he is condemned, without allowing him any copy of this accufation or indictment, and confequently any poffibility of examining and antwering thefe Ratements of charge; condemned for pallages affirmed to be in that printed letter, and alfo for paffages in his public lectures read in the Academy before a numerous and evidently fatisfied audience. This was the whole amount of the charges made by the cabal, and read at the general meeting of the Academy." (pp. 268,269) "Unfortunately for Mr. B. the King's goodnefs has been furprised by the most unfair impofition: the bufinefs is over, the Profeffor isexpelled the Academy." (p. 270.), The first edition of this Letter was in the fupplement of the new edition of Pilkington's "Dictionary of Painters," 1798, chiefly on the fubject of empiricifm in picture-cleaning, and giving an account of an excellent praetice relative to the prefervation of pictures, which he found in ufe at Rome. See our vol. LXIX. p. 36. Mr. B. with all his eccentricities, and the frankness of his nature in detecting and expofing abufes, "has long been known to the publick, not only as a practical painter of the first merit, but as a liberal theorift, important for his profeffional knowledge of the art, and re1pected for the lofty moral fpirit which he has ever laboured to inculcate as the foremost duty of artifts, and the highett embellishment of their productions." Lives of Living Authors, p. 168.

237. Obfervations en the Produce of the Income Tax, and on its Proportion to the whole Income of Great Britain; including important Facts refpecting the Extent, Wealth, and Population, of this Kingdom. Part I. By the Rev. H. Beeke, B. D.

MR. B. undertakes to fhew, that we are more powerful, have refources more permanent, a population more numerous, and an income more confiderable, than the most enlarged computations which have been hitherto published; and perfuades himself that he has the means of proving these facts beyond all future controverfy. He has also been uniformly perfuaded, that the part of the national income which is made liable to the prefent tax bears a far lefs proportion to the whole of it than has been conjectured, and that its produce cannot greatly, if at all, exceed Seven millions. "The income tax is founded on moral equity and political wifdoin; 6

and, heavy as it is, the people do not murmur at it, because they fee its neceffity; and I fhould be more forry that it has failed (and muft under any prudent modification still fail) of being fo productive as was expected, if I did not know that this failure, instead of being a reafon for defpondency, is chiefly occafioned by circumstances which ought to give additional confidence, by a more general diffusion of wealth among a greater number of its inhabitants. It has been too much the fafhion of late to magnify, either from malignity or ignorance, the disparity of human conditions. If the divifion of income among us was really fo unequal as it is continually reprefented by declainers, where would those myriads of the middling clafs have been found, who have armed, at their own expence, for the general protection? If the inequality of income has been increafing, how is it that all taxes on articles of univerfal confumption are hourly more productive, while thofe of an oppofite kind are many of them diminifling; that, with refpect to new taxes, thofe which bear on articles of limited ufe, or, like this, are founded on a fpeculation of greatly concentrated income, almost always fall fhort of the firfi calculations?" (p. 86.) In the fecond part, he proposes to attempt to make a calculation of the national capital, to explain the fources of our wealth, and to ftate fome very important facts respecting the progreffive increafe of the inhabitants of England and Wales, from about 6,000,000, which was probably their nuniber about 90 years fince, to 11,000,000, which is, on a moderate computation, their number now. I hope that, in one refpect at leaft, I fhall be fuccefsful; and that, though fome of my rea fons may be combated, yet the general facts will teach Britous to love their country, their religion, and governnient, with a warmer affection than they do now, if that can be poflible."

"

called Lay and Itinerant Preaching. By Rowland Hill, M. A. late of St. John's College, Cambridge, and Minifter of Surrey Chapel.

