P. 45, I. II. I. Rockingham was in ill favor with the king because of his attempt to repeal the Stamp Act, and because he had not provided for the king's brothers.

P. 46, l. 17. 2. General Conway's actions had made this rebuke necessary. He had not kept his faith with the opposition; he was a deserter from the cause, and received as his pay the generalship of Jersey.

P. 50, 1. 20. 1. It was the deliberate plan of the English press, if not the pulpit, to break down the influence of the friends of America by representing them as encouraging sedition.

P. 54, l. 31. 1. Lucan, Pharsalia, Book IX., v. 202, referring to Pompey. Cf. Macaulay's Essay on Chatham.

P. 56, 1. 4. I. Lord North and George Cooke, Esq., who were made joint paymasters on the removal of the Rockingham administration.

P. 61, 1. 2. 1. The delicacy with which Burke here treats the peculiarities of Townsend will be appreciated on reading Walpole's Sketch, in which he says: "Townsend had almost every great talent, and every little quality. His vanity exceeded even his abilities."

P. 62, l. 15. 1. When he moved his resolutions in regard to America, May, 1770. Cf. Bancroft, III., Ch. XXIX.

P. 64, 1. 19. 1.

Mr. Fuller.

P. 66, 1. 23. 1. Lord Carmarthen, who, during the debate, said: "The Americans are our children, and how can they revolt against their parents? If they are not free England is not free."

P. 71, 1. 6. 1. Lord North.

L. 18. 2. Mr. Dowdeswell.

Probably for breadth of grasp, clearness and cogency of reasoning, profound political wisdom, power of description, and biting sarcasm, together with originality and independence, this speech has never been surpassed. The scene in the Commons at its close was a memorable one. Lord John Townsend exclaimed, "Heavens! what a man this is! Where could he acquire such transcendent powers?" George Savile said that it was the greatest triumph within his memory. Colonel Barré said that if it was printed, he would nail it to every church door in the kingdom.

The speech was not printed until the close of the year, because the administration claimed that much of the trouble in America was due to the publication in England of writings hostile to the government.

“On the publication of this speech," says MacKnight, "young men at

college, philosophers in their studies, and the better class of politicians became more than ever attracted to Burke."

Mr. Bancroft says: "This speech was such as had never been heard in the British Parliament. The words fell from him as burning oracles; and while he spoke for America he seemed to prepare the way for renovating the constitution of England, yet it was not so."

Mr. Fox followed Burke, and for the first time gave his voice and vote for the opposition. On the division just the number that had stood against the Stamp Act stood by Burke against four times as many for the administration.

SPEECH ON ARRIVAL AT BRISTOL.

On the day upon which Parliament was considering the motion for repeal of the tax upon tea, the people of New York sent back the tea ship.

The administration passed the penal measure, requiring all offenders indicted for crime in the colonies to be transported to England or to a British colony for trial. The bill legalizing the quartering of troops in Boston was passed. Burke solemnly renewed his protest against such recklessness and inhumanity.

A measure for the government of Quebec followed; the purpose of this was to prevent the colonies from extending their territory.

"As the fleets and armies of England," says Bancroft, "went forth to consolidate arbitrary power, the sound of war everywhere died away. Kings sat still in awe, and nations turned to watch the issue."

Affairs in America were fast coming to a crisis. Revolution was at hand. Boston was sustained, and preparations were made for a general Congress at Philadelphia. France favored the cause of the colonies. In September, 1774, Congress assembled; and Patrick Henry sounded the note of war, when, in quoting Hawley, who had said, "After all, we must fight," said, "I am of that man's mind." Virginia nullified the Quebec act, and General Gage was finding that it would be no easy matter to enforce the regulating act. The thirteenth Parliament had been prorogued, and then suddenly dissolved. Burke was not to stand for Wendover again, because Lord Verney, who controlled the district, needed to dispose of it to one who could pay for the privilege. Accordingly the city of Bristol

asked Burke to stand in place of Lord Clare, the previous member, who declined to be a candidate after the poll had been open two days. Burke was about to stand for Malton, but immediately drove to Bristol, and ascended the hustings, where he addressed the sheriffs and electors in this speech. Mr. Henry Cruger, a Bristol merchant, was his colleague, while Mr. Brickdale, one of the last members, was a competitor.

SPEECH AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE POLL.

During the poll each candidate personally solicited the confidence of the electors, and at its close, on the 3d of November, Burke was declared duly elected.

The Whigs carried both candidates. Mr. Brickdale threatened to contest, but never executed the threat. Cruger was the first to acknowledge his indebtedness to the electors, and expressed his willingness to be ruled by the wishes of his constituents; but Burke resolutely affirmed his right to act, not merely for Bristol, but for the English people. Cf. Webster's Reply to Hayne, for a similar principle by the great American Senator. PAGE 80, 1. 15. 1. Mr. Brickdale had in a previous poll solicited the favor of these very freemen.

