arifing out of a fpecial act of his own. He is bound, by the promife of the first ufurpers, to bribe their army by a milliard of livres (41,666,6661.), having attached that army to his caufe against every other party. The Conful knows the confequence of a general peace must be his fall from his elevation, and that his tenure of life and power mufi terminate together *. Of the two parties in this country who hope for relief by petitions, one knows it can have, at no time, any accels to power but by ftrange means; and in the prefent fingular calamity (of fearcity†), hopes to obtain it from an effective, though not nominal, coercion of an excellent Parliament; while the other, to which the first always affords a folicited protection, flatters itfelf with a general infurrection, in confequence of the expected firmness of that affembly, and by the ery of Peace and Bread! to involve us in fanguinary civil wars and defolation. Mr. B. detects the fallacies that will be employed by thefe two parties; and fhews that this kingdom is bound, by the ftriételt moral obligation of treaties, to refore the Houfe of Bourbon, adopted and allowed by every Miniftry, though Mr. Fox now calls upon us gratuitoufly to declare that we will break that very faith which he recommended us to engage, and which the hiftory of the day informs us was unanimoufly given; nor have we heard that the Chief Conful has infilted, previous to entering into a negociation with us, that the Parliament fhall declare that this Nation ought not to aid the House of Bourbon, if the war fhould continue, according to the guarantee. (p. 37) Mr. B. next examines Mr. Fox's contrarieties of conduct and fentiments on affociations. A full ftatement of the coincidence of his prior and fubfequent declarations and acts with thofe parts of his engagement would form a tract of no little prolixity. (p.39.) "It is the danger of the real object of one of the parties that promotes petitions, that of the fuperior clafs of agitators, namely, to have Mr. Fox called into power, the firft end with all, and with many the lat, although they openly call for it only as the necellary means * Recent example, in another country not fo fubject to revolutions as France, is a to obtain the prayer of fuch petitions. This is the object here contended againft." (p. *.) The conduct of the First Conful in the fubverfion of the friendly republicks of Venice and Genoa, in which he feems clearly to have acted without orders or inftructions from France, is next difcuffed. Let it, for a moment, be granted, that the law of nations is, to give way, according to the new principles, to the republicanizing of Europe, in every cafe where they come in competition. The defìruction of a republick neutral in name, but in effect a, dependent and obedient ally, is, in one act, a fubverfion of the new and old principles together. The Councils, threatened to call him to account; but the Directory approved his conduct, and the revolution of Fructidor, as it is called, took place. The Councils,. on this occafion, commended the procefs of Bonaparte; the ftronger party in the Directory was weak in thofe alfemblies, and the popular cry was against them; their whole dependence was on the military force. The invafion of Switzerland, after the deftruction of the fifier republicks, was followed by more fanguinary fcenes. The plan of the firft is afcribed to the Directory; the latter were the acts of Bonaparie; and the determination upon them will be found the most flagrant and faithlefs. It is the degrees of infidelity fhewn in the acts of the Direc tory and the Corfican that are to be compared; not the mifery which, in. different countries, as a natural contequence, has followed that of each. The two Italian fiates had granted, if not anticipated, every with that Bonaparte could form from them; each had been fubfervient to his requifitions, and furnifhed him with great loans for the fupport of his army. But Switzerland, although defirous to preferve peace with this tyrannical power, had furnifhed it no fuch affiftance; on the contrary, the republick had fent 25,000men to the defence of Geneva when it was attacked by France, and forced her, for that time, to relinquish her prey. The invafion of Switzerland, as a violation of national faith, was no more to than the conqueft of Venice and Genoa, and was not, at the fame time, a violation of national gratitude. The revolution of Fructidor, effected convincing proof how infecure and preca- by a military force, headed by the creatures of Bonaparte, drove Barthe pons are the reign, and