$577,941 96 Raised annually out of the city proper which consists of a population of a little more than eighty thousand souls, and living within the narrow compass of two square miles. ing to a distance equal nearly to that of the mock suns from the true sun or the radius of the halo. That on the south or left side, was shorter and less brilliant, and inclined more upwards. Both of the mock suns presented occasionally the rainbow tints of the halo, but more brightly. A short and rather faint band of light was seen extending from the sun on either side towards the mock suns, fading away, however, entirely before If the auction commissions and duties, which are al-reaching them. most entirely paid in the city of Philadelphia, were added to this sum, it would make another item of at least $90,000. But in addition to this immense load of taxation, the city suffers the pressure of a very heavy debt, which is composed of: 1. The debt of the city itself The annual interest of which is $110,231. 2. Its proportion of the county debt of $476,400 32, say 3. Its proportion of the funded debt of the guardians of the poor, of $650,000, say Making a grand total of real city debt, of If to the city taxes set forth as above, and amounting to (including the auction estimate of $90,000) We add the taxes of the incorporated districts which form the suburbs of the city, and may be taken at one-third of the city, (exclusive of auction) $577,941 96, we have The distance of each parhelion from the sun as measured by a sextant, was 23 degrees, making the diameter of the halo 46 degrees, being nearly the dimensions of the ordinary solar halo. No inverted arch and third parhelion were visible at the summit of the halo, though these are described by former observers as commonly accompanying this phenomenon. Neither were any other rings or halos observed crossing or intersecting the one described, though according to the common 284,000 theory of the production of mock suns, such additional intersecting halos ought to have been seen. $2,110,600 438,043 $2,832,643 The peculiarities which appear to distinguish this case of mock suns from those described by former observers in our books, are, first, the absence of all secondary touching or intersecting circles; secondly, the po, sition of the mock suns below the level of the true sun, while at the same time, if theory were true, from the upward inclination of the tails, their position should be 667,941 96 rather above that of the sun; and thirdly, we may add, the luminous band extending through the true sun towards either mock sun. 192,647 32 $860,589 28 Making an annual disbursement of nearly nine hundred thousand dollars for taxes, by a population of about 170,000 souls. The aggregate of the permanent and floating debts of the city and liberties, may be stated thus: City proper Incorporated districts and county of Philadelphia. County of Philadelphia, (less city's proportion) Spring Garden N. Liberties Kensington Moyamensing 192,400 172,553 137,000 70,000 48,000 130,000 One feature which this case exhibited in common with several of the most remarkable on record, was the singular and unexplained superior brilliancy of the right or northern parhelion. Among the various instances of mock suns recorded, the following observed by Henelius, the Astronomer, on the 6th April, 1660, bears the nearest resemblance to what we have described: "At half an hour past five in the evening, while the sun was descending, he was crowned with arches of cir2,832,643 cles of various colors like the rainbow.-In the corona on the opposite side of the sun there were two parhelia variously coloured, with pretty long and whitish tails, pointing from the Sun. Near the zenith, where the corona (halo) was a little faint and imperfect, there shone out an inverted arch having a third parhelion in the middle of it, which appeared somewhat obscure. The phenomenon lasted half an hour (till sunset) the sun being very clear. The inverted arch, and the upper parhelion disappeared first, and then the parhelion 749,953 on the left hand, but the third or right parhelion set with the true sun. The diameter of the corona round about the sun, was about 45 degrees, as I guessed by my eye." $3,582,596 Making an aggregate total of nearly four millions of dol lars. From the National Gazette. PHENOMENON OF THE MOCK SUN. PHILADELPHIA, April 12, 1834. The interesting and somewhat rare phenomenon of the Mock Sun (parhelion) was witnessed yesterday afternoon in this city. The writer of this notice first observed this appearance, about half past four o'clock, whilst walking up Chestnut street in company with a friend. It continued to be visible until 6 o'clock, and would probably have accompanied the sun to his setting but for the gathering haziness in the west. The following is a description of the appearances it presented. The sun was surrounded by a halo, dimly colored like a rainbow on the inner margin. On the north and south sides of the halo or circle, and a few degrees below the level of the sun, were the two mock suns, appearing each like a small illuminated cloud, of rather indistinct outline, but of several times the size of the true sun, having a silvery lustre,and with a bright tapering beam or tail, stretching outwards from the circle and slightly inclining upwards. That on the north or right side of the sun, was longest and brightest, stretch At a large and respectable meeting of the Democratic