THE title-page fufficiently difcovers the defign and tendency of this pamphlet. We learn from it, that, when Mr. Hill was a member of the Univerfity of Cambridge, that University "was almoft in total darknefs. The Gospel is at prefent not only faithfully preached by Mr. Simeon and others; but many young men are training up, who, I fruft, will, if worldly prudence and fear of man prevent not, prove a bleffing to the Church." (p. 4.) He hopes fome Gospel hero in the neigh bourhood of Penrith will make it a point to besiege that town (p. 8); and he laments that "there feems to be an awful death prevailing over the people of Carlitle; though they have not wanted the blefling of fome mott faithful Golpel fermons from the dean, and his brother, the late Mr. Milner, of Hull, whofe abundant fervices to the Church of Chrift, not only as a preacher but a au ecclefiaftical hiftorian, together with his other ufeful publications, will render his name defervedly refpected by all lovers of the Gofpel, and of good and ufeful literature" (p. 9); yet his fentiments, perhaps, might have been more correct according to Scripture rule if lefs favourable to high-church difcipline." In the concourfe of Langham fair, fo difgufting and fhocking to Mr. H. he met with Mr. Haldane, who, from an Eaft-India captain, had turned out an i inerant field-preacher, travel led from town, and all again his known intereft and character." To him this work is infcribed; and he was accompanied by Mr. Ackman on the fame errand. We have here a very juft remark on the want of religious fervices at funerals, which the Church of ScotFind ftrictly forbids (p. 12); and on the cultom of lecturing or expounding in their fermons (p. 14); and on the flovenly crowded manner of fitting up churches (pp. 20, 21*); and the folly and mifchief of hafty and violent reformation applied to our antient religious buildings. (p. 23.) Mr. H. pathetically laments the refufal of preferment in the Church of Scotland to men who

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* The old cathedral at Glafgow is di. vided into two parish-churches; and a miferable in under ground makes a third, (p 29-)

have not had an academical education; while the English bishops, whatever fome of them may be, and however_bed many whom they ordain may prove, have frequently done themfelves the credit, while the Church has received the advantage, of giving orders to many who have never pent an hour at a feat of learning, and yet have been learned men. (p. 25.) Before one month was at an end, Mr. Hill had preached till

his bodily frame began to fail from his extraordinary exertions." (p. 29.) "Though at Dundee we had one excellent minifter of the Established Church on the eve, yet fuch characters are too little known in those parts. I find, fo far as it refpects the Establishment, many parts of Scotland are very dark indeed." (p. 40.) At St. Andrew's he feems to have made up his mind for perfecution, and being mobbed and treated like an apojile. Of the internal contents of the univerfity, as they refpect the divinity line, he had not fufficient information to enable him to fay, whether it motily abounds with holy devoted youths much devoted to prayer with and for each other, longing over fouls in the bowels of Jefus Chrift, waiting till they fhall be fent forth to preach the Gospel; or with others, who were fent thither with no other defign than to be made up for the trade." (p. 43.) Having been much given to blunder all the days of my life, I here (at Kirkaldy) trefpafled again the order of public worship, by omitting the fecond Pfalm; for which offence I was feriously reprimanded by an aged gentleman, one of the elders of the church. My apology was, we were to pass the water, and had not time. No time, it was urged, could be loft by fuch an excellent part of divine fervice. I molt readily admitted the excellency of the whole, though I was glad not to be called to decide on their method of performing it. I thought, however, that two Palms were no more neceflary than two fermons, and that things of this fort were left optional, as time and opportunity allowed. I foon found that no argu ment could fuccced with the good old gentleman, as nothing is right but what is done according to certain forms and orders already adopted." (p. 44.) Since he preached at Newcafile, he has heard that an influence on many was vouchfafed." (p. 55.) “Having been refufed ordination many years ago by