life of a tyrant. ED. Now happily removed. EDIT. lenai lemi and his friends into exile; "a cataftrophe which," as M. Mallet du Pan obferves, decided that of the Helvetic body." Bonaparte, therefore, had taken meafures preparatory to its fubverfion before it was determined upon by the Executive Council of the Republick. We fee, even here, that, acting under a commiffion, he, without legal authority from his fuperiors, began the overthrow of a third friendly ftate. The invafion of Egypt is faid to have been a project of his; but, as in this he had the fanction of the Directory, he committed no act of ufurpa. tion upon their authority, it therefore is to be taken as their act. Now, as the Porte had never armed to protect any allied ftate from the iniquitous attempts of the Republick, fo far the attempt on one of its fineft provinces, and the granary of the capital, was infinitely worfe than the invafion of Switzerland. But, as that power had not, under the name of neutrality, affifted the progrefs of the French armies, almoft as a dependent ally, fill the refolution to attack its dominions had not all the turpitude of the deftruction of Venice and Genoa, undertaken by Bonaparte without orders from his Governinent. Mr. B. very properly, p. 65, afks, "What human principle is there to induce the Grand Conful to obferve his compacts between his molt determined enemies than with the benefited or bonus friends of his neceflities as well as of his profperity? France tells us; and by the partizans of that revolution which placed this power in his hands, that the former fets of men, who held the reins of her executive power, were perfidious; power, under lefs controol, is now fallen into the hands of one more perfidious: fhall we now give that faith to him which France affures us we juftly and wifely refufed them?" Of no bad quality of the character of the Conful are the lines more full and dark than of hypocrify. For, he can counterfeit a faith in what (if he believe in a God) he knows to be a fuperfition injurious to a due reverence of him, and therefore of an obedience due to him, for an end as cruel as the means are impious, to lead ignorant and credulous nations into the deepest human calamities, thofe which have afflicted his own. This he has done in his proclamation addreffed to the inhabitants of Egypt. Speaking of his countrymen, and certainly meaning to be understood first of himfelf, folemnly invoking the name of God gracious and merciful, he declares the French, the Prophet and his holy Koran the French are true Muffulmen.' After this proclamation in Egypt it would feem to be the extreme of folly, from the evident farce of the confeffion at Dijon, to think him in real perfuafion a member of the Romish Church. Could there be in him a more profane and public act of apoftacy than the first words of his proclamation in Egypt? In the name of God, &c.-there is no God but God-he has no fon--no affociation in his kingdom. Will he who folemnly denies the Redeemer, whom in his heart he adores, be incapable of writing a few inflated phrafes to deceive you, or fetting his hand to a treaty which he is predetermined, on certain events, to break, in expectation that he can ufe it as the most probable means to bring them to maturity? The favourable fentiments now attempted to be propagated of the moderation of his principles, on the foundation of fome of his late acts, are refuted by proofs of his hypocrify, even fuperior in validity to those brought above. Against the Romish Church, of which he pretends to be a member, he has declared in words; against the fyftem of moderation, which he pretends to embrace, he has declared in words, and in the strongest acts. From the very commencement of his political and military carcer, Bonaparte feems to have been attached to no religious or moral principles but thofe of Dicearchus, of which Polyb. XVII. c. 6, has tranfimitted to us the following ac count: "When the lait Philip of Macedon, contrary to the faith of treaties, determined to attack the Cyclades, he had the command of the enterprize. Placed at the head of an expedition apparently fo impious, he front not at the fimple commiflion of a great crime, but carried his infolence fo far as to aftonifh gods and men. On his arrival in port he erected two altars, confecra ting one to Impicty, the other to Injuftice, and offered facrifices upon each." (p. 75.) Mr. B. ftops to aufwer an objection, which we caunot help accounting fuperfluous, that fuch frong and indignant language of crimination is an infult to the enemy; whereas in truth