to say, according to their internal nature, and position. Their internal nature is, in like manner, twofold; straight, or curved; as is their external; perpendicular, or oblique. Each has its numerous subordinations, which yet may be easily classed, as we have already shewn in foreheads. If to these profile outlines we add the principal lines of the forehead, placing them one upon the other, I have no reason to doubt but that the general temperature of each man, and his highest and lowest degree of irritability toward a given object, may be thus ascertained.

The pathos of temperament, in the moment of irritability, shows itself in the motion of the muscles, which, in all animal bodies, is governed by their qualities and form. Every head of man, it is true, is capable of the motion of every kind of passion; but each has only this capability to a certain degree; and, as this degree is much more. difficult to find and to determine than in the outlines at rest, and as we cannot so easily make deductions, respecting the degree of elasticity and irritability, from the outlines in motion as at rest, we ought, at first, to satisfy ourselves with the latter; and, indeed, as the head is the sum of the body, and as

the profile or outline of the forehead is the sum of the head, we may be satisfied with the outline, the profile of the face, or of the forehead. We already know that the more each line approaches a circle, or rather an oval, the less it denotes choler; and that, on the contrary, it most denotes that temperament, the straiter, more oblique, and interrupted it is.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1 The ne plus ultra of phlegm. 2 Sanguine.

3, 4, 5, 6, Different gradations of excessive choler.

7, 8, 9, Some lines of melancholy, that is to say, characteristically strengthened *.

I am well convinced of the imperfection of these thoughts on temperaments, but I would not repeat what had been so often repeated. I shall only add, I hope that, by

* The additions that belong to this volume are at the end of the fragments.

the aid of the determinate signs, lines, and outlines of the forehead, characters of irritability may be obtained for the principal classes; as well as the proportions which exist between all outlines of the human forehead, and every other form which can affect the human eye, or human sensation.

I shall now, shortly, recapitulate some few things which are defective in my fragments; shall ask a few questions which I wish to be answered by any wise and worthy man.

1. Can any man rid himself of, or entirely subdue, his temperament? Is it not with our temperament as with our senses and members? Since all the creatures of God are good, are not the powers of these creatures also good? Does religion require more than that the immoderate should be reduced to moderation; and not to destroy such other powers as are good in man; or than that we should change the objects of passion?

2. How must the phlegmatic father behave toward the choleric son; the sanguine mother toward the melancholy daughter? That is to say, how must one temperament act toward another?

3. What temperaments are most capable of friendship?

4. Which are the happiest united in marriage?

5. Which are absolutely incapable of agreement and co-existence?

6. What ought to be required of each temperament; and what should be the business and amusements of each? What friend, what foe, can most incite pleasure or passion in each?

7. Has any temperament bad qualities which are not counterbalanced by good?

8. How are the various traits of the same temperament diversified by rank, age, and

sex?

III.

SIGNS OF BODILY STENGTH AND

WEAKNESS.

WE call that human body strong which can easily alter other bodies, without being easily altered itself. The more immediately it can act, and the less immediately it can be acted upon, the greater is its strength; and the weaker the less it can act, or withstand the action of others.

There is a tranquil strength, the essence of which is immobility; and there is an active strength, the essence of which is motion. The one has motion, the other stability, in an extraordinary degree. There is the strength of the rock, and the elasticity of the spring.

There is the Herculean strength of bones and sinews; thick, firm, compact, and immoveable as a pillar.

There are heroes less Herculean, less firm, sinewy, large; less set, less rocky, who yet, when roused, when opposed in their activity, will meet oppression with so much strength, will resist weight with such elastic force, as scarcely to be equalled by the most bony and muscular strength.