an act of necellity, fince the whole army did not mutiny against the execution; therefore, to eftablish farther the authenticity of the relation, this can only be mentioned, that it was Bonn's division which fired; and thus every one is afforded the opportunity of fatisfying themfelves respecting the truth, by enquiring of officers ferving in the different brigades compoting this die vition.

"The next circumstance is of a nature which requires, indeed, the most particular details to eliablish; fince the idea can fcarce be entertained, that the commander of an army thould order his own country men (or, if not immediately fuch, thafe amongst whom he had been naturalized) to be deprived of exiflence when in a fiate which required, the kindelt confideration. But the annals of France record the frightful crimes of a Roberfpiere, a Carriere; and hiftorical truth muft now recite one equal to any which has blackened its page. Bonaparte, finding that his hofpitals at Jaffa were crowded with fick, fent for a phyfician, whofe name thould be inferibed in letters of gold, but which, from weighty reafons, cannot be here inferted: on his arrival, he entered into a long converfation with him refpecting the danger of contagion, concinding at laft with the remark, that fomething must be done to remedy the evil, and that the deftruction of the fick in the hofpital was the only meafare which could be adopted. The phylician, alarmed at the propofal, bold in the confidence of virtue and the cause of humanity, remouftrated vehemently, reprefenting the cruelty as well as the atrocity of fuch a murder; but, finding that Bonaparte perfevered and menaced, he indignantly left The tent with this memorable obfervation: Neither my principles, nor the character of my profeffion, will allow ine to become a human butcher; and, General, if fuch qualities are necellary to form a great inan, I thank my God that I do not poflefs them." Bonaparte was not to be diverted from his object by moral confiderations. He perfevered, and found an apothecary, who, dreading the weight of power (but who has fince made an atonement to his mind by unequivocally confeffing the fact), confented to become his agent, and to adminifter poison to the fick. Opium at night was adminiftered in gratifying food, the wretched un

fufpecting victims banqueted; and in a few hours 580 foldiers, who had fuffered fo much for their country, pe rifhed thus miferably by the order of its idol. Is here a Frenchman whole blood does of chill with horror at the recital of fuch a fact? Surely, the manes of thele murdered unoffendig. people must be now hovering round the feat of government and... If a doubt thould fill exift as to the veracity of this ftatemnent, let the members of the Infuture at Cairo be asked what palled in their fitting after the return of Bonaparte from Syria; they will relate that the fame virtuous phy fician, who refused to become the de firoyer of strofe committed to his protection, accufed Bonaparte of high treafon, in the full aflembly, against the honour of France, her children, and humanity; that he entered into the full details of the poisoning of the fick, and the maffacre of the garrifon; ag gravating thefe crimes by charging Bo naparte with ftrangling previously ag Roferta a number of French and Copts who were ill of the plague; thus prov ing that this difpofal of his fick was a premeditated plan, which he wished to introduce into general practice. In vain Bonaparte attempted to juftify himfelf. The members fat petrified with terror; and almoft doubted whether the feene paling before their eyes was not illu fon. Afluredly, all thele proceedings will not be found in the minutes of the Institute;no; Bonaparte's policy fores faw the danger, and power produced the erature: but let no man, calculating on the force of circumstances which inay prevent fuch an avowal as is folicited, prefume on this to deny the whole; there are records which remain, and which in due feafon will be produced. In the interim, this repre fentation will be fufficient to ftimulate enquiry; and, Frenchmen, your hos nour is indeed interefled in the exami nation." (p. 72–76.) "Bonaparte pleaded that he ordered the garrison to be defiroyed because he had not provifions to maintain them, or strength enough to guard them; and that it was evident, if they escaped, they would ad against the French, fince among the prifoners were 500 of the garriton of El Arifh, who had promifed not to ferve again (they had been compelled in paffing through Jaffa by the commandant to ferve); and that he deftroyed the fick to prevent contagion,