it is a fair reprefentation, founded on their For Oppofition to have brought it forward, would have been an appeal to the national faith aud honour againft the meafure they recommended, involving the perfonal condemnation of their two leaders. That of Adminif tration is to be accounted for in a different manner; it may be hewn that the guarantee has been by them fulfilled in act; and there has occurred only two periods in which circumfiances feemed to call upon them to declare its exiflence, in either of which the declaration would have greatly tended to defeat the execution of it. The firft was when the King of France was put under restraint; the fecond, when war was declared against us, (p. 82.)-Peace, however, being now etablished, fperemus meliora. their most authentic and public declarations. "But, until the virtuous fentiments of moral indignation, the firong antipathy of good to bad,' fhall be eradicated by the reformers of our nature (for, even the moral confiitution of our nature, ordained by Providence, has its fet of reformers), men will continue to think, that on the higheft crimes the ftrongest reprobation ought to be inflicted, and include thefe mentioned among them." (p.79.) "It is therefore not only defenfible, but neceflary and right, to call the friends of their country to look with folicitous apprehenfion to the events which muft follow a peace figned by the fame hand which guaranteed the liates of Venice and Genoa, and, almoft before the ink of the fubfeription was dry, fubfcribed the inftruments of their annihilation. They may jolly fuppofe the motives of the Grand Conful the fame in any future treaty with us as in his two latter compacts with them, to lay aileep the tigilance of the ftate the deftruction of which he is plotting, expecting that if, after the peace, we continue powerfully armed, the expence will fafter the pirit of difcontent until it be matured into infurrection among us, without its appearing at first to caft any fuel upon the fire. And, in cafe we difarin, the correspondence of the two countries being re-opened, his plan will be, to employ every machination to inflame and propagate the spirit of anarchy and rebellion in every clafs; by the aid of which he will renew his hoftile attack upon us with better hope of fuccefs. If we be thus forced into a fecond conteft, in victory we fhall have much to fear, in confèquence of the burthen of another war alniofi immediately fucceeding the prefent, from the inflammable fate and perverted difpofition of the populace, and the criminal ambition of their greater and lets leaders, educated and difciplined in the arts of attacking and fubverting civil governments, by the experience of more than ten years here, and the example of the more fuccefsful divifions of their fraternity abroad, embarked in the fame warfare, and acting with the atmoft dexterity, and frequently with fuccefs, in the fame and almost every other variety of circumftances." (p. 80.) The filence obferved on the fubject guarantee, by the leaders of both parties, is thus accounted for in a P'S., GENT. MAG. July, 1802. of 122 Abdellatiphi Hiftoriæ Ægypti Compens din, Arabicè et Latinè. Parim ipfe we tit, patim à Pocockio Verfum eden dum curavit, Notifque illufiravit J. White, ST. P. Ecclef. Gloceftrienfis Præbendarus, et Ling. Arab. in Academia Oxonienfi Profeffor. Oxon: Typis Academicis, Impenfis Editoris. THIS rare and valuable work, that forms fo important a link in the chain that connects the antient and modern accounts of Egypt, and which we have flightly mentioned in vol. LXXI. p. 1027, has long been expected with im patience by the learned world. It is peculiarly interefting, at this moment, from the great attention excited by whatever concerns Egypt; and the period at which the original was com pofed, the twelfth century, a period in which Europe was immerged in ignorance and fanaticifin, and fent none of her fons to explore the Faft, except the armed bands of crufaders to difturb. and defolate it, adds very much to that intereft. Abdollatiph was a native of Bagdad; was bred up to phyfick; travelled through great part of Afia and Greece; and vifited Egypt under the patronage and protection of the renowned conqueror, Saladin. His long refidence there, and the great advantages which he enjoyed in confequence of that tronage, rendered him a peculiarly pro per perion to detail its hiftory and deferibe its wonders, to rend afunder the obfcuring veil which a barbarous race, hoftile to claffic lore, had for ages thrown over them, and difplay to us, pa in all their grandeur, the