that is to say, during the space of 1260 years. Since then the Mohammedun transgression, which was destined in the course of its desolating progress to take away the daily sacrifice and to pollute the sanctuary, is to flourish 1260 years: and since the outer court of the apocalyptic temple is to be trodden under foot during the same period of 1260 years: it will necessarily follow, that the sanctuary mentioned by Daniel is the same as the temple mentioned by St. John; in other words, that it is the Church of Christ. This supposition is decidedly established by the particular era when the desolating transgression of Mohammedism first made its appearance. The era in question is the year in which the Roman beast revived, or the year of our Lord 606: at this era, the literal sanctuary of the Jewish temple was no longer in existence, having been utterly destroyed by the Romans several centuries before; consequently, the Jewish temple cannot be the sanctuary which the little horn was to pollute: but, if it be not the literal Jewish temple, it can be nothing else but the Christian spiritual temple. On these grounds then I conceive, that the pollution of the sanctuary by the eastern little horn is the establishment of the Mohammedan Apostacy upon the ruins of the Greek church; and that the treading under foot of the outer court of the temple by the gentiles is the subjugation of the Latin church by the Papal Apostacy. We shall find, that the declaration of prophecy concerning these matters precisely accords with the event. The Latin church was to be trampled under foot during the whole period of the 1260 years; but the sanctuary and the host of the Greek church were not to begin to be trodden under foot till some time after the rise of the Mohammedan little horn, in short not till after it had waxed exceeding great.*

*Compare Rev. xi. 2. with Dan. viii. 9-12. It might at first be thought indeed from Dan. xii. 11, that the daily sacrifice should begin to be taken away so soon as the abomination of desolation should be set up: but the preceding context of Dan. viii. 9—12. sufficiently shews, that those 1290 days are to be computed, not from the taking away of the daily sacrifice, but from the setting up of the desolating abomination, which in the course of its triumphant progress should take away that daily sacrifice and pollute the sanctuary. The Mohammedan little born was to wax exceeding great: and, in the course of its thus waxing great, not at its first rise, it was to cause the sanctuary to be polluted. Such is the order of events in the prophecy, and exactly such has been their order in the completion of it. At the time when the desolating

Accordingly the Latin church was subjugated by the pas pal horn in the year 606: but, although Mohammedism arose in the same year, it did not immediately begin to trample upon the Greek church, nor did it finally complete the pollution of the eastern sanctuary till the crescent triumphed over the cross in the very midst of Constantinople.

Here we cannot but observe the strict accuracy of expression used both by Daniel and St. John. That desolating transgression, the religion of Mohammed is represented as putting an end to the daily sacrifice of spiritual praise and thanksgiving, and as treading the sanctuary itself under foot. But the tyrannical superstition of Popery is described as only treading under foot the outer court of the Gentiles and the holy city; being unable to injure “the temple or sanctuary of God, and the altar, and them that worship therein." Such accordingly has been the event. Although the skeleton of the Greek church has been suffered to exist, yet we hear not of any spiritual worshippers that it has produced since the establishment of Mohammedism. Its sanctuary has been trodden under foot, no less than its outer court; and its altar has ceased to send up any grateful incense to the God of heaven. Plunged in the same superstitious observances as the Latin church, though resolutely denying its supremacy, it has not, like the Latin church, retained within its bosom a hidden seed, a chosen generation, who, in the midst of its corruptions should still continue to worship in the spiritual temple, and to serve at the spiritual altar. In the western world we have never ceased to behold the witnesses prophesying in sackcloth; and we of this kingdom have especially to bless their pious labours for that pure and apostolical branch of the Church established among us: but in vain do we inquire for any reformation in the eastern world; no witnesses there have raised their warning voice; the sanctuary itself is polluted, and will continue in that deplorable state to the very end of the 1260 years.

