Page 144. "The air and the sun appear to be those causes which most influence the powers of propagation, and effect a durable developement of germs and propensities; that is to say, the air and the sun may be the origin of a distinct race. The variations which food may produce must soon disappear on transplantation. That which affects the propagating powers must not act upon the support of life, but upon its original source, its first principles, animal conformation, and motion. A man transplanted to the frigid zone must decrease in stature, since, if the power or momentum of the heart continue the same, the circulation must be performed in a shorter time, the pulse become more rapid, and the heat of the blood increased. Thus Crantz found the Greenlanders not only inferior in stature, to the Euro-' peans, but also that they had a remarkably greater heat of body. The very dispropor tion between the length of the body and the shortness of the legs, in the northern people, is suitable to their climate; since, the extremes of the body, by their distance from the heart, are more subject to the attacks of cold."

Page 146. "The prominent parts of the countenance, which can less be guarded

from cold, by the care of nature for their preservation, have a propensity to become more flat. The rising cheek-bones, the halfclosed, blinking, eyes, appear to be intended for the preservation of sight against the dry, cold, air, and the effusion of light from the snow (to guard against which the Esquimaux uses now spectacles) though they may be the natural effect of the climate, since they are found only in a smaller degree, in milder latitudes. Thus gradually are produced the beardless chin, the flattened nose, thin lips, blinking eyes, flat countenance, red brown complexion, black hair, and, in a word, the face of the Calmuc. Such properties, by continued propagation, at length, form a distinct race, which continues to remain distinct, even when transplanted into warmer climates."

Page 149. "The red brown, or copper colour, appears to be as natural an effect of the acidity of the air, in cold climate, as the olive brown of the alcaline, and bilious, quality of the juices, in warm; without taking the native disposition of the American into the estimate, who appears to have lost half the powers of life, which may be regarded as the effect of cold."

Page, 150." The growth of the porous

parts of the body must increase in the hot and moist climate. Hence the thick short nose and projecting lips. The skin must be oiled, not only to prevent excessive perspiration, but also the imbibing the putrescent particles of the moist air. The surplus of the ferrugineous, or iron particles, which have lately been discovered to exist in the blood of man, and which, by the evaporation of the phosphoric acidities, of which all Negroes smell so strong, being cast upon the retiform membrane, occasions the blackness which appears through the cuticle, and this strong retention of the ferrugineous particles seems to be necessary, in order to prevent the general relaxation of the parts. Moist warmth is peculiarly favourable to the growth of animals, and produces the Negro, who, by the providence of nature, perfectly adapted to his climate, is strong, muscular, agile; but dirty, indolent, and trifling."

Page 161. "The trunk, or stem, of the root may degenerate; but this having once taken root, and stifled other germs, resists any future change of form; the character of the race having once gained a preponderance in the propagating powers."

(c) From Winkelmann's History of Art.

"OUR eyes convince us, with respect to the form of man, that the character of nation, as well as of mind, is visible in the countenance. As nature has separated large districts by mountains and waters, so has she, likewise, distinguished the inhabitants by peculiarity of features. In countries far distant from each other, the difference is, likewise, visible in other parts of the body, and in stature. Animals are not more varied, according to the properties of the countries they inhabit, than men are; and some have pretended to remark that animals even partake of the propensities of the men. The formation of the countenance is as various as languages, nay, indeed, as dialects, which are thus or thus various in consequence of the organs of speech. In cold countries, the fibres of the tongue must be less flexible, and rapid, than in warm. The natives of Greenland and certain tribes of America are observed to want some letters of the alphabet, which must originate in the same cause. Hence it happens that the northern languages have more monosyllables, and are more clogged with consonants, the connect

ing and pronouncing of which is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to other nations. A celebrated writer has endeavoured to account for the varieties of the Italian dialects, from the formation of the organs of speech. For this reason, says he, the people of Lombardy, inhabiting a cold country, have a more rough and concise pronunciation. The inhabitants of Florence and Rome speak in a more measured tone, and the Neapolitans, under a still warmer sky, pronounce the vowels more open, and speak with more fulness. Persons well acquainted with various nations can distinguish them as justly from the form of their countenance as from their speech. Therefore, since man has ever been the object of art and artists, the latter have constantly given the forms of face of their respective nations; and that art, among the ancients, gave a certain character to the human form and countenance, is proved by the same effect having taken place among the moderns. German, Dutch, or French artists, when they neither travel nor study foreign forms, may be known by their pictures as perfectly as Chinese or Tartarian. After residing many years in Italy, Rubens continued to draw his figures as if he had never left his native land."