are nearer to their primary than the other five, but were | inches, breadth three, and one thick. It is connected discovered much later, which accounts for the manner in which they are numbered.

The first satellite is 170,000 miles distant from its primary, and revolves around him in 1 day, 21 hours, and 19 minutes; the second, 217,000 miles distant, in 2 days, 17 hours, 41 1-2 minutes; the third, 303,000 miles, in 4 days, 12 hours, 25 minutes; the fourth, 704,000 miles, in 15 days, 22 hours, 41 minutes; the fifth, 2,050,000 miles, in 79 days, 7 hours, 47 minutes; the sixth, being only 135,000 miles distant from the planet, and the seventh only 107,000, the time of their revolution in their orbit is exceedingly short.

In consequence of the orbits of these satellites making a considerable angle with the orbit of their primary, they are very seldom eclipsed or occulted; and their smallness and vast distance rendering them invisible when the air is not clear, they are not so convenient for making observations on as those of Jupiter.

That the rings of Saturn are opaque substances is proved, not by their appearing in certain positions as a dark streak across the body of the planet, but from their casting a shadow on him; yet these rings sometimes shine with greater splendour even than the planet himself.

Saturn turns on his axis in 10 hours, 16 minutes, at the rate of 22,400 miles per hour at his equator; belts similar to those of Jupiter are frequently seen on his surface, which probably proceed from the same causes. -Guide to Knowledge.

NATURAL HISTORY.

[Continued.]

SUCH are the offices of respiration and the blood. We shall now proceed to consider some of the most important of the abdominal viscera.

The ABDOMEN consists of all that portion of the trunk of the human body, situated below the thorax. It contains the liver, its gall-bladder, the stomach, the spleen, the pancreas, the intestines, the mesentery, the kidneys, the urinary bladder, the omentum, &c. It has also numerous blood vessels, nerves, and absorbents. The LIVER, which is the largest and most ponderous viscous in the abdomen, weighing in adults about three pounds, is of a deep red colour. It consists of a glandulous mass, interspersed with numerous blood vessels. It is situated under the diaphragm, inclining to the right side of the body, having the stomach beneath it; between which and the liver itself lies the gall-bladder, with which of course it is intimately connected. It is divided into two principal lobes, the right of which is by far the largest. Its shape approaches that of a circle; it is attached to the diaphragm by the suspensary and other ligaments. It is larger in young animals than in old ones.

by the blood vessels to the stomach and left kidney. It is larger when the stomach is empty, and smaller when compressed or evacuated by a full stomach. The uses of the spleen have, till lately, been considered as unknown; but by a paper of Sir E. HOME, in the Philosophical Transactions, it appears probable that this viscons is a reservoir for the superabundant serum, lymph, globules, soluble mucous, and colored matter taken into the circulation immediately after digestion is completed. The STOMACH is a large receptacle, varying in its capacity from about five to ten pints. It is situated under the left side of the diaphragm, its left side touching the spleen, and its right covered by the thin edge of the liver; its figure nearly resembling the pouch of a bagpipe, its left edge being most capacious. The upper side is concave, the lower is convex. It has two orifices, both on its upper part; the left, through which the aliment passes from the mouth through the gullet or asophagus to the stomach, is named cardia; the right, through which it is conveyed out of the stomach into the duodenum, is named pylorus, where there is a circular valve which hinders the return of the aliment from the gut, but does not at all times hinder the bile from flowing into the stomach. The stomach, like the intestinal canal, is composed of three coats or membranes.

