Simon, also an Apostle, who is denominated in every catalogue of the Apostles, as Simon the Cananite, or Simon the Zealot-and both these conclusions, I think, may be further confirmed as follows.

I. 1 Cor. ix. 5. the adeλpoì Tou Kupíou are spoken of there, either among, or distinct from, the amoì ámóσroλ—yet as Evangelists of Christianity, and as married men. Now, none of the Apostles, except James, the first Bishop of Jerusalem, is ever spoken of, or described, as a brother of the Lord: and, concerning this James, the following facts are almost certaink, first, that he was not a married man; secondly, that if he had been, he could not have led about a wife, a sister—he was always stationary at Jerusalem-and this, we have seen, was eminently true of the time (A. U. 808-A. U. 809.) when the First to the Corinthians was written, and St. Paul came up to Jerusalem. As St. Paul, however, in the passage above recited, leads to the inference that the ἀδελφοὶ τοῦ Κυρίου, one or more, were married men, so does Eusebius, on the authority of Hegesippus', confirm the inference; shewing that there were persons, πpòs yévous κατὰ σάρκα τοῦ Κυρίου, still alive after the destruction of Jerusalem—and descendants of Judas in particular, Toũ xatà σάρκα λεγομένου αὐτοῦ ἀδελφοῦ—in the reign of Domitianand down to the time of Trajan-which descendants he specifies as his vivoùs, or grandchildren. The persecution of the Christians by Domitian Eusebius places in the fifteenth year of his reignm; and Dio Cassius" so far confirms Eusebius as to place the death of Flavius Clemens, at that time consul, on the charge adeóτnтos, (who is believed to have suf fered as a Christian,) in the year of the City 848. or A. D. 95. the last year but one of Domitian. It is manifestly possible, if Jude was married before A. U. 808. A. D. 55. that he might have grandchildren arrived at man's estate, A. D. 95. forty years afterwards.

II. It is affirmed on the authority of the same Hegesippus, in the places of Eusebius above referred to, that the iii. 11. Ib. 19. 20. 32. Vide also Rel. Sacræ.

Eus. E. H. ii. 23.

second Bishop of Jerusalem, appointed upon the death of James, and on the return of the Church, after the Jewish war, was Symeon-which is the same name with Simonwhich Symeon suffered by martyrdom in the reign of Trajan, and éπì úπatıxοũ 'ATTIxoũ, that is, before a consular president, Atticus-at one hundred and twenty years old. It is true that Eusebius calls him, (and so does Hegesippus, if he has been quoted rightly,) the son of Cleopas. But to this tradition, I think, we are entitled to pay no attention; for Eusebius speaks of Mary also, as the daughter of Cleopas-understanding John xix. 25. ý toυ Kawnã, with the ellipsis not of yuvn, but of buyáτnp. There is no proof from Scripture that Cleopas had any children, much less any son who was called Simon.

The time of the martyrdom of Symeon is placed by Eusebius in Chronico, in the tenth of Trajan, A. U. 860. and A. D. 107. in which case Symeon must have been born A. U. 740. or B. C. 14. But if Cleopas was the brother of Joseph, he would probably be almost as old as Joseph, at the time of the birth of Christ: in which case, though he might have a son fourteen years old A. D. 1. it is not likely he would have married again, A. D. 27. or even that he would then be alive, any more than Joseph. It is much more probable that Symeon, the second Bishop of Jerusalem, was Simon, the brother of Jude and son of Joseph and Mary, one of the two brethren of our Lord, but falsely reputed the son of Cleopas. The appointment of Simon, if he also was the brother of our Lord, to be the second Bishop of Jerusalem, was just as natural as the appointment of James, both on that account, and because he was an Apostle, to be the first.

And with respect to the time of his death, I do not see on what grounds Eusebius has referred it to the tenth of Trajan. The language of Hegesippus would imply, that he suffered ἐπὶ Τραϊάνου Καίσαρος, καὶ ἐπὶ ὑπατικοῦ ̓Αττικού—that is, before Trajan and Atticus in conjunction—and it is clear that he suffered in Palestine, or somewhere else on the spot. It would follow, then, that he suffered at some time when

Trajan was in the east, for the determination of which time I might be content to refer implicitly to Eckel, who proves that the Emperor Trajan was once only in the east, and that upon his Armenian, Parthian, or other, expeditions in those quarters. The year of his reign when he set out upon them may be presumptively collected from Dio.

For, first, Licinius Sura was dead before the expedition P; and Licinius Sura was not dead before the tenth of Trajan, in which year he was consul. The same thing appears to be implied of Sosius and Palma also 9; the latter of whom, when last mentioned', was mentioned as governor of Syria. This would make the expedition later not only than the tenth of Trajan, when Sosius was consul, but also than the twelfth, when Palma was consul.

Secondly, after the commencement of the expedition, there was one campaign, the same year, in Armenia; another, the next year, in Parthia; a third, after them both, in Arabia; which third coincided with the nineteenth of Trajan, A. U. 869.s the last but one of his reign. On this principle, the first year of these wars, and, consequently, either the year of Trajan's arrival in the east, or the year after that at the latest, must have been A. U. 867. the seventeenth of his reign.

