adverfaries, or they but ill merit their fuccefs. General Menou's defence was fuch as his country had every reafon to be fatisfied with; a longer refiftance would not have been fufficiently conliderate for the troops under his command, unless they voluntarily devoted themfelves to render glorious, by their facrifice, the memory of the ariny of the Eafi." (p. 200%) The exterior wall of Alexandria has in it, fixed horizontally, at the difiance of ten vards, large pillars of granite, perhaps remains of Alexander's original city. Within this wall are the maflive ruins of the temple of the Sun, many gigantic pillars of granite, and other large fragments. The gate of Rofeita is an elegant fpecimen of Saracen architecture; and on the space between the walls and fea are innumerable Blocks and pillars of granite, porphyry, and marble. Cleopatra's needle ftands near another lying uncovered by the French, only the apex being vifible. Each is one piece of granite fixty-three feet high, and the bafe feven feet fquare the hieroglyphics on the East face of that ftanding are much effaced by the wind. Much it is to be lamented that fuch a fuperb monument of the Egyptian expedition could not be brought to England; the zeal of lord Cavan urged an attempt, but the fwell of the fea deftroyed the quay he had conftructed to embark it from; and the funds are fo exhaufted as not to admit the formation of others; yet, furely, this is a project worthy the co-operation of government and the country at large. Pompey's pillar at a diftance appears noble; approach clofer, the pillar is lovely beyond defcription. The dimenfions are ftupendons. The French filled up with cement the vacancy under the bafe; which, to the difgrace of the English, they broke away, and a centinel was placed to prevent further damage by officers knocking off pieces for prefents on their return. A French officer, who fuperintended the manu factures of Giza, propofed removing it to France; probably the attempt would have proved beyond his or any other man's abilities. (pp. 209–213.) Who is there, after a perufal of Gen. Lord Hurchinton's official letter on the capitulation of Alexandria, and a recollection of the events traced in this work, will refufe to add, that he GENT. MAG. December, 1302. has proved he amply poffeffed in himfelf thofe virtues and talents he fo forcibly delineates in others? Who can deny that to his judgement, firmnefs, and perfeverance, the final conqueft of Egypt fhould be principally afcribed?" (p. 218.) Nor is our author backward in paying a jut tribute to the character of Gen. Menou, and particularly to his acknowledged difinterefiedness, that, though he had the full command over the revenue of his government, he returned to. France as poor as when he feft his country; and every one knows that his income was inconfiderable. 'War," never ending, ftill beginning, was the univerfal idea (the French and Vizir alone had better information; for the latter at Cairo had mentioned and infified on the probability of peace), when, to the difcomfiture of every profpect and hope, Nov. 15, the Lodi brig ood into Alexandria with a white flag, announcing the preliminaries being figned; but, whether peace is unnatural to foldiers, or the terms difpleased, no joy was excited at the intelligence. Had the army heard the fhouts of Englishmen yoked to rhe carriage of the French aide de camp in the firects of London, the echo would have been reverberated in tones of horror: nor would they without fhame have reflected that this rabble were their countrymen; or would their indignation have been unnatural against the hirelings who fold that national character, which to maintain the beft blood of England had flowed." (p. 222.) The moral and phyfical fiate of Egypt occupies about 30 pages. Its fertility produces three crops; and, after nourishing 3,000,000 inhabitants, vaft fupplies are fent to Arabia and Turkey. Good fugar is manufactured; and the olive tree might be introduced, with attention. The revenue under the Beys amounted annually to 1,500,0001.; and the French derived, in addition, fuflicient fupplies for their armies. The mifery of the Nubian terminates the moment he becomes the property of a matter. As a domeftic he is more favoured than any other; and the females are admitted into the houfes as fervants to the favourite women. Even Turks may teach Europeans humanity! Egypt has been much mifreprefented; and the terrors of the defart are confiderably diminished by by the frequency of paffage, and an examination into its nature; and water is to be found almost every where throughout on digging. Suez is reprefented, p. 229, as not of fuch great importance as generally fuppofed, and the difficulty of the French gaining poffellion of India through it fairly fiated; though death only prevented Paul I. from concurring with them to execute an immenfe project communicated to his predeceffor. Our not retaining Alexandria or Malta, or both, is regretted. Egypt is now in the ab. folute poffeffion of the Turks. The death of the Beys as thewa, p. 234, to be no act of the Pacha or his fovereign; but every circumfiance