The uses of the stomach are, to excite hunger and partly thirst; to receive the food from the œsophagus, and to retain it till, by the motion of the stomach and the admixture of various fluids, and by many other changes not exactly understood, it is rendered fit to pass the right orifice of the stomach, and afford chyle to the intestines for the nutrition of the body; or, in other words, till the important process

Of DIGESTION is completed. The chief agent in this process is, beyond question, the gastric juice, a fluid that is secreted from certain glands in the stomach, and which possess great solvent powers in regard to numerous animal and vegetable substances. The food being duly masticated, and blended with a considerable proportion of salivia, is propelled into the stomach, where it soon undergoes a remarkable change, being converted into a pulpy mass termed chyme; the chyme afterwards passes from the stomach into the small intestines; here, it is mixed with bile, and separated into two portions, one of which is as white as milk, and called chyle; the other passes on to the larger intestines, and is voided as excrementitious matter. The chyle is absorbed by the lacteals, which terminate in the trunk or tube called thoracic duct: it is there mixed with variable proportions of lymph, and lastly with the blood, as stated under that article.

The GASTRIC JUICE is said to be of so powerful a nature, that after death the stomach is occasionally eaten into holes by its action. And it is also said, that if exposed to a proper temperature, it will digest food in metal tubes.

The BILE is of a yellow green colour, about the consistence of oil; when much agitated, it froths like The PANCREAS, or SWEET-BREAD, is a large soap and water. Its smell is somewhat like musk; its giand of the salivary kind, of a long figure, compared taste is bitter. It is in fact a species of soap; and like to a dog's tongue. It lies across the upper and back other soap, it is successfully employed to remove grease part of the abdomen, under the stomach. Its use is to from clothes, &c. The gall-bladder in the human bo- secrete a juice called the pancreatic juice, which apdy is shaped like a pear, and is generally capable of con- pears to be similar in its properties to saliva, and, togethtaining about an ounce. It is firmly connected to theer with the bile, helps to complete the digestion of the liver. In the elephant, stag, all insects and worms, this aliment. It communicates with the duodenum. reservoir is wanting, the bile which they secrete passing at once into the intestinal canal. The real use of the bile does not even now seem to be accurately ascertained. It appears, however, to assist in separating the chyle from the chyme, to excite the intestines to action, and to produce the healthy appearance of intestine evacuations.

The SPLEEN or MILT is a spongy viscous of a livid colour, in form somewhat resembling a tongue, but its shape, situation, and size vary very much. It is, in a healthy subject, always on the left side, between the false ribs and the stomach. Its general length is six

The INTESTINES consist of that convoluted tube beginning at the right orifice of the stomach called pylorus, and ending with the sphincter recti. The length of this canal is generally six times the length of the whole human subject. It is divided by nature into two parts. The small intestines begin from the stomach, and fill the middle or fore part of the abdomen; the large intestines occupy the sides, and both the upper and lower parts of the same cavity.

The KIDNEYS are shaped like a kidney-bean. They are situated on the lower part of the back, one on each side. They are surrounded with more or less fat.

THE RUINS OF ST. PAUL'S:
From a print by Le Bas, published in 1757, after a drawing made on the spot.

The cut before us is a representation of the ruins of St. Paul's church, as mentioned in our last. But enough of these ruins. We will now proceed to notice the effects of this great earthquake in other quarters.

At Oporto, near the mouth of the river Duero, the earthquake was felt at the same time as at Lisbon. The sky was very serene, when a dreadful hollow noise resembling thunder, or the rattling of coaches at a distance was heard, and almost at the same instant the earth began to quake. In the space of two minutes, the river rose and fell five or six feet, and continued to do so for four hours. At the commencement, it ran with so much violence as to break a ship's hawser. In some parts the river opened, and seemed to discharge vast quantities of air. The agitation of the sea was so great about a league beyond the bar, that air was supposed to have been discharged there also.