Still,

transgression was first set up; the pollution of the sanctuary was only in an incipient state for the first only of that series of events had then taken place which afterwards led to its complete pollution.

at the expiration of twelve centuries, are the Greek churches overwhelmed with the same vanities of superstition and idolatry that pulled down the wrath of God upon them. They made no effort to purify themselves; whence they have, more or less, during the greatest part of that long period, been harassed and oppressed by the iron rod of Mohammedan despotism.

II. "The he-goat waxed very great: and, when he was strong, the great horn was broken and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land.”

"The

The angel interprets this passage as follows. rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn, that is between his eyes, is the first king. Now, that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power. And, at the end of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and teaching dark sentences, shall stand up."

1. The king, or kingdom, symbolized by the little horn, was to stand up at the end of the four Greek kingdoms, and out of one of them-We may here note the different manner in which the two little horns are introduced. The papal horn was to arise among the ten horns of the Roman beast, and to be contemporary with them : the Mohammedan horn was to come out of the ruins of one of the four Greek horns of the Macedonian beast as they four had arisen out of the ruins of the one great imperial horn, and not to be contemporary with any of them, for it was to stand up at the end of their kingdom. Such accordingly was the event. When all the four Greek kingdoms had come to their end, the religion of Mohammed made its appearance, agreeably to the prediction, in the year 606, at the beginning of the 1260 years during which it was to flourish contemporaneously with the Papacy. Mecca was the first theatre of its actions but, in a very short period of time after its rise, it invaded Syria, and thus accomplished its prophetic

character of being a little horn of one of the four subverted horns of the he-goat.*

* The first war between the Saracens and the Romans took place in the year 629 and 630; and between the years 632 and 639 the whole of Syria was conquered by them. (Hist. of Decline, Vol. 1x. p. 312, 379-421.) Dr. Zouch, in his work on prophecy, objects, that the little born of the he-goat cannot be Mohammed (Mr. Whitaker, whom he is opposing, ought rather to have said Mohammedism, for a born, in the language of symbols, does not mean an individual, but a power), because that impostor sprung up in Arabia, which was never subject to the Syrian born: whereas the little born was to come out of one of the four notable ones of the be-goat. Hence he prefers the interpretation of Sir Isaac and Bp. Newton; and supposes with them, that the little born is the Roman power, which first penetrated into the East by way of Macedon, one of the four horns or kingdoms of the Greek empire-When Dr. Zouch made this objection, he certainly was not aware, that it applies with equal force to his own system, as to that which supposes Mohammedism to be the little born. The Roman power sprung up no more within the territories of any of the four Greek borns at its first rise, than the religion of Mohammed. Consequently, if the one must not be esteemed the little born, because it originated in Arabia, neither must the other, because it first arose in Italy: and, on the contrary, if the one may be esteemed the little born, because it became a power within the limits of the be-goat's empire by the conquest of Macedon; so likewise may the other with equal propriety, because it became a power within the limits of the same empire by the conquest of Syria-The fact is, Dr. Zouch's objection is one of those, which, by proving too much, prove nothing. A born, in the language of prophecy, is indifferently said to spring from the head of a symbolical beast or empire, whether it be one of the kingdoms into which that empire has been divided by its own grandees, or whether it be one of the kingdoms which have been formed out of the empire in question by the successful inroads of foreigners. Thus the ten Gothic kingdoms of the Western Roman empire, although founded by nations that did not spring out of the empire, but on the contrary invaded it, are represented by Daniel as being the ten horns of the fourth beast; no less than the four Greek monarchies, which literally sprung out of the Macedonian empire, are described by him as being the four horns of the he-goat. Yet, if Dr. Zouch's objection be valid, not one of the ten Gothic kingdoms must be esteemed a born of the fourth beast; because not one of them, so far as its primitive origin is concerned, arose out of the Roman empire, any more than either the Roman empire itself or Mohammedism, whichever of these powers be intended by the little born of the be-goat, arose out of the Greek empire. The 1260 days, must be dated from the time when the saints were given into the hand of the papal horn or the year 606; consequently the rise of Mohammedism, or the setting up of the desolating transgression, must be dated from the same era: but Mohammedism itself did not become a born of the he-goat, or a spiritual power within the limits of the Greek empire, till the Saracens invaded Syria.