concurs to keep down and finally extinguifh the Mamelukes. The beft means nuft be devifed to render the Turks capable of relifting a French invafion. One plan here propofed is, to infulate Alexandria, and raife Prong, fortifications round it, beldes others at Rhamanic hand, th Delta. The character of the Captain Pacha fancious the hope that thofe preju lices and abaks which have occaoned an unnatur weaknefs may very foon be extirpated. He feems to be Lorn, in this age of fplendid talents, to re rieve the fortunes of the Ottoman rifon died, though treated in their hofpitals with great abilities by the jufilycelebrated Deflagnettes, chief phyfician to the French army. In Upper Egypt 60,000 of the inhabitants perished, and there whole villages were fwept away, and remained abandoned when the Indian ariny defcended the Nile. Yet no contagion was communicated when it returned again, and numbers of Sepoys died at Rofetta. Dr. White, after refifting two inoculations of it, fell a martyr to the third. The ophthalmia is a molt painful diforder; the anguifh of the affected part nearly equal to delirium." Nearly every fifth inhabitant has loft one eye, and many both. All the children have fore eves, and the Europeans do not efcape better. It is afcribed to the nitrous particles emitted from the ground by the force of the fun, and the acrid and burning duft flying conftantly in the atmosphere. Opieni was found the beft application. Dyfentery generates and expires with the ophthalmia. To thele principally are to be added, leprofy and elephantiafis of the worft fpecies; heruia extremely frequent; fyphilis of the moft malignant kind; dropfy, fore heads, worms, iver complaints, very frequent. Minor plagues of Egypt are rats and every kind of noxious infects. The Appendix confitts of official papers and returust. 220. The Evidence for the Authenticity and Divine Inistration of the Apocalypfe stated, and vindicated from the Objections of the Late Profeffor F. [.] D. Michels; in Letters addreffed to the Rev. Herbert Marth, B. D. Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. MR. M. having published the work of Michaelis with only part of his own obfervations, and it not being probable, from Mr. M's own account, that what he has farther to add is foon likely to appear, the letter-writer, a empire, and refix the crefcent in the fphere hom which it has wandered. The botility of the Turks to France offers a favour. ble moment for the completion of de figus neceffary to the interefts of Engla and Turkey, who ought to form an infeparable alliance. The Sendihip of Turkey is of fuch imporance to England, that every exertion ould be made, and fome faenfices even not refifted, if they tend to prevent France refuming her influence in the Divan." (p. 240.) Oi the difcafes of Egypt the principal are the plague and the epidemical fever. Since the French expedition great difcoveries have been made as to the progrefs of the plague. Afalini, in his excellent work on it, denies its contagion, and the influence of the atmosphere, The charge brought by Bonaparte proves by men efcaping from Jaffa into the gift Sr Sidney Smith, that Dhezzar defart, and recovering; and that the Facha, under his influence, frangled and Turks rifle the difeafed in the pelt-biants of the country, and that Sir Sidney threw into the water 200 Chriftians, inhahouses, and dug up corpfes recently buried at Cairo, shout being infected, any more than the English and Turkish armies, which arched to Cairo through an infected country. In Cairo laft year 40,000 people were fuppofed to be infected; and many of the French gar if alluded to pp. 75, 76? EDIT. infected with the plague, refutes itfulf in put the French prifoners on-board veffels the latter inftance; and is founded in the first only on Dghezzar having, before the English landing, put to death 30 French, knowing the English would not fuffer fuch an action. clergyman clergyman of the Church of England, thinking it defirable that the mifconceptions of the great Michaelis on this important fobject fhould be met without lots of time, advances this as an earlier though not a perfect aufwer, in hopes of fiimulating Mr. M. to countenance what is available in it, and to fupply its defects. In the fecond letter, the author propofes to review the evidence, external and internal, for the authority and divine infpiration of the Apocalyple; to add to it fome farther collections of his own, and occafionally introduce remarks on the obfervations on the last chapter of Michaelis's work, which tend to invalidate this part of the Sacred Writings. In Let ter III. the time of its being written is determined to A. D. 96. In Letters IV. and V. the external evidence is collected from the Fathers who lived at the time nearett its publication appear ing, by their quotations or allufions, to have received it as Sacred Scripture, Ireneus and the Fathers before him, Ignatius, Hermes, Polycarp, Papias, Juftin Martyr, Athenagoras, the church of Gaul, Melito, Theophilus, Apollolonius, Clemens Alexandrinus, Tertullian; with a biographical chart, reprefenting the times in which thefe writers