the

the archbishop of York, I efteemed it my duty to go about preaching every where, that men thould repent; and I believe the miflion, though attended with abundance of weaknefs, was fil blefled to the falvation of many. I then concluded it was never the defign of Providence that I fhould be permitted to preach the word of life within the walls of the Established Church; though what I never expected I afterwards received." (p. 57.) He concludes: "Thus have I finished a nine weeks Gofpel tour of full 1200 miles (from Wotton Underedge), preached in much weakness to many thousands, and been more or lefs engaged on different calls near 80 times, with no other calamity than a little indifpofition for a few days, and the temporary lameness of the fame horfe which carried me through all my journey excepting the fhort refpite he required till he could meet me on the road. Without alfo the leaft perfonal infult from any quarter, excepting a fimall fhare of a difiant hifs of falfe afperfion, and, I truft, unjult reflection," (p. 64.) Then follows a high ranting addrefs to J. Haldane, efq. and after it remarks and obfervations on the Church of Scotland, its Prefbyterian government, and the general ftrict adherents to it in the General Affembly, and Provincial Synods and Prefbyteries.

The General Affembly is "a firange group when collected together as a body." (p. 79.) The feceders objected more to the form of the Scotch eftablishment being blended with the fiate, than to the defects of the form of government itself; and the folemn league and covenant was moft coercive. Thefe feceders, who feparated on account of patronage, and to exercite the right of chufing their own minitiers, were divided into Burghers and Antiburghers, who differed about the fenfe of the burghers oath, excommunicated one another, and are afraid to hear any minifter except of their own party. From thefe feparated a third party, called the Church of Relief, whose object was to fupply parishes with minifters of orthodox fentiments, who difliked the ininifters attempted, fometimes by force of arms, to be fettled among them. But they did not demand of minifiers or people affent to the covenants, or any other form of communion but fubfcription to the confeflion of faith and catechifiu; neither did they form

a feparation from the orthodox minifters of the church of Scotland, candidły receiving all individuals who feemed to be Calvinifts. There are 129 Burghers, 125 Antiburgher congregations, and 67 of the Church of Relief. Mr. H. is no enenty to establishments under certain limitations, which are very rarely obferved; ror is coercive power in any refpe& neceffary for their fupport, or the test act, and other compulfatory laws to compel others to pay for the ftate religion. Of the epifcopal chapels and clergy in Scotland he obferves, that their congregations are no where very numerous; but this is made up to them in being moftly very polite. The general prerequifite is, that the minifter fhould be a good reader, that he fhould not Squall out the English liturgy fimilarly to the twang of a Scots precentor, with their doggrel verfion of David's Pfalms and fo far fo good. Next, that he fhould be a polite and eafy gentleman, or, to fum it up in that popular book, the New Whole Duty of Man, that he fhould produce nothing, either in his conduct or from the pulpit, but what is made easy to the practice of the prefent age. As to doctrine, their pulpit orators are as undecided as the doctrine of the Scots Moderates can be respecting the confeflion of faith, while the public creeds of both nations are perfectly fimilar, and as avowedly Calviniftic as words can poffibly frame them. As a proof of this, that good and truly fpiritual and refpectable man, Mr Simeon of Caws, being asked to preach but once in their chapels, after one fample given, was afked no more, though he frictly adhered to a mofi regular conduct, as far as only preaching in the established church deferves that name. One phonix, however, I am told, has arifen in the North of Scotland, whofe doctrine from the pulpit is as found as the Liturgy which he reads, and who gives the moft flattering promifes that he will become a burning and a fhining light. Let it, however, be confidered that my information here may be imperfect. I truft there are others equally kind and good. I have a predilection in favour of our Established Church, according to the outline of her general plan. I grieve the ever stopped short in her fur ther reformation; but, had he been, in my judgement, as fpotlefs as the fpoufe of Chrift, the might have been my idol. Still the is the vehicle of ge

neral

neral good, as many of her minifters, firictly connected with her, are lovely and ufeful characters." (p. 105.) Mr. H. argues fenfibly in fupport of Chrif tianity, even corrupted, as the fupport of good principles; and he is not lefs acute in his deteftation of Popery, as