monuments of the most antient and celebrated people on earth. Great as is the fame of Abdollatiph in Afia for his skill in the fciences, and the polifhed elegance and concifenefs of his ftyle, his country men feem by no means to have treafured his writings with the affiduous care which they nerited; for, of one hundred and fifty books written by him in various branches of literature, the greater part are fuppofed to be loft, and the prefent, from Pocock's MSS. in the Bodleian library, is the only one of them known to be preferved in Europe. In confequence of the great fcarcity of the work, and the importance and intereft of the fubjects difcuffed, both the fon of Pocock and the late Dr. Hunt had refpectively intentious of publishing the original, with a verfion and notes; and Dr. White abfolutely did edite the origihal text, untranflated, about the year 1789; all the copies of which, from not being perfectly fatisfied with the accuracy of that text, as then printed, he after vards prefented to M. Paulus, a German profeffor, and M. Paulus gratified the German Literati by reprinting it on the Continent. What, however, preceded the present publication is now of little confequence, as the English ftudent of Afiatic languages and history is here prefented, by a gentleman profoundly tkilled in both, with a correct and complete edition of this rare work, fuch as does honour to the University at whofe prefs it was printed, and juftice to the great character from whole pen it flowed. The beauty and correctness of the Arabic original, and the claffic elegance of the Latinity by which Abdollatiph is rendered familiar to thofe puverfed in the Oriental dialects, are fuch as to excite the moft anxious with that the learned editor may have leifure to proceed in the path in which he treads with fuch eafy dignity, a path almost exclusively his own, and indulge a nation, now awake to the beauty and intereft of Afiatic compofition, principally through his and the late Sir W. Jones's unwearied labours, with other fearce effufions of the Arabian hiftoric Mufc. The MSS. of MACRISI in the Bodleian library, we truft, will next engage his attention; he himself has roufed the public curiofity concerning that author, and he is, in fome meafure, bound to gratify it. Egypt is his ground; let him purfue the unexhauft ed, the exhauftlefs theme, till not a cavern fhall have been unexplored, and not a temple unvifited. The work before us is comprifed in two books. Of these, the first contains fix chapters, and the fecond only three. The contents of the firfi embrace all that is curious and interefting, either refpeding the foil, the climate, the plants, the animals, the antiquities, and the navigation, of Egypt, and the curious habits and domestic manners of the natives in thofe points that mont impreflively ftrike a traveller, amply corroborating the accounts of Herodotus, Strabo, and Pliny, and as confonant to thofe of Pocock, Bruce, and Volney, as the lapfe of fo many centuries, and the viciffitudes that have tiken place in political matters, would allow." The fubjects principally dif cuffed in the fecond book are, the Nile, its phænomena, and a tremendous fanine, the effect of an uncommon deficiency in the waters of that river, which ravaged Egypt during our author's refidence in that country. With the plants, animals, and other natural productions of Egypt, though numerous and wonderful in their kind, our readers have lefs concern than with the admirable remains of its antient magnificence, which, at the period of Abdollatiph's vifit, though partly “fhorn of their glory," through the affaults of foreign invaders, and the deftroyer of all things, Time, yet were far more perfect than at prefent; and therefore we shall principally confine our obfervations to the particular chapter that describes them. Thofe immenfe fabricks, the "audacia faxa PYRAMIDUM," first attract his notice and admiration. He deftribes their exact geometrical proportions, their breadth and altitude, and warmly applauds the architectural fkill of that feientific race who could form them to laft for fuch an extended period with out crumbling into ruin. Their pyranidal form indeed, and the compact manner in which they are erected, four-fquare, and to face the four cardinal points, fecure to themselves and their fabricators immortality! if the term may be applied to any terreftrial object or beings. The Arabian poets, he obferves, rapturously compare the two greater pyramids to two PAPS, rifing, majeftically prominent, in the fair and fertile bofom of Egypt. (p. 91.). This