flourished. Letter VI. examines the evidence against it, and refutes the daring objections against it by Marcion, the Gnoftic, and the Alogi; and Letter VII. thofe of Hippolytus, Caius, Origen, and Dionyfius of Alexandria. The evidence in its favour is carried down for 150 years. ception of the Apocalypfe at the time of the Reformation. Eufebius places it among the books allowed to be genuine, or, if that fhould be difputed, among fuch as were fit to be read, the work of a pious and eminent Chritian if not of an apofile, but by no means to be confidered as a forgery, a furious, or an impious book. Jerome pronounced politively in its favour "on the authority of the antients," that is, external evidence; and he was followed by the Fathers of the Wefiern churches. He tells us he does not follow the fashion of his times, the fashion by which fome of the Greek churches were induced to reject the Apocalypfe. Michaelis miftakes Gregory of Nyfla, who does not place it among the apocryphal writings, but only fays he had heard of fome who did fo; meaning only that it was now accounted fuch by many of the Greek church. "There are books of the Old Teftament which are called apocryphal by fome of our Church; vet fome of them have been deemed divinely inspired by our own writers. If fuch a writer fhould quote from fuch a book, for infance, the fecond book of Efdras, and introduce his quotation after the manner of Gregory, I have heard the prophet Ezra, in the Apocrypha, fay,' we thould conclude that he efteemed the fecond of Efdras as the work of Ezra the feribe, and an infpired writer in the Old Teftament, the work of a divine prophet. Somewhat of this kind, I believe, happened in our own times *." The internal evidence, from the completion of its prophecies, and its correpondence in doctrine and imagery with other books of the New Teftament, are next illuftrated. In Letter IX. the objections of Michaelis on thefe grounds are replied to, the true characters of beauty and fublimity as exemplified in it, are pointed out, and an argument firongly lated from them: the Apocalypfe is compared with other books of the fame age, pretending to a divine origin, fuch as Hermes, and the fecond book of E "Upon the whole, the candid examiner cannot but perceive, that the external evidence for the authenticity and divine infpiration of the Apocalypfe is of preponderating weight, and that Michaelis is by no means juftifiable in reprefenting it, when placed in the fcale against the contrary evidence, as fufpended in equipoife. It is a complete anfwer to the affertions of his third fection to affirm (and we now fee that we can truly affirm it), that the authenticity of the book was never doubted by the Church during the first century after its publication." (p. 47.) *Is not the learned author of the Letter VIII. contains the tettimonies of "Morfels of Criticifm" here referred to, Gregory of Neo-Cefarea, and of Dionyas a ftrenuous advocate for the fecond book fius of Alexandria; his private opi- of Efdras, only to be found in the Latin oion; that of other Fathers of this cenVulgate, and the fiction of some one, who tury; of Eufebius, and the fathers in was a Jew by nation and a Chriftian by his time, whofe opinions he has pre-profeffion, a file before the death of Dom ferved, and after him; and of the re- mitian? See Wilfon'- Obfervations on it. dras; dras; and objections derived from the lypfe contains prophecies which were fulfilled before they were written." (p. 70.) No other revelations afcribed to the apofles will bear any comparison with it. The vifions of Hermes contain fome dreams which the author may have invented as ufeful allegory, and the preceptive and doctrinal parts are fimple and moral, and ufed in the primitive church to initiate youth into religion; but it does not appear to have been received as a divine work by many of the antients. The fecond book of apocryphal Efdras is made up of prophecies which appear fulfilled, and were evidently written after the events foretold. The author has otherwife a fuperior dignity to Hermes, and imitates more fuccefsfully the facred prophets, and has made great ufe of the prophecies of the apofiles. (p. 71.) The obfcurity of the Apocalypfe in prophecies unfulfilled is not greater than that of Daniel in prophecies folfilled. The greater part of learned Chriftians, who have applied themfelves to the study of the Apocalypfe, fee evidence by which they are per fuaded that a part of the prophecies have received their completion. (p.73.) "The grand bulwark of its internal evidence has not yet been fufficiently explored. The diligence of future enquirers will, I. truft, evince to the world, from a direct proof of the actual accomplishment of the apocalypti cal prophecies, that the work is from God." (p. 91.) In the tenth Letter the five argu ments of Dionyfius of Alexandria, and others by Michaelis, as to the Apoc3lypfe being, from a comparifon with his other writings and its ftyle, the work of St. John, are fatisfactorily ob viated. It is alfo fhewn, that John the Evangelifi and John the Dirine were the fame perfon, though the later epi thet was given