and other citizens of the city and county of Philadelphia, opposed to the usurpations of Andrew Jackson, convened agreeable to public notice at the Musical Fund Hall, on Tuesday afternoon the 15th inst. JOHN SERGEANT, was appointed President. WESTON C. DONALDSON, JOSEPH SMITH, Vice Presidents. Joseph W. Ryers, J. W. Wynkoop, Secretaries. Mr. Sergeant opened the meeting with an eloquent address; when he had concluded the Hon. W. C. Preston, came forward in compliance with the call of the meeting, and made an address which was responded to by hearty acclamation. The Hon. Geo. M'Duffie, was then called for, and the meeting listened with gratifica tion to his eloquent denunciation of tyranny, and his apt and instructive illustrations of those causes which had wrought the evils upon the nation, which the people are now about to remedy. Josiah Randall then presented the subjoined resolutions with a few preparatory remarks. The resolutions were unanimously adopted. 1. Resolved, That we heartily rejoice at the triumph of the principles of constitutional freedom in the recent decisive contest in New York. 2. Resolved, That we regard with admiration and gratitude the heroic efforts of our Whig brethren of New York, in that great contest, by which they have achieved a victory for the constitution and the rights of the citizens over the combined forces of the office-holders of the United States, the office-holders of the State, the office-holders of the city, and all the immense means of corruption, fraud and intimidation they so amply possessed, and in cases so unsparingly employed; and by which too they have established, as a living truth, that the PURSE and the sworn, the treasury and the bludgeon, illegal voters and mercenary ruffians united, and directed with deliberation against the freedom of elections and the lives of the citizens, cannot resist the virtuous determination of freemen who know their rights and knowing them are firmly resolved to maintain them. 3. Resolved, That in achieving this signal victory, against such fearful odds, at the very point where the power of the oppressor seemed to be most securely planted by majorities, heretofore of thousands, our Whig brethren of New York have furnished a sublime example of perseverance, courage and magnanimous devotion in a good cause, which will make the election of 1834 an historic event, and proves them to be the true descendants of the Whigs of '76. 4. Resolved, That we cannot sufficiently express our abhorrence of the system of lawless violence and outrage, even to the shedding of blood, adopted by the friends of Gen. Jackson, to deter the aged, infirm and timid from going to the polls, and to wreak their vengeance upon those who did not vote according to their wishes, as contrary to the constitution, destructive of the principles of free government, and worthy only of those despotic governments, in which the arbitrary will of one man is the sole law, to govern men's consciences, opinions, conduct property and lives. 5. Resolved, That in this victory and the flood of triumphant light flowing in from the east, and from all parts of the State of New York, as well as from the south,, we perceive the sure evidence that the spell of delusion is broken, and that the republican spirit has rallied with irresistible energy, to scatter the fragments of the routed hosts, who have been endeavoring, by denunciation and proscription to hide their own enormities, and by distressing the peaceable and industrious, to enhance their own spoils. 6. Resolved, That we sincerely thank our_Whig | brethren in New York, for their exertions and their sacrifices; we congratulate them upon their triumph; and we believe we can truly assure them, that the same spirit of regeneration which has nerved their hearts is abroad, not only in the city and county of Philadelphia, but throughout the whole State of Pennsylvania, and will be invigorated in its progress by the glorious example of the Whigs of New York. 7. Resolved, That in commemoration of the glorious triumph which has been achieved in New York, the friends of the Constitution and the Law, opposed to executive usurpation, and to the establishment of a system of feudal vassalage for the purpose of dividing the spoils among servile adherents, are invited to attend a public festival, on Saturday next; at one o'clock, at Powelton. 8. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to convey to the Whigs of New York, a copy of the foregoing resolution, and to invite them to attend the festival. 9. Resolved, That a committee of one hundred of our fellow citizens be appointed to make arrangements for the festival at Powelton. 10. Resolved, That the recent elections demonstrate conclusively that the Senate of the United States, at all times an invaluable part of the constitution, is now in a peculiar manner, the real representative of the opinions and feelings of the people of the United States, and the secure refuge of constitutional liberty, where it must be protected and preserved, until the opportunity of recurring to the ballot boxes shall make the free citizens to speak the language of authority, and vindicate themselves and their rights from the insults they have received, when addressed in respectful terms of memorial. 