Dr. Zouch further objects to the long period of time, which intervened between the downfall of the four Greek kingdoms and the rise of Mohammedism; conceiving, that, if the little born had been designed to symbolize that Apostacy, some of the intermediate events would have been noticed by the prophet-This objection appears to me very unreasonable. Daniel had already recapitulated the whole of Nebuchadnezzar's dream in his vision of the four beasts, for the evident purpose of introducing the little born of the fourth beast, which had not been noticed in the dream of the Babylonian prince: he now recapitulates the history of the second and third empires, for the simiJar evident purpose of introducing the little born of the be-goat which answers to the third beast of the preceding vision. Had he therefore again recapitulated the conquests of the Romans, he would not only have introduced much superfluous matter, but would have involved his whole prophecy in confusion: for, in that case, we should have been led erroneously to imagine, that both the little borns sprung out of the Western part of the empire: instead of, what is now abundantly manifest, the one out of the Western part, and the other out of the Eastern part or the original body of the third beast. Accordingly we find, in the following vision, that Daniel does there actually re

2. The horn was first to be small and afterwards to be great in a southern, eastern, and northern* direction— The religion of Mohammed was originally small in the number of its proselytes; but it soon waxed exceeding great, and that in the very line marked out by the prophecy. Its conquests extended southward over the peninsula of Arabia; eastward, over Persia and in after ages over Hindostan ; and northward, over Palestine, Asia Minor, and Greece. Some conquests it likewise made westward; but they were neither so permanent, nor so considerable, as its other acquisitions. Spain soon threw off its tyranny; and the piratical states of Barbary are not worthy to be mentioned with the spiritual sovereignty of Greece, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, Hindostan, and Arabia. Hence the prophet truly remarks, that the principal theatre of its greatness should be the North, the South, and the East.t

capitulate a part of the Roman history, because he wishes to conduct us to the tyrannical reign of the atheistical king, who, like the papal born, was to arise, not in the East, but in the West. (See Dan. xi. 30-45.) In order then, I conceive, to preserve that perspicuity, which is so necessary for the right understanding of his prophecies, Daniel here simply tells us, that some time after the downfall of the four Greek kingdoms, the little born should make its appearance in the late territories of one of them. The precise time however, when the power which was destined to become this little born should arise, he does not mention, leaving us to collect it from certain numbers which he has given us. From these numbers the time has been collected; and that time, as

we have seen, is the very year in which Mohammed commenced his imposture. Lastly, Dr. Zouch objects, that the king typified by the little born was to be a king of a fierce countenance; whereas Mohammed, according to the traditions of his companions, was distinguished for his commanding presence, his majestic aspect, his piercing eye, his gracious smile, his countenance that painted every sensation of the soul, and his gestures that enforced each expression of the tongue-To this objection the answer is sufficiently obvious. Daniel is not describing the aspect of a man, but the nature of a religion: the antitype of the little born is not an individual king, but a spiritual kingdom. And this spiritual kingdom or religion is to remain 1260 years, and at length to be broken without hand. Consequently it cannot be any single individual. Whatever then the countenance of Mohammed may have been, his sanguinary superstition, avowedly propagated by the sword, may with the utmost propriety be described as a kingdom fierce of countenance. See Zouch on Prophecy, Chap. 8.

* The expression toward the pleasant land, when joined with the preceding phrase toward the South and toward the East, and when considered with a reference to the native country of Mohammed, evidently means toward the North. It is a mode of speech perfectly familiar in the Hebrew language. Thus, from the relative position of the Mediterranean sea to Palestine, the Jews were wont to express the West by the phrase toward the sea.

+ "Under the last of the Ommiades, the Arabian empire extended two hundred days journey from East to West, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. And, if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of Africa," (that is to say, the petty western conquests of the Mohammedan religion, which were not worthy to be mention