and Callao, in Peru, towards the end of October, 1746, and was nearly of twice the duration, the latter having been felt for three minutes only. That every thing here was not destroyed, appears to have been owing to the great solidity of the buildings. The water of the cisterns under ground was washed backward and forward, and was covered with great froth. The inhabitants, who had quitted the houses and churches, seeking safety in the open air, had scarcely recovered from their first terror, when they were plunged into a new alarm. At ten minutes past eleven o'clock, a wave was seen coming from the sea at the distance of eight miles, and at least sixty feet higher than usual. It dashed against the west part of the city, which is very rocky. Although its force was much broken by these rocks, it at length reached the walls, and beat in the breast-work, which was sixty feet above the ordinary level of the water, reDuring the first shock which was very terrible, the moving pieces of the fabric, of the weight of eight or houses in the city were rocked, as if in a convulsion, ten tons, to the distance of forty or fifty yards. At half and every thing within shook and rattled to such a de- past eleven came a second wave; and this was followed gree, that the affrighted inhabitants ran into the streets, by four others of equal magnitude. Others, but smallwhere the earth was evidently seen to heave up. At six er, and gradually lessening, continued at uncertain ino'clock in the evening, another violent shock was felt.-tervals until the evening. A considerable part of the The only damage done was the overturning of a few pedestals from the tops of the churches, and the splitting of the walls of the decayed houses.

rampart was thrown down, and carried by the torrent above fifty paces. Several persons perished on the causeway leading to the Isle of Lesu. The accounts brought to Cadiz reported that SEVILLE had been much damaged, and that a similar fate had attended St. LuCAR and CHERES. CONEL was said to have been de

SAINT UBES, a sea-port town about twenty miles south of Lisbon, was entirely swallowed up by the repeated shocks, and the vast surf of the sea. Huge pieces of rock were detached at the same time from the promon-stroyed; and, indeed, with the exception of the protory at the west end of the town, which consists of a chain of mountains containing fine jasper of different

colours.

AT CADIZ, a sea-port of Spain, according to the report of Don Antonia d'Ulloa, the earthquake commenced at three minutes after nine in the morning of the first of November, and continued five minutes, the weather being at the time remarkably fine. It was, he observes, not inferior in violence to that which swallowed un Time.

vinces of Catalonia, Aragon, and Valencia, the effects of this earthquake were felt throughout Spain.

At MADRID the shock was very sensibly felt soon after ten in the morning, and lasted five or six minutes. At first, the inhabitants fancied they were seized with a swimming in the head; and afterwards, that the houses were falling. In the churches the sensations were the same, and the terror so great that the people trod e. ch

ciber ruler fpt in ..

In 1693, after several previous shocks, one occurred on the 11th of January, which, in three or four minutes, entirely destroyed the city of CATANIA, and 19,000 inhabitants of the Island of Sicily: the undulations of this were felt, it is said, in Germany, France, and even in England. Fifty-four towns of some magnitude were more or less sufferers by this earthquake, and the total loss of human life amounted, it is supposed, to nearly 100,000.

The earthquake at JAMAICA in the previous year, 1692, was still more dreadful: the earth rose and fell like wares of the sea. and hundreds of the me pro

BIOGRAPHY.

many buildings. On the north of the island, the plan- | dred, besides the wounded and maimed, many of whom tations, which covered upwards of a thousand acres, survived their tortures but a short time. were swallowed up, and a lake appeared in their place; this afterwards dried up, leaving nothing but sand and gravel, without a trace of a house or tree having ever occupied the spot. The chain of mountains which traverses the island presented the most fearful signs of the violence of the convulsion; they were almost entirely stripped of their verdure and their woods, which were brought down the rivers in such quantities, that several hundred thousand tons of timber were seen strewed on the face of the deep.

Since the establishment of the Spaniards in Peru, the first earthquake in its capital happened in 1582; but the damage it did was much less considerable than that of some of those which succeeded. Six years after, Lima was again visited by an earthquake, the results of which were so dreadful, that it is still solemnly commemorated every year. In 1609, a third convulsion threw down many houses: and on the 27th of November, 1630, so much damage was done by an earthquake, that, in acknowledgement of the city not having been entirely demolished, a festival is also on that day annually celebrated. On the 3d of November, 1654, the most stately edifices in Lima, and a great number of houses, were destroyed by a similar event; but the inhabitants having had timely presages, withdrew themselves from their houses, insomuch that few perished. In 1678, another dreadful concussion took place.