11. Resolved, That we rejoice sincerely, that in this crisis of the constitution, a majority of the Senators of the United States have proved themselves fully equal to the demand upon their patriotism, firmness, and talents; and have entitled themselves to the lasting gratitude of their country; we heartily approve of their conduct, and trust they will persevere in exercising their full authority under the constitution, until the revolu tion in public opinion now in progress, shall be consummated. Resolved, That this meeting approve of the proceedings of the Democratic Meeting of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, opposed to executive usurpation, and that the delegates recently chosen, and those who may be elected in the several wards and districts, in the city and county of Philadelphia,be, and they are hereby respectfully authorised to elect the additional number of delegates, proposed to be sent to the convention to be held at Harrisburg, on the 27th of May, next. Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting be presented to Messrs. Preston and McDuffie, for their patriotic addresses this afternoon, and that in the good cause in which they have embarked, we emphatically, say "GO AHEAD." The following is the committee authorised by the 8th resolution: John Sergeant, M. Carey, A. Cook, C. Tiers, J. Ran- The following named gentlemen compose the Com- W. C. DONALDSON, J. W. Ryerss, Secretaries. REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERY KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE. VOL. XIII.-NO. 17. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 26, 1834. NO. 329. REPORT ON THE COAL TRADE. APPENDIX. (Continued from page 252.) No, 15. ANSWERS OF JOHN WHITE, ESQ. buckets with a windlass, by perpendicular shafts sunk on the vein. Raising it by horse gins and inclined planes, laid on the bottom slate, was first introduced about this time. Soon after, the English miners introduced the method of mining by drifts, driven horizon. tally from the water level into the coal veins; the great advantage of which improved plan the committee saw for themselves in their visit last summer. We expend The undersigned respectfully makes the following an-ed considerable sums of money in 1827 and 1828, in swers to the "Queries submitted to the coal dealers of Schuylkill county by the committee appointed by the Senate of Pennsylvania to investigate the state of the Coal trade, &c. 1st Query." How long have you been engaged in the Coal trade, and do you operate under a charter or in your private capacity? State generally the extent of your operations, with such particulars as you may deem pertinent to the inquiry before the committee.' erecting buildings, opening mines, and making other improvements, but did not get more than about three thousand tons of coal to market on our own account. We rented some of the mines, but soon found we could collect but a very small proportion of the stipulated rent. Having much increased my investments in Schuylkill property by purchase in the winter of 1828, with a view to a more certain and a more extensive prosecution of the coal business, and encouraged by the favourTo the 1st Query.-I became interested in coal lands able notice taken in the report, made by the committee in Schuylkill county, about twelve years ago. On the of internal improvement and adopted by our Legisla10th April, 1822, seven other citizens of Pennsylvania ture, of the incorporation of a coal company by the and myself, (who had previously selected and purchas-state of Delaware [see Journal of the House of Repreed several tracts of coal lands with a view of conducting sentatives, 1828-29, vol. 2, page 609,] myself and the business) entered into articles of association, by others were induced to become the holders of the stock which each of us agreed to advance certain proportions of that company, and to contribute very largely to the of a capital stock, to be expended in the purchase of coal commencement and construction of the Mount Carbon lands and mines in Schuylkill county, and in procuring rail road, the course of which as directed by the act just the necessary tools, implements and machinery to work then passed, extended through the lands to which we the said mines and for buildings, and procuring the applied the charter. That road was completed for use houses, boats and other things, necessary to prosecute in the year 1831, and saves at least fifty cents per ton of the business of mining and transporting the coal to mar- the expense of transporting all the coal on it to the boats. ket." We brought some coal down the river in arks In 1831, and the 2 previous years, we had also expendbefore the improvements of the Schuylkill navigation ed large sums of money in erecting buildings, constructcompany were completed, and lost several thousand ing boats, driving drifts and tunnels, and making other dollars in that and (to us) other unprofitable experi-improvements preparatory to our intended regular and ments and operations. extensive prosecution of the coal business; but we had Finding by experience, that a business of that kind mined and brought to market in that time but about could not be safely or satisfactorily conducted by such sixteen thousand tons of coal, most of which was shipan association, it was dissolved in 1826, the lands ped coastwise, and disposed of in other markets, to inwere sold at public sale, and the business closed at a troduce it into use, and to establish and sustain its charloss. I increased my interest in the lands by purchas-acter, some of it at a heavy loss, in competition with the