idea, however, though it may please an Eattern bard, is a very different reprefentation, as mofl highflown poetry is, from the truth; thofe PAPS of the prolific mother nourished not the fons of Egypt, but exhaufted and deftroyed them, by the labour of their erection. If they remain an ever lafting monument of the fcience of the antient Egyptians, they are alfo an eternal reproach to the defpotic fovereigns who reared them by the toil and fweat of myriads of their groaning fubjects. A very curious but difputed fact is fully afcertained by this writer, who, in the prefent publication, alone defcribes what he faw, having, in a larger hiftory (now lott), thrown together what could be collected from antient claffical authors, and from other travellers That fact is, the circualftance of the two great pyramids having been once covered with a cout of marble, as both Herodotus, Diodorus, and Pliny, pofitively allert, brought from the mountains of Arabia; and Abdollatiph declares, that he himself beheld the fuperficies, at that time not removed to decorate the temples of gods and palaces of kings covered with hieroglyphicks, or, as he has it, infcriptiones calami antiqui, ignoti, in fuch infinite abundance that, if they were copied into books, they would fill at least ten thousand volumes. (p. 99.) An infane attempt, during his refidence in Egypt, was made by Othman Ben Jofeph, the exifting governor, to pull down thefe ally ftruc. tures; and he actually proceeded in the demolition of an inconfiderable portion of the finalleft of the three, that conftructed of red granite; but, after the inceffant and firenuous labour of eight months, during which only a few of the immenfe ftones on the furface were removed, the befotted projector was compelled to defift from his abfurd project. Another great and general error is alfo corrected by Abdollatiph, viz. that the well at Grand Cairo, called Jofeph's well, and ridiculonfly afcribed, by fome modern travellers of eminence, mifled by the ignorant natives, to the patriarch Jofeph, was, in fact, conftructed by his exalted patron and friend, Sultan Saladin, whofe proper title was Saladin Jofeph Ebn Jab. (p. 89.) Nor is it the leaft important circumftance in these hiftorical details, that the celebrated pillar near Alexandria, vulgarly and falfely called Pompey's, is here mentioned by a name that indirectly leads to the dif covery of its origin and genuine founder, for AMUD ISSAWARI means the Column of the Pillars; and, by a train of hiftorical arguments and deductions, of great ingenuity, the Profeffor has, in ano her publication, his Ægyptiaca, fatisfactorily illuftrated what by that term is fignified. As we paid very ample attention to the publication in question (lee our vol. LXXI. p. 425), there is no neity for our going, at this time, into the fubject. The caverns on the Eafiern ide of the Nile, oppofite the pyramids, next en g.ge our author's attention, which he describes as "numero multæ, capacitate magnæ, excavationibus profunda, fefe invicem penetrantes, ita quidem, ut forte eques intrans eas cum hafta fua, et per totum diem in iis difcur rens, haud perveneret ad finem, prop ter multitudinem rum, amplitudi nemque et longinquitatem." (p. 105.) Thele he fuppofes to have been the quarries, whence the ftones of which the pyramids are confiructed were ob tained. Pocock and other travellers deferibe them as facred grottos; and, doubtless, in thofe gloomy recefles were celebrated the profound myfteries of that fuperftition which gave birth to the pyramids themfelves; for, whatever may be averred of their having been flupendous fepulchres of the antient Egyptian monarchs, it is far more probable, and their very form irreintibly impreffes the idea, that they were TEMPLES CONSECRATED TO THE SOLAR QRB. Our traveller, in the fubfequent pages of this interefting chapter, proceeds to defcribe the ruins of the ane tient MESR, or Memphis, now utterly annihilated; and in pathetical language laments its fate, the brevity of human life, and the tranfitorinefs of human grandeur. From the palace of the Pharaohs his fteps are directed to the fuperb but falling temples of the antient deities of Egypt, whose vast dimenfions are ftated, and whofe idols and hieroglyphic animals are accurate ly defcribed. But, of all the grand objects in Egypt, our admiring nata ralift feems to have been moft ftruck with what is, in fact, the greatest of its miracles, the NILE felf; the fruitful fource of life, and health, and plenty to the fons of Mifraim. The rife of this mighty river, when the fun, as he obferves, |