to him in late ages, and is not to be found in the most amient and authentic MSS. The letter-writer concludes with a pofitive evidence in favour of the Apocalypfe being written by St. John. In ch. i. 13, he who is ordered to write the book beholds in the vifion "one like unto the Son of Man." Now, who but an eye-witnels of our Lord's perfon upon earth could pronounce from the likeness that it was he? St. John had lived familiarly with Jefus during his abode upon earth, and had, feen him likewife in his glorified appearance at his transfiguration, and after his refurrection. No other John had enjoyed this privilege. No other eye-witness of our Lord's perfon appears to have been living in the late period of the apoftolical age when the vifions of the Apocalypfe were feen." (p. 90.) Beholding, as we do with pleasure, that the crifis of the times has awakened many readers to an attentive perufal of this myfterious, but felf-explaining and far from unintelligible book, we with pleafure venture to recommend thefe ten Letters as highly illuftrative of its authenticity and importance; with a fincere with and prayer, that the Divine Spirit, which communicated thefe revelations to the Apoftle, may infpire the members of the Church of Rome with juft apprehenfions of them. In their prefent ftate, they speak to Chrif tians of every denomination in their accomplishment, to all mankind. 221. On preaching the Word. A Discourse, delivered at the Vifitation of the Reverend Robert Markham, M. A. Archdeacon of York, at Doncafter, June 5, 1801. By John Lowe, M.A. Curate of Wentworth, and domeftic Chaplain to the Right Honourable Earl Fitzwilliam. Published at the Request of feveral of the Clergy. THE injunction of St. Paul to Timothy, 2 Tim. iv. 1, 2, is here explained, of preaching the word effectually, "without the whining cant of hypocrify, the sturdy zeal of bigotry, or the wild irregularities of enthufiafin; without arts for acquiring a tranfient popularity, for the fake of eftablishing a new fect, or fupporting an old one; neither with a cold freezing manner, or a trimming accommodating fyftem of preaching. It is alfo to be preached with a plainnefs and fimplicity, confidering how uncultivated are the minds of the bulk of the hearers; and, as Bp. Burnet obferves, a preacher is to fancy himself as in the room of the moft unlearned man in the whole parish." This applies alfo to the choice and manner of treating fubjects. Preaching, though a fall is yet an important part of the minifterial office. "The circumfiances of the times imperiously demand our utmoft exertions in the caufe of truth and righteoufnels. Our country claims the payment of our immenfe debt of gratitude. The interests of religion and virtue, of focial order and rational liberty, of every thing that ought to be dear to us as men, as Britons, and as Christians, call nopn us in thefe awful and perilous times with a warning voice, not to lumber on our pofts, but to be watchful, to be vigilant, that we may adorn the doctrine and profeffion of our faith, and preferve and extend the blefled influence of religion on thofe who are committed to our care. Let us accept the challenge of a learned and liberal Diffenting minifter (Robert Hall, M.A. Cambridge), and lay afide our controverfies about the peculiar ceremonies, opinions, and practices, by which different focieties of Chriftians are diftinguifhed; let the only rivalry felt in future be who thall most advance the interefts of our common Chriftianity 3 let the only provocation fuftained be that of provoking each to love and good works; let us, divefted of every other fpirit bat the genuine (pirit of Chriftianity, faithfully, earnestly, plainly, and fimply, preach the word; and may the blefling of God go forth with it, and bring forth fruit abundantly, to the comfort of our religion, and the everlasting falvation of minifier and people." In the latter is required a fuitable difpofition of mind, and a fincere defire to be inftructed in the will of God, in order that, knowing it, they may faithfully fulfil it. 212. An Enquiry into the Origin of the Confellations that compofe the Ziac, and the Ufes they were intended to promote. By the Rev. John Barrett, D.D. and fenior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. IF we fhould regret that a great deal of learning has been here, perhaps, thrown away on eliablishing a new hypothefis refpecting the figns of the Zodiac, which, inconteftibly, was a difcovery of very great and general antiquity, though whether before the flood we do not pretend to decide, we would not be undertiood to caft any imputation on the defign of the ingenious author of this hypothefis, as if he were not actuated by the bett views, the cltablishment of the divine truth of religion questioned and denied by modern Sceptics, with Volney at their head, whofe profane views have been, it may be, better expofed by Mr. Roberts (fee our vol. LXXI. p. 721.) Dr. B. conceives Aries to reprefent the divine providence; Taurus the ocean; Gemini day and night; Cancer the firmament: Leo the fun; Virgo the earth. Thefe firth figus repicfented the creation |