ing in company with others, at the sale, a selected por- coal imported from England and Nova Scotia.tion of them. With a view of having the mining busi- And, although this foreign coal is still imported in large ness conducted on a much more extensive scale than it quantities, I have no doubt, but that the superior bihad been, and of introducing any improved method tuminous and anthracite coal of this state, will in a few practised by the best miners in England, my new part-years, if mined and brought to market in sufficient quanners and myself furnished to a person who went to Entities, supersede it. The coal wharves erected by gland for that purpose, about 1000 dollars to pay the the Delaware Coal company at the mines, along side of passage and expenses of miners, who had been brought the Mount Carbon rail road, together. with the compaup to that business. They arrived early in the year ny's wharves at Mount Carbon, measure about two thou 1827, and under an agreement that they would repay sand feet long. The lateral mine wharf and coal bank rail the advances we had made by a weekly per centage roads are about five thousand feet long, besides the from their pay until the amount was refunded. We, rail roads, laid in the drifts, and tunnels under ground, however, had no benefit from the importation (except all which together, are upwards of two miles in length. in common with the other land holders in the region) In the year 1832, the quantity of coal mined and brought as some broke their agreements and deserted, and the to market by the Delaware Coal company, amounted others were dismissed for disorderly conduct, &c. We to twenty thousand, two hundred and twenty-five tons, lost nearly the whole cost of importing them. But their of which, fifteen thousand seven hundred and twentypractical knowledge of mining, and that of many others four tons were sold and shipped in one hundred and who were induced to follow on their own account, sixty-nine vessels; the coastwise freight paid on it, (from seeing that miners were in such demand in this amounted to upwards of thirty thousand dollars. In the country) were of great service in introducing most of year 1833, the quantity amounted to twenty-three thouthe subsequent improvements in the business. Pre-sand five hundred and fifty-four tons, of which eighteen vious to this period the coal and water were raised in Voz. XIII. 33 thousand six hundred and eighty-seven tons were sold and shipped in one hundred and fifty-five vessels, the coastwise freight paid on it, amounted to upwards of ty of the coal, are at least equal to any other in the thirty-two thousand dollars. A statement of the busi- country. These lands have drifts opened, capable of of the company for eleven months of the past year, and yielding annually (when the demand shall at a future a general statement of its affairs on the 30th November day justify it) one hundred thousand tons per annum. last, are contained in a report made to the Legislature The lands, landings and warehouses were not purchasat the present session in conformity to the acts of incor-ed until particularly examined by a very intelligent poration, copies of which, with the report of an expe: committee of the stockholders. rienced and competent mine engineer and underground surveyor, of the state of the company's mines are herewith submitted as a part of my answer to the inquiries of the committee. From these documents, it will be seen that Mr. Wilde estimates the quantity of coal which may be brought to market, (making ample allowance for loss,) from the company's mines now opened and ready for working above the water level, between the two branches of the Mount Carbon rail road, to be two millions three hun dred and forty thousand one hundred and seventy-three tons; and as all the mines of the company lying between those roads are not yet opened and the company own a large quantity of land in the same coal range, beyond the "wo branches," it may fairly be presumed they may take at least as much more coal from above the water level, in their mines yet to be opened. The company, within the past year, has purchased one half of a tract of which they before owned the other half, (which has always been estimated as of less value than their other lands,) at $200 per acre. Another tract, adjoining, within the same period, has been pur chased by two very intelligent gentlemen, one of them residing at Pottsville, at $250 per acre; and very recently, about eleven acres, also adjoining, (commanding the water level, but on which the coal above had nearly been exhausted) have also been purchased by these the statement of the business of the company in 1833, same gentlemen, for upwards of 3,000 dollars. By it will be seen that the depreciation in value, by use, &c. of rail road and mine wagons, horses, mining tools, &c. used in the business, had in eleven months amounted to one thousand three hundred and sixty-eight dol. lars and thirty-six cents, or nearly six cents per ton on the quantity of coal transported from the mines to the boats. A very capable, careful and faithful manager, a short haul over a good rail road and the best arrangements for loading and unloading the coal, are all neces sary to do the work at so small an expense of wear and $180,533 27 tear. No allowance was made for depreciation in the value of the company's coal boats, as most of them had very recently been purchased at a low cash valuation by