and

and fave themselves from falling into the hands of the Turks; but these arguments, however fpecious, were refuted directly; and Bonaparte was at latt obliged to reft his defence on the pofitions of Machiavel. When he afterwards left Egypt, the Sçavans were fo angry at being left behind, contrary to promife, that they elected the phyfician prefident of the Institute, an act which fpoke for itself fully." (78, n.) "A curious letter was brought, written by General Belliard to another general, in which he complained of the weakness of his garrifon at Cairo, the dreadful ravages of the plague, and ftated that in 6 days 150 foldiers had died, and within the last 48 hours his wife and three fervants; concluding with the melancholy account of his having been in confequence obliged to 'burn all his butin. Every body was anxious to fee Fouah, as the former capital of Egypt, but the place was worfe than Roletta. Good bread was, however, fold there, the French having instructed them, as they, here had their ovens." (79.)

In p. 81-91 we have a detail of the affair at Rhumanich, with a plan of it. "Whatever difference might exift on the fubject, the poffeffion of this place was in itself moft important, acquired alfo with a facility beyond the most fanguine hope. The armies of Gen. Menou and Belliard were now divided by a vaft extent of defart, combined offenfive operations rendered impoffible, the command of the Nile fecured, and a communication with the whole interior of Egypt established. Confiderable, however, as were thefe advantages, much remained to be done. The French had retired, if repulfed, not weakened; their concentrated force from Cairo might always advance." Gen. Hutchinson, notwithftanding the confiderable oppofition to the measure of advancing to Cairo rather than returning to attack Alexandria, whofe fall muft inevitably produce that of Cairo, continued firm to his decifion, fhewing that perfeverance, where he thought himself right, was a quality he amply potleffed. (p. 94 96.)

All language is infufficient to give a juft idea of the mifery of an Egyptian village; but thofe who have been in Ireland maybeft fuppofe the degree, when an Irish hut is defcribed as a palace in comparison to an Arab's stye, for it can

be called by no other name. Each habi tation is built of mud, even the roof, and refembles in shape an oven; within is only one apartment, generally of about 10 feet fquare. The door does not admit of a man's entering upright; but, as the bottom is dug out about 2 feet, when in the room an erect pofture is poffible. A mat, fome large cans to hold water, which it is the conftant occupation of the women to fetch, an alkaras, or drinking pitcher, made of fine porous flag, found beft in Upper Egypt near Cunie, and in which the water is kept very cool, a rice-pan, and coffee-pot, are all the utenfils. Here a whole family eat and fleep, without any confideration of decency or cleanliness, being in regard to the latter worfe even than the beasts of the field, who naturally respect their own tenements." (p. 97.)

An union with the Turkish army, and the junction of the Mamelukes, who from their influence fecured the country, and left the French destitute of refource, convinced Gen. Hutchinson that two great objects of his marchi were accomplished. (p. 121.) When an attack was intended upon Giza, Gen. Moran and Gen. Hope had a conference under three tents with a guard of honour. "Gen. Belliard had at firit propofed that each party fhould have an armed efcort; but Gen. Hutchinfon aufwered, that between the troops of civilized nations fuch a precaution could not be neceflary; a reply which handfomely maintained the dignity of his allies. No congrefs was ever more interefiing. Never in the prefence of fuch an army, compofed of the troops of fo many nations, on fuch remarkable ground, on a more im portant fubject, was heretofore a ruilitary council held! Gen. Moran unequivocally declared, that the object of his inftructions was the evacuation of Cairo, and the returning of that garrifon to France." The capitulation of Cairo crowned the daring march which Gen. Hutchinfon's judgment planned, and refolution perfevered in. Its conqueft fecured Egypt, and, without the most improbable misfortunes, the speedy fall of Alexandria. (p. 128-130.)