It is in unison with this conclusion, that he was wintering at Antioch, after one year's campaign, preparatory to taking the field again, in the next, when the great earthquake happened there. The time of the earthquake is ascertained by the death of Pedo, one of the sufferers from it, and consul évvμos at the time, A.U. 868-at the beginning of the eighteenth year of his reign. John Malala places the earthquake December 13. Æræ Antiochenæ 164"; which, if deduced from the epoch of A. U. 705. would be December 13. A. U. 868-at the end, not at the beginning, of the eighteenth of the reigning Emperor. At the same time, according to this historian, Trajan had been two years in the east; which would place his arrival A. U.

⚫ vi. 451-454. 24. 26. 31. 32.

P lxviii. 15.

Ib. 24. 25.

a Ib. 16. ▾ Ib.
u Lib. xi. 358.

14. * Ib. 17. 18.

816. But Malala's authority is not equal to that of Dio; according to whom, if there was one campaign of Trajan's, A. U. 867. another, A. U. 868. a third, A. U. 869. and a fourth, A. U. 870. in the midst of which Trajan was surprised by death, and the campaign in A. U. 868. was posterior to the earthquake, when Pedo was consul, and killed by it, the earthquake could not have happened before the first of January, A. U. 868. at least. And it is possible it might actually happen on the thirteenth of January, A. U. 868. and not on the thirteenth of December, A. U. 867. or 868.

If Symeon, then, was put to death, inì Tgaïávou as well as ἐπὶ ̓Αττικοῦ, he could not have been put to death before the eighteenth of Trajan, at the earliest. If Atticus was governor of Syria at the time, the tenth year of Trajan, at least, seems to be out of the question. For Palma, not Atticus, was certainly president of that province A. U. 858. the eighth of Trajan'; and the context of Dio w would imply that he was still president in the tenth, at the close of the Dacian war, and later than that, at the time of the death of Sura, which could not well be earlier than the eleventh. Had Symeon, then, suffered in the tenth of Trajan, and before a Roman president of Syria, it would have been ἐπὶ Πάλμου, not ἐπὶ ̓Αττικοῦ.

But the testimony of Hegesippus at the same time describes this Atticus, as únaτixov, one who was of consular dignity, and, therefore, had been consul. The Fasti Consulares exhibit no Atticus as consul before A. U. 896. the sixth of Antoninus Pius: and that was Herodes Atticus, the son of this Atticus, and the contemporary and friend of

*It is true that, in Spartian's Life of Hadrian, (Casauboni et Variorum i. 43.) Hadrian is spoken of as legate of Syria, at the time of the death of Trajan: III. id. August—but this was almost two years after the time when he was wintering at Antioch. Nor does it appear that Hadrian was then in Syria, as the regular governor; but only as commander of the forces instead of Trajan. Dio, lxviii. 33.

Aulus Gellius . We have the authority, however, of Suidas and of Philostratus, for knowing that Atticus the father was twice consul, and, by virtue of his consular dignity, sometime governor of Asia y. The same biographer informs us that he acquired the wealth, which laid the foundation of his future dignity, in the reign of Nerva, and that he was governor of Asia in the reign of Hadrian. His first consulate, then, might fall in the reign of Trajan; but it would fall, probably, late in that reign, rather than early; and if we were to conjecture that he might be consul suffectus in the room of Pedo, A, U. 868. it would not be an extraordinary supposition.

The next year, also, which would be the nineteenth of Trajan, the rebellion of the Jews, in Cyrene, Cyprus, and Egypt, broke out 2; the connection of which event, as well as of the earthquake, just before, with the persecution in which Symeon suffered, is very probably implied in the account which Eusebius has left of it. For, first, the persecution was not general, but μερικῶς καὶ κατὰ πόλεις, ἐξ ἐπανα

* It appears from the same passage of Philostratus, that Herodes Atticus the younger was a young man (probably not less than twenty) at this time, when his father was governor of the free cities in Asia. Herodes Atticus died at seventy-six years of age, (Vita xv.) and he was not yet dead when the Emperor Marcus Aurelius visited Athens, for the purpose of being initiated in the Eleusinian mysteries. (Vita xii.) This visit, it appears from Philostratus, (Vita Hadriani, iv.) was later, at least, than the consulate of a certain Severus, most probably M. Aurelius Severus, consul A. U. 926: and by Eckel (vii. 63.) it is placed in the consulate of Pollio and Aper, A. U. 929. Vide also Dio, lxxi. 31. Let us suppose Herodes Atticus died at, or about, seventy-six years of age, A. U. 929. He was born, on this principle, A. U. 853. in the third of Trajan: and he would be about twenty, A. U. 873. the fourth of Hadrian. At this time his father was governor of Asia: and ὑπατικός.

* Noctes Atticæ. i. 2. ix. 2. xviii..10. xix. 12. * Suidas. Ηρώδης Αττικός. Philostrat. Vit. Sophist. lib.ii. Herodes. 3. lib.i. Polemo. 6. Scopelianus. 6. 7. Nicetes. 4.2. * Dio. lxviii. 32. Euseb. H. E. iv. 2. Appian. B. C. ii. 90.