three very competent judges of such property. The others had been built during the year, and were credited for freight on the coal they had brought down at the current rate. The wear and tear and cost of building new, and repairing, coal boats may be estimated at least at twenty-five per cent. per annum, of the amount of capital invested in them. The general statement of the affairs of the company, on the 30th November, exhibits the following: 76,435 12 $256,968 39 78,903 03 2d Query."State as nearly as you can recollect, the number of principal and lateral rail roads in Schuyl kill Coal Region-the extent of miles-what portion of them made by incorporated companies having mining privileges-what portion by individuals-what portion by companies not having mining privileges-when made and their respective cost?" To the 2d. I do not know the number of lateral rail roads in the region. Most of them have been made by the owners, and for the exclusive use of the mines to which they are carried. The principal rail roads have all been made by incorporated companies; they are 10 miles long. Leaving a surplus to the credit of profit The Schuylkill valley rail road about 4 do. The construction ofall of them together has cost nearly a million of dollars, more than three fifths of which has The value of lands in every coal region varies very been paid by the stockholders of incorporated coal much, and in none more than in Schuylkill county, companies. The other subscriptions form a very where, in addition to its being influenced by the loca- small proportion of the aggregate cost, it having been tion, much depends upon the quality of the coal, the made up principally by loans on mortgages of the roads expense of mining and transporting it to the canal, and and unliquidated debt, most of which is held in Phila the quantity that can be taken from above the water le- delphia. The Danville and Pottsville rail road compa vel, without much expense, by drifts and tunnels. The ny, and the Little Schuylkill company, both have miDelaware Coal company, having been organized under a ming privileges. A very large proportion of the whole charter from another state, did not consider it safe to hold amount of the cost of the Mount Carbon rail road was the fee simple title to lands in Pennsylvania. The pur- contributed and raised by those largely interested in inchaser of the lands gave mortgages which were assign- corporated companies, having mining privileges, and ed to the company. Since the act of incorporation by the Schuylkill Haven and Mine Hill rail road company Pennsylvania, the fee simple title to the lands has been was projected, and a large proportion of the original made to the company. It now owns about one thousand subscription of stock to that road was made by the New acres of land, all coal lands. Its location, and the quali-York and Schuylkill Coal company. 3d query."Have the mines now opened, and the other difference to the community than this:-In com. rail roads and other improvements now completed in panies, many individuals (as the extensive manufactothe region, been worked and occupied during the pre-ries of New England) may unite their comparatively sent season to the extent of their capacity? If not, what small means, and each participate in the advantages, if amount of coal in your opinion are they capable of send- there be any to them, of jointly making up the large ing to market yearly." capital wanted, and thus prevent the business from falling into the hands of a few large and wealthy capitalists. But the fact is indisputable, that although several large capitalists have purchased coal lands on speculation, and some with the expectation of obtaining large incomes from them in rents, few of them have been willing to expend much capital, even in opening their coal veins and preparing them for working. None have yet been willing to risk the capital requisite to carry on the busi ness, on their own individual account, to any considera ble extent. To the 3d.-The mines now opened and the rail roads and other improvements now completed in the Schuyl. kill coal region have not been worked and occupied during the last season to the extent of their capacity. This was the case with the mines of the Delaware coal company and the rail roads it uses. More than one half of its mines which had been opened and prepared for mining were not worked at all, such also has been the case at many other collieries in the region. It was estimated about a year ago by the mining association of Schuylkill county that it would require all the drifts to No individual coal dealer has been injuriously affected be put in order and worked vigorously during the past by the extension of time and charters granted to certain season to produce two hundred and seventy thousand companies, by the last Legislature. It is confidently tons of coal. The quantity actually mined and shipped believed the interest of individual dealers, as well as was two hundred and fifty thousand five hundred and the public at large, will be benefited by those acts. eighty-eight tons. I believed then as I now do, that The Delaware coal company have sent all the coal much more than they estimated might have been min d they mined down the canal, and sold and shipped a large if the drifts had all been put in order and worked vigor- proportion of it to other markets. Their cal has all ously. I do not consider myself competent to estimate been of