The height of the large pyramid is at laft definitively afcertained by the French to be 600 feet, the length of its bafe 700 feet. Near the top, part of the cafe ftill remains, on which are fuppofed to be hieroglyphicks. Its pin

nacle

pacle is about 30 yards fquare, on which the French Sçavans once dined, and which was now conftantly crowded with English. The names of Bruce, of Algernon Sydney, Volney, and feveral others, were carved on the ftones. The view from hence is frightfully barren, an immeafurable defart. (pp. 134, 5.) The afcent to the top is very difficult; each stone is at least 4 feet high, and the only feps are made by each fuperior one receding, to form the pyramid, about 3 feet. At the bafe of the North front is a door over which are many hieroglyphics, and on the level of the bafe or folid rack, which the French have cleared at the four corners, proving that the bodies of the pyramids are conftructed of this rock, covered with porphyry and granite. There are two other very large pyramids, and ruins of about 13 fmaller; numerous catacombs in the rocks, in many of which the colours of the bas-reliefs on the wall are preferved perfectly freth.

The Sphynx is of one ftone, and no hollow in the neck or body. In the birdpits millions of earthen pots lie in receffes, and occafionally the bones of animals. The pots are clofed by a ftrong cement, which no air can penetrate. When broken, there drops out what is apparently a lump of burnt cinders, which proves to be the cloth in which the bodies were preferved. In almost all, the ftring which bound them remains perfect, and their feathers are preferved with their very fhades of colour. The muinmy-pits will, for four fequins to the Arabs, furnish a mumny. They brought to fome officers in the Sheik's house at Menƒ village a basket with four human heads, three of which retained their eyes and a beautiful fet of teeth; three arms with hands, two legs with feet, and one foot feparate, all having the nails perfect and finews diftinct. On the floor of the wretched hovel lay a flat stone, 3 feet by 2, on which were fculptured 14 or 15 fragments of women apparently dancing, with a great many lines of hieroglyphics above and be neath. Mr. Haminer, foreign fecretary to Sir Sidney Smith, a gentleman whofe fervices are gratefully acknowledged by that officer, and whole perfect Arabic knowledge enabled him to profecute the most interesting researches, afterwards removed this very stone, and fent it to Vienna.

"Between the pyramids of Sacarah

and Giza is fuppofed to have been fi tuated the celebrated city of Memphis, and that the plain of the mummies was the burying-ground. Hiftorians have never agreed, however, as to its pofitive fituation; but the French, working in fome ruins, found the hand of the coloffal tatue of Vulcan, which originally stood in Memphis, and which may be deemed good circumítantial evidence of the fite being about that fpot. This hand was taken from the French at Alexandria, and will be lodged, with the other antiquities, manufcripts, and valuable trophies brought from thence, in the British Museum, when the publick may hope to receive an accurate account of the whole from Col. Turner, of the guards, whofe learning and particular attention to this branch of fcience julily felected him as the proper perfon to have charge of, and add to, the collection of those valuable monuments. (pp. 189, 140.)

"An Account of Pieces of antient
Sculpture taken by the British
Forces under the Command of
Lieut.-gen. Lord Hutchinfon, in
Egypt, from the French Army in
Alexandria, and fent to England
under the Charge of Col. Turner,
September, 1802 :

1. An Egyptian farcophagus of a ftone called by the French breche verte, from the mofque of St. Athanafius, in Alexandria. [See before, p. 833.]

2. Ditto ditto of black granite, from Cairo.

3. Ditto ditto of bafaltes, from Menouf.

4. The fift of a coloffean ftatue, fuppofed to be Vulcan, found in the ruins of Memphis.

5. Five fragments of flatues with lions' heads, black granite, brought from the ruins of Thebes.

6. A mutilated figure, kneeling, black granite.

7. Two fiatues, white marble, fuppofed to be Septimus Severus and Marcus Aurelius, found in the researches made in Alexandria.

8. A ftone of black granite, with three inferiptions, hieroglyphic, Coptic, and Greek, found near Rofetta.

9. A ftatue of a woman fitting, with a lion's head, black granite, from Upper Egypt.

*The name of Menf, preferved in the adjoining village, within 200 yards of the catacombs, feems to determine this question. EDIT. 10. Two