds of bouchers: a pick more or less sharply pointed at one end, and a cleaver or hand-wedge more or less broad at the cutting edge, both edge or point of which, in nearly all cases, show conspicuous marks of wear.

The hand-picks do not, however, imply agricultural pursuits in the sense of crop-growing.

Man of the Middle Pleistocene was small, about five feet in height. It is hardly probable that he trusted either singly or collectively to his strength alone to attack or repel the fera nature that threatened his existence, or to capture those that were necessary for his susteProbably armed with a heavy club, he entrapped the game required for his food and clothing, and this he did by snares or pits.

nance.

If the original maker of these South African bouchers, which are almost identical with the European, is, as I really believe, the ancestor or descendant of the negroid race that left traces of its industry and culture in Southern and perhaps also in Central Europe, then the use of these implements, whether made of quartzite or of flint, is now explained. Either he imported into Europe the methods to which he has long been accustomed in Africa for trapping and securing the produce of the chase; or, if he is not the native of this country, he brought to Africa, during his long peregrinations, to the further progress of which the Ultima Thule of the South put an insuperable obstacle, methods borrowed from those people whom he has encountered and from whom he has borrowed.

We know that until lately drives, leading to pits and trenches garnished with pointed stakes at the bottom, were used in South Africa for securing game. In the Humansdorp District of the Cape

Colony there is a narrow gorge in which game-pits and stakes in very good state of preservation are still to be found.*

This is clearly a case of survival of methods. Primitive man, or the early South African aboriginal, lived on game, followed game, and entrapped and snared it in the same manner as the present aboriginals did until a few years ago. But unacquainted with the use or making of iron, as he undoubtedly was, how could the pits be dug but with the stone picks or spades; how were the stakes cut and sharpened for impaling the game at the bottom of the trenches, or for palisading the enclosures for the drives, but with the stone picks or stone axes mentioned? And as for the hypothesis that his weapon was a club, the survival of type seems to me to be also borne out by the discovery of such an implement in a rock shelter that had been partially filled with bat's dung (cf. Pl. XIX., Fig. 152). Made of an extremely hard and heavy wood (Olea sp.) it is plainly fashioned with stone tools (scraper-knives). It is shaped as a phallus, the handle has been trimmed so as to make prehension by a small hand more effective. With it was found a stone bead (Pl. XVI., Cut 3 of Fig. 186); also a small cube of iron pyrites. At the entrance of the shelter there are still traces of bush paintings, and it is not out of place to remind the reader that in the gorge at Humansdorp, where the game traps are preserved, there occurs a rock engraving, painted with red ochre.t

Let us assume that primitive man originated in Africa. When he invades Europe in the Chellean times, the climate is attractive; he brings with him his primitive weapons, the weapons of the chase, defence or offence. Are the feræ naturæ which he has to encounter such formidable and unknown beasts as to daunt his courage? Certainly not. Hyæna spelaa he knows well, it is the present H. crocuta, found only in South and Central Africa; Hyana brunnea, occurring now from Senegal to South Africa, he also knows well. The toothsabred-tiger or the cavern lion could have for him no more terror than his old acquaintance Felis leo or Felis pardus, the present lion and leopard which, besides, he meets again in that country new to him. Is he frightened by Elephas antiquus? No, it is his old acquaintance, now called E. africanus. Hippopotamus major is his old friend H. amphibius; Rhinoceros mercki he cannot distinguish from Péringuey, Rock Engravings of Animals, &c.," Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., xviii., 1909, p. 417.

But these facts are instanced here merely as cases of survival. It does not in the least follow-in fact, it is to me, at least, certain that neither the club nor the bead here mentioned have any connection whatever with the Chellean-Mousterian boucher industry.

R. simus, R. bicornis, or R. keitloa. No such niceties in identification for him. He either defends himself against them, or uses his growing cunning in mastering them, especially the formidable cavern bear Ursus spelæus, which he has not met before. He finds no longer the numerous antelopes of his acquaintance it is true, but Bos bison has the same attraction for him who has slain Bubalus baini or B. antiquus. It is quite possible that he has not known these denizens of an intensely cold climate, the woolly rhinoceros, the mammoth, the reindeer. He would follow the animals which he knew, beasts driven back by cold to receding warmer climes-to climes where, as in South Africa, the total absence of traces of pleistocene ice-age clearly proves that there did not exist at the time the increasing rigour of the elements that has come to prevail in the country whence he retreats, either following the migration of the game on which he subsists or migrating to where it is found still.

And if he is not of African origin, if he is of the NeanderthalChapelle race, but, unlike the latter, has not been able to accommodate himself to the new climatic conditions, then in his retreat southward, and especially to the African continent, he probably accompanies or comes across there most of his old acquaintances; if not all, many of them, i.e., the hippopotamus, the elephant, the hyænas. He finds himself among antelopes which he did not know, but horses which he knew. The hyænas follow him, for is he not providing crumbs for them? He continues the application of methods which he has perfected elsewhere. In his emigration southwards, where he no longer finds the flint nodule so easily worked into implements, he resorts to any stone hard enough to ensure its object; hence the use of quartzite, hence also the discrepancy in technique, more apparent than real, since ultimately the "knapping" becomes as perfect as that of the best flint. But the primary use for which the new material implements are made is the same. They are intended to be used as picks or spades for digging trenches, cleavers to cut stakes or palisades, and, as will be seen in the next chapter, the manufacture of other tools for domestic use here accompanies or follows that of the bouchers, if it has not preceded it.

CHAPTER V.

WERE TOOLS OTHER THAN BOUCHERS MANUFACTURED BY THE MAKERS OF PALEOLITHS?

It remains a moot question whether or not the Chellean boucher, which so many of ours resemble, was the only manufactured implement of that period, leaving out of account the flakes or chips that resulted from the paring of the same-the by-product, so to say, of this lithic industry; a by-product which is very rarely associated both in Europe, and in many cases here also, with the finished or unfinished tool.

It is, however, safe to conclude that in the case of the Chellean era the bi-facial boucher was the predominating, but not the exclusive tool. On the other hand, the Acheulean type is often found together with the Mousterian, and with the latter's concomitants of "points," "scrapers," "graving tools," &c.

In the chapter dealing with the process of manufacture of the South African palæoliths I have gone into details which seem to show that on the shape of the first fracture of the pebble the ultimate object, cleaver or pick, probably depended. But although the forcible impact of a boulder, or of a large pebble against another, was the preliminary step for fashioning the tool, smaller stones more appropriate to the purpose, such as minor fabricating tools, would be required to give, when desired, to a boucher of the type of Figs. 1 to 4, Pl. I., these finishing touches, such as facet-flaking or edge-paring, which so clearly imply that a sense of esthetics prevailed over that of mere utility with some at least of the primitive makers.

FLAKERS, PARING TOOLS.

The two first-mentioned tools are seldom found in South Africa with the completed objects. Finishing tools they may be called where the Chellean- or Acheulean-type bouchers are concerned, fabricators where the comparatively thin, lanciform, lamellate scraper