such quality, and brought to market in such the quantity of coal they are capable of sending to mar- order, as to raise the character of Schuylkill coal, and ket yearly. The quantity of coal which even the most increase the demand for it in other markets. They have experienced miners may estimate can be taken in a giv-refused to submit to any reduction, during the season, en time from a drift or vein of coal with which they are from the prices fixed at its commencement. It is not well acquainted, is not generally to be relied on. It is complained of, by them, that individuals have, during liable to be influenced by contingencies which none the whole season, undersold them. They had a rgt can foresee and which frequently totally disappoint to do so, and could afford it, if, as is generally conceded, their most confident calculations, I do not believe there the business can be carried on more economically by in is an individu Lin the region who has such knowledge | dividuals than by incorporated companies. That no inof the different coal veins opened as would enable him | jurious ‹ffect has been produced by the operations of with any pretensions to accuracy to make an estimate ¦ incorporated companies in the Schuylkill region, may that could at all be relied on, of the quantity that could be mined and brought to market from them yearly. The rail roads are capable, (if kept in good order,) of pass ing a larger quantity than the canal could give vent to. I have estimated the capacity of the canal after the locks are doubled and some other improvements made, if good boats are employed and proper regulations adopt ed, as being at least equal to the transportation of a million of tons per annum. be cons dered as at least admitted if not proved, by the "reports of the board of trade, to the mining association of Schuylkill county," compo-ed exclusively of master colliers and those connected with mining, whose ob. ject and duty, by their constitution, it is to protect and promote the interests of its members, and who would most undoubtedly have made it a prominent part of their report if they had thought the companies recognized by the Legislature last winter bad injuriously affected the interests of master colliers and those connected with mining "" If the mines belonging to the companies had been divided among many individuals, they probably would have had a much larger quantity taken out, and 5th Query. How are individual coal dealers affect the coal sold at the landings, or forced off in the Phila ed by the acts and operations of incorporated coal com-delphia market, which possibly would have operated to panies, and what effect. if any has been produced by their own injury, and most probably to the injury of the extension of time and charters granted to certain others engaged in the same business, and eventually companies by the last legislature?" also to the injury of the public, by reducing the prices so low as to drive out of the business all those engaged in working mines, whose locations were not so favorable or advantageous. 4th Query. From your knowledge and experience in the coal business, do you consider the incorporation of companies necessary to its successful prosecution?" 6th Query. What do you consider to be the effects of incorporated companies upon the general prosperity of the country and wherein does a population or community growing up under such companies differ from that created by individual operators?" 7th Query.In the present state of improvements in the coal region, what amount of capital is requisite to a proper and successful prosecution of the coal busi ness?" 8th Query.Can the mining and transportation of coal be carried on as economically by individuals as by incorporated companies?" The companies have been of service to the mining interests on the Schuylkill, by keeping in constant em. ployment a larger number of miners than would have been employed by individuals in mining the same quan. tity of coal, and in the prompt payments they have uni formly made to the large number of miners, labourers and boatmen in their employ. The effects that will be produced by the incorporations granted to the two companies on the Susquehanna, To the Queries 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.-"From my know-will, without doubt, also be very beneficial to the State, ledge and experience in the coal business, I do consider and particularly to the region in which they are located, the employment of large capitals, at least by a portion by introducing capital for the employment of labor, and of those engaged in it, necessary to promote the best by introducing in o use the inexhaustible quantities of interest of all parties, both producers and consumers. — superior bituminous coal of that region-an article inI mean capital beyond that which may be invested in dispensable in many branches of the arts, and for which lands, rail road wagons, canal boats, &c. &c. Whether the United States have annually imported very large that capital is brought into the business by incorporated quantities from England and the mines of Nova Scotia. companies, (having no other privileges than those granted by the Legislature to the four companies incorporated at its last session,) or by individuals, can make no The effect of incorporated companies, str ctly limited in their objects, and under proper responsibility for the security of the public, has been found highly favorable |