Among the most tremendous earthquakes with which the Peruvian capital has been visited, may be reckoned that which happened on the 28th of October, 1687. The first shock was at four in the morning, when several of the finest public buildings and houses were destroyed, with the loss of many lives. This was, however, merely a prelude to what followed; for two hours after, a second shock was felt, with such impetuous concussions, that all was laid in ruins, and every description of proWYBRAND LOLKES, THE DUTCH DWARF. perty lost. During this second shock, the sea retired MYNHEER WYBRAND LOLKES was a native of Holconsiderably, and then returned in mountainous waves, land, and born at Jelst, in West Friezland, in the year entirely overwhelming Callao, the sea-port of Lima, 1730, of parents in but indifferent circumstances, his distant five miles, as well as the adjacent country, to- father being a fisherman, who, besides this most extraorgether with the inhabitants. From that time, six other dinary little creature, had to support a family of seven earthquakes were felt at Lima prior to that of 1746, other children, all of whom were of ordinary stature, as which likewise happened on the 28th of October, at were both the father and mother. Wybrand Lolkes at half past ten at night. The early concussions were so an early age exhibited proofs of a taste for mechanism; violent, that in the space of somewhat more than three and when sufficiently grown up, was by the interest of minutes, the greater part, if not all, the buildings in the some friends placed with an eminent watch and clock city were destroyed, burying under their ruins such of maker at Amsterdam, to learn that business: he conthe inhabitants as had not made sufficient haste into the tinued to serve this master for four years after the expistreets and squares, the only places of safety. At length ration of his apprenticeship, and then removed to Rotthe horrible effects of the first shock ceased; but the terdam, where he carried on this trade on his own tranquillity was of short duration, the concussions swiftly account, and where he first became acquainted with, succeeding each other. The fort of Callao was dilapi- and afterwards married, the person who accompanied dated; but what this building suffered from the earth-him to England. His trade of a watch maker however quake was inconsiderable when compared with the failing, he came to the resolution of exhibiting his perdreadful catastrophe which followed. The sea, as is son publicly as a show, and by attending the several usual on such occasions, receding to a considerable dis- Dutch fairs, obtained a handsome competency. Impeltance, returned in mountainous waves, foaming with the led by curiosity and in hopes of gain, he came to Engviolence of the agitation, and suddenly buried Callao land, and was visited at Harwich (where he first landed) and the neighbouring country in its flood. This how-by crowds of people: encouraged by this early success, ever was not entirely effected by the first swell of the he proceeded to London, and on applying to the late waves; for the sea retiring still further, returned with Mr. Philip Astley, obtained an engagement at a weekly greater impetuosity, and covered not only the buildings, salary of five guineas He first appeared at the Amphibut also the lofty walls of the fortress: so that what had theatre, Westminster Road, on Easter Monday, 1790, even escaped the first inundation, was totally overwhelm- and continued to exhibit every evening during the whole ed by these succeeding mountainous waves. Of twenseason. He always was accompanied by his wife, who ty-three ships and vessels of light burden then in the came on the stage with him hand in hand; but though harbour, nineteen were sunk; and the four others, he elevated his arm, she was compelled to stoop considamong which was a frigate named the San Firmin, were erably to meet the proffered honour. carried by the force of the waves to a considerable distance up the country. This terrible inundation extended, as well as the earthquake, to other parts of the coast, and several towns underwent the fate of Lima. The number of persons who perished in that capital within two weeks after the earthquake commenced, on an estimate of the bodies found, amounted to thirteen hun

Mynheer Lolkes was a fond husband; he well knew the value of his partner, and repaid her care of him with the most fervent affection; for he was not one of those men who

are April when they woo, December when they wed.

He had by this wife three children, one of which, a