SPEECH ON CONCILIATION WITH AMERICA.

At the opening of the fourteenth Parliament, Nov. 30, 1774, reports from New England showed that war was certain, unless speedy movements were made to crush the colonists. General Gage was instructed to act offensively, and Clinton and Burgoyne were appointed. Franklin vigorously urged conciliation, and on meeting with no encouragement, but the rather with insult, determined to return to America. On taking leave of Burke, he said, "I lament the separation between Great Britain and her colonies, but it is inevitable." Petitions from merchants from all parts of England were presented to Parliament for a reconciliation before trade was ruined, Bristol taking the lead under the guidance of Burke.

By this time Lords North and Chatham began to think that reconciliation must be attempted in some form, and they had a bill passed to the effect that if any of the colonies would contribute to the common defence, the right of taxation would be suspended in that colony. The offer was spurned; and now came the opportunity for Burke and his party. After frequent consultations at the house of Lord Rockingham, on the day (22d) that Franklin was sailing out of the harbor at Portsmouth, Burke stood forth as the apostle of peace, and introduced his plan of reconciliation in this speech.

P. 85, 1. 10. I. On Feb. 10, 1775, Lord North presented an address from the king, asking for the augmentation of his forces, and then proposed the "Act to restrain the trade and commerce of the Provinces of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, and Colonies of Connecticut and Rhode Island and Providence Plantation, in North America, to Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Islands of the West Indies; and to prohibit such provinces and colonies from carrying on any fishing on the banks of Newfoundland, and other places therein mentioned, under certain conditions and limitations."

New England fishermen were to be excluded from a line of industry in which they excelled all nations. By this bill, at one swoop, thousands were to be reduced to beggary. Burke protested most indignantly. "The bread of the needy,” he said, “is their life-blood. He who depriveth them of it is a man of blood."

P. 86, 1. 28. 1. In 1766, on the repeal of the Stamp Act by the Rockingham administration.

P. 87, 1. 20. 1. Mr. Rose Fuller. Cf. Speech on American Taxation. P. 90, 1. 22. I. "That when the governor, council, or assembly, or general court, of any of his Majesty's provinces or colonies in America, shall propose to make provision, according to the condition, circumstances, and situation of such province or colony, for contributing their proportion to the common defence (such proportion to be raised under the authority of the general court or general assembly of such province or colony, and disposable by Parliament), and shall engage to make provision also for the support of the civil government and the administration of justice, in such province or colony, it will be proper, if such proposal shall be approved by his Majesty and the two Houses of Parliament, and for so long as such provision shall be made accordingly, to forbear, in respect of such province

or colony, to levy any duty, tax, or assessment, or to impose any further duty, tax, or assessment, except such duties as it may be expedient to continue to levy or impose, for regulation of commerce; the net produce of the duties last mentioned to be carried to the account of such province or colony respectively." — Resolution moved by Lord North on the committee; and agreed to by the House, 27th February, 1775. Lord North wore the badge of the Knight of the Garter.

P. 91, 1. 5. 1. The ministry had passed an address to the king in which they declared that Massachusetts was in rebellion, and urged his Majesty to take immediate action.

P. 93, 1. 19. 1. This is in Burke's best style. The comparison beautifully illustrates the idea, and justifies his assertion, that while "the dispute continues, the exaggeration ends." - PROFESSOR GOODRICH.

L. 26. 2. "De minimis von curat lex."

P. 94, 1. 10. I. Mr. Glover, who had appeared at the bar in support of a petition from West Indian planters asking for peace with the colonies, because their commerce was in peril.

P. 95, l. 11. 1. Slave trade.

2. The Spanish Colonies, in spite of the Act of Navigation, carried on trade with the West Indies.

P. 97, 1. I. I. Burke's reasoning here seems prophetic when considered in the light of the latest statistics regarding the commerce between England and the United States.

L. 15. 2. The quotation is from Virgil's fourth Eclogue, where the allusion is to the birth of a child by the sister of Augustus.

L. 23. 3. Henry, created Lord Apsley and made chancellor in 1771. P. 98, 1. 17. 1. Professor Goodrich questions the propriety of this passage and the following one upon the fisheries, yet are they not the very top and crown of Burke's style!

P. 99, 1. 23. I. Alluding to the Roman daughter who, when her father was condemned to starve, obtained access to his cell, and nourished him from her own breasts.

P. 100, l. 9. I. A small constellation far to the south.

2. Consult American Cyclopædia, Art. "Falkland Islands."

P. 101, 1. 3. 1. Is it any wonder that such utterances as these caused Burke to be charged with being an American?

P. 103, l. 11. 1. We see here the secret of Burke's richness of thought.