a mode of religion fubverfive of every free and Proteliant government; and if Papifis are not perfecutors, they are defective in their own principles, and better than their religion" (p. 107); and he is of opinion the Test Act "does good in keeping Diffenters from a conformity with the world, fuch a coalefcence being the deftruction of real religion among all denominations." (p. 111.) The general and public adminiftration of the Communion where parifles meet in a body, and their minifters are of different fentiments, is jofily reprobated as indecent and inconfifient. The remainder of the panphlet is an apology for itinerant preachDitlenting academies, who fend out the ing, juflified by the example of the ftudents to preach in the villages, so far as is confiftent with attention to their fiudies. "The canous of the Englith church vehemently exclaim against a fimilar conduct; thefe, however, were never fanctioned by legiflative authority. I blefs God 1 have tranfgrefled then a thousand times. They were the mere bully of the high-priests of the day; but under them the fing of prielily sengeance is added year by year from the firong powers of the General Affembly." (p. 162.) Among a variety of fenfible obfervations ou religion and religious effablishments, our readers will not want to be told that the conclufion of the whole matter is to jufiify and recommend LAY preaching.

With this tract are connected

230. Remarks on the Rev. Rowland Hill's Journal, & In a Letter to the Author; including Reflections on Itinerant and Lay Preaching By John Jamiefon, D. D. Minifter of the Gospel Edinburgh.

DR. J. vindicates the Seceders from the character given them by Mr. Hill; and gives it as his opinion, that no perfons fhould undertake the office of itinerant preacher without being appointed to a miffion; and that pre-coupofed difcourfes are every way preferable to impromptu preaching.

240. A Series of Letters, tecaftened by the late Pafieval Admonition of the Church of Sour

land, as also their Attempts to juppech the Etablifement of Sabhatb-fcbrls; addrifed to the Society for propagating the G-jpel at Home. By Rowland Hill, M. A IT is eafy to comprehend the drift of thefe letters.

241. Four Sermons, preached at the Fifth ge neral Meeting of the Miffionary Society, May 8, 9, 10, 1799. By the Rev. J. Findlay, Paitley; Rev. J. Tozer, Taunton; Res. J. Moody, Warwick; and Rev. G. C. Broadbelt, Afton-Sandford. To worb are added, the Report of the Diretors of the Proceedings of the Meeting, and a Lift of the Subfcribers. By Order of the Directors, pabe lifhed for the Benefit of the Society.

MR. FINDLAY and. Mr. Moody are celebrated by Mr. Hill among his active coadjutors. The report contajus the equipment and departure of the South feas and the Cape of Good Hope. fhips Duff and Hillsborough for the The former, on this her fecond voyage, been captured by the French, and carhaving on-board 10 married couples, 7 children, and 19 fingle brethren, has ried into Rio Janeiro. Upwards of 14,0001. has been collected, and of 10,0001. expended, to June 1, 1799.

242. The Diffenters' Guide in eboofing a Paßte, pointing out the necessary Qualifications of Gofpel Minifter, and bow to be able to f tinguifh thofe that are pe fled of th.m a Letter to the Seceders. Defigned to promite the Power of Godliness, and execeaingly seceffary to all, of every Denomination, that bave a Vote on the Calling of a Minifter. By G. Cowie, Minifter of the Gofpel at Huntly.

IN this letter, perhaps, too much firefs may feem to be laid on the quali fication of ministers; and indeed there is a danger therein. They are intiruments: but the fuccefs depends upon the will and pleasure of the Great God. Perhaps alfo too little mention is made of the fpiritual exercites of faith, prayer, carnelt wrestling with God, fecret and family fafting often repeated, neceifary in view of calling a minifter. The fe things are our duty. But the defign of this letter was to rebuke a number of viûble abufes; and this canfed me to dwell moft upon them." (Note at the end.) The abufes here dwelt upon deferve the attention of many unworthy minifiers of the Church of England and of their diocefans, who with the perpetuity of the Etablishment.

ter to Patrick Colquhoun, Efq. one of bis Majefty's fufiices of the Peace for the Counties of Middlefex, Surrey, Kent, and Ellex. THIS writer, who figns G. H. from Pentonville, propofes an alteration in the mode of electing confiables by the juftices from a return made to them or to the court-leet, and a fine to their deputies; on refufing an augmentation of their number; preferibed rules, or ders, and difcipline, to be obferved by them in the execution of their duty, by the appointment of a captain or leader of 10 or more; more adequate means for profecuting delinquents when prefented by them; and an annual tipend, in fome degree fuited to the labour and lots of time to which the annual conftable is fubject, each to receive not lefs than 3s. nor more than 5s. per day out of the county rates; fome allow ance alfo to the head-conftable, whofe unavoidable expence is from 20l. to 301. per annum, for which no allow ance is made.

244- Reply of the Union Society of Greenwich for promoting Sunday Jebools and preaching the Golpel, to a Pamphlet published by the Rev Dr. Wollafton, Rector of Chefett, intituled, "A Country Parfen's Addrefs to his Fleck, to caution them against being misled by the Wolf in Sheep's Cloathing, or rec.iving Jacobiu Teachers of Sedition, who intrude themselves under the fpecious Pretence of infru&ting Youth and preaching Chrißianity." In which it is fhewn that the Charge breu bt against them by Dr. Wollaton is entirely void of Foundation; with fome Remarks on the leading Topicks of the Doctor's Pamphlet. By a Member of the Union Society.

THE object of this fociety is here avowed to be Methodifm; and all attempts to check the progrefs of Methodifm will be highly refented by the promoters of it. In other refpects, the Reply is below criticiẩm.

245. Rights of D fcuffion; or, A Vindication of Diffenters of every Denomination; with a Review of the Controverfy occafioned by a late Paftoral Charge of the Bishop of Salf bury. To which are added, Hints for Paftoral Charges. By a Friend to Civil and Religious Liberty.

THE prefent worthy and refpectable. diocefan of Sarum having, in a charge delivered at his third triennial vifitation in that cathedral, but not publifhed, noticed "the increafing activity of DifJenters of various denominations, and the great number of licensed preachers registered in the courfe of latt year, and

urged the great expediency and neces fity of exertions from the parochial clergy to prevent the delufions to which the lower claffes of the people, efpecially in the villages, are thereby expofed, and the modes of inftruction beft calculated for that end were clearly defcribed. The dangers of innovation, and the falfe but prevalent philofophy of the times, were firongly urged, with their direful effects in a neighbouring country, in a plain but animated appeal to the hearts of the clergy and people, and to the confcious feelings peculiarly affecting the former." Such was the account given of this Charge in the Salisbury and Winchelier Journal of Aug. 29, 1798, which was taken as the groundwork of a letter addrefled to the bishop by Mr. H. Wanley, a clothier, of Salisbury, and a writer on various other fubjects. That on this he has written with lefs liberality than became him is admitted by this friend to difcuffion; perhaps it would not be too fevere to fay, that he has written with ill-tined forwardnefs, and a degree of impertinence. He was anIwered in "Strictures on a Letter to the Bishop of Salisbury on his late Charge to the Clergy of his Diocele, by H. W. of Salisbury, a Diffenter, and Author of a Tour to the United States of America," by a critick, animadverting on his ungrammatical and rude addrefs. Mr. W. was next attacked in a more humourous piece, The deplorable Malady of Hy Wy, a Wiltshire Clothier;" fhewing how he mistook a Barber for a Clergyman in a red Coat, and a Lancet, with which it was attempted to bleed him, for a Scymitur, in allution to his objections to the confecration of colours by Chriflian divines. Another specimen of dogore! rhyme was alfo given in "The Dif fenter done over." Another reply, intituled, "A Rowland for an Oliver ;. addrefied to Mr. Wanfey, on his Letter to the Bishop of Salisbury, by G. M." is a vindication of the Clergy in general from Mr. W.'s reflections on them. • The Twig from a Broom

66