Thefe vegetable trees are the effect of fome inroad of the fea later than the general deluge. PART II. X. "An Account of the Diffection of an Hermaphrodite Dog. By Everard Home, Efq." Mr. H. contends that a true hermaphrodite does not exift, and the appearances which mark an hermaphrodite are only appearances. The prefent fubject was fuppofed a female before opening, and had the decided parts of male and female organs. Mr. H. accounts for both; but whether fatisfactory, must be left to difcuffion. XI. "An Enquiry concerning the Weight afcribed to Heat. By Benjamin Count of Rumford." The experiments, here detailed feem to prove that heat is devoid of gravity; but this circumftance does not influence the question, whether it is a body or confifts only in inteftine motion of the parts? a doctrine which the Count feems willing to revive. XII. "Account of fome Experiments on the Fecundation of Vegetables. By Thomas-Andrew Knight, Efq." By using the farina of different peas, Mr. K. feems to have improved fome of the forts, but has not added to the phyfiology of vegetables. He is of opinion, that the hybrid plants, the production of two plants of the fame genus, have been mistaken for vegetale mules; and he fuppofes this to have been defigned by Nature, fince, as the farina of vegetation is much difperfed, mules would otherwife be frequent, and the prefent fpecies foon loft. May we not rather fuppofe that the farina is loft by the difperfion, or falls into unfuitable receptacles? XIII. "Obfervations on the different Species of Afiatic Elephants, and their Mode of Dentition. By John Corfe, Efq." The different fpecies are well defined. The first tulks never grow to any fize, but are fhed within the fecond year, about two inches long. They are cut between 5 and 7 months, and they are perfect, without any hollow in the root, in a full-grown foetus. The focket of the permanent tufk begins to be formed in the inner fide of the deciduous one about the time of birth. The perma ment tufks are never fhed, and fometimes grow to a very large fize in the inale; the largest in Bengal do not exseed 721b. avoirdupoize, and fome not 50; but others brought to the Indiahouse, perhaps from Pegu, near 150lb. The Afric elephant is faid to be smaller than the Afiatic; but the ivory-dealers in London fay the largelt tulks come from Africa, of a better texture, and lefs liable to turn yellow, probably owing to their having lain longer in the fcorching fand, or any other dry fituation, under the intenfe heat of a vertical fun. The increase of the tulk arifes from circular layers of ivory ap plied internally to the core on which they are formed, as in the growth of the horns of fomne animals. The grinders confift of inany ribs, or diftinét teeth, each covered with its own enamel, and united by the offeous matter, which, being fofter, wears, and leaves the grinders in a fluted form. Nature has fupplied the elephant with a continual fucceffion of teeth to a very advanced period of life. XIV. "Some Obfervations on the Stratcture of the Teeth of Granivorous Animals, particularly thofe of the Elephant and Sus Æthiopicus. By Eve rard Home, Efq." The teeth of the elephant are here defcribed, as in the preceding article: the proceffes of the tooth, which may be called ivory, were all formed upon fo many portions of one common pulp, which had its origin in the jaw; and the interme diate fubftance, which may be called bone, was formed upon a fpecies of ligament fituated immediately under the gum, from which membraneous elongations extended into the spaces between the proceffes of the teeth. The grinders are contained in a cafe of bone on each fide of the jaw, forming one large grinding furface; and the fucceffion is fupplied, not by new teeth, but by the protrufion of the bony mafs from behind. This structure occurs in the Sus Ethiopicus; the other fpecies of fus have grinders like thofe of a human being. The teeth of the horfe, cow, and theep, refemble, in general, thofe of the elephant, in having an intermix of bone with the fubftance of the tooth; but they differ materially from each other in the fin ation and proportions of the bony fube ftance aniwerable to their peculiar food. The teeth of the hippopotamus are compofed of tooth and enamel only, the enamel pervading and gradually mixing with the fubftance of the tooth. The teeth alfo of the thinoceros contain alfo the enamel and fubftange fubftance of the tooth without bone. The plates illuftrating this paper are numerous, and executed with fpirit and elegance. XV. 66 Experiments to determine the Quantity of Tanning Principle and Gallic Acid contained in the Bark of various Trees. By George Biggin, Efq." Mr. B. confiders the gallic acid as detrimental. Sumach contains the tanuing principle in the largest proportion; next after it the Huntingdon or Leicester willow. Oak cut in Spring follows in ftrength and value. Other aftringents are not greatly inferior. Alder and beech are leaft valuable. XVI. 66 Effay on the Refolution of Algebraic Equations, attempting to diftinguifh particularly the real Principle of every Method, and the true Caufes of the Limitations to which it is fubject. By Giffin Wilfon, Efq." Mr. W's arguments tend to fhew that, from the known relation of quantities, the refolution of the higher equations is impoffible. XVII. "On different Sorts of Lime ufed in Agriculture. By Smithfon Tennant, Efq." The kind of limeftone which proved detrimental to vegetation was found to contain a large proportion, fometimes more than half, of magnetia, which itfelf, when caleined, was found to have the fame effect. XVIII. "Experiments and Obfer vations on Shell and Bone. By Charles Hatchett, Efq." Shells of a fibrous firucture confit of gluten and carbonate of lime, without phosphoric acid. Shells of nacre or mother of pearl confift of carbonate of lime, incrufting lamellated membranes; and the irridefcence is the confequence of this Jamellated ftructure, as well as the tranfparency of the lamellæ. Phof phate of lime diftinguishes the cruftaceous from the tellaceous animals. Crufiaceous animals approach, in the nature of their covering and defence, the bones of land animals, which the bones of fish alfo refemble. Horn feems in general to differ chemically from bone. XIX. "Catalogue of Oriental MSS. prefented to the Royal Society by Sir William Jones. By Charles Wilkins, Efq." This valuable catalogue appears to be now completed. 212. Philofophical Transactions for 1800. I. The Croonian lecture, by Mr. Home, is on the structure and ufes of the membrana tympani of the ear; a valuable paper, as a collection of facts relating to the ear in man and various animals. Among the latter, the elephant is all ear, and the tympanum is difcovered to be fibrous. In art. VIII. Mr.Cooper ftates a cafe of a gentleman who, with a defect of the tympanum on one fide, and the membrane or mufcle incomplete on the other, had a correct mufical car, played with accuracy and tafte, and fung in tune; the only defect was, that he could hear at only about two-thirds of the ufual distance. II. "On the Method of determining, from the real Probabilities of Life, the Values of contingent Reverfions, in which Three Lives are involved in the Survivorship. By William Morgan, Efq." 11. "Abftract of a Regifter of the Barometer, Thermometer, and Rain, at Lyndon, 1798. By Thomas Barker, Efq." The barometer ranged from 30.19, its height in February, to 28.21, which occurred in November; the thermometer from 84° to 54°; the mean heat of April 514°; the rain 21.935. IV. "On the Power of penetrating into Space by Telefcopes; with a comparative Determination of the Extent of that Power in natural Vifion, and in Telefcopes of various Sizes and Conftruction; illuftrated by felect Obfervation. By William Herfchel." Mr. H's penetrating telescope, aflifted by the united luftre of fidereal fyftems, will penetrate 11 millions of millions of millions of miles, exceeding 300,000 times the diftance of the nearest fixed ftar. A year which would afford 90 or 100 favourable hours is very productive; and to fweep the heavens with his 20 feet reflectors would require 14 of fuch productive years, and, with the 40 feet reflector, with the power of 1000, 598 of fuch years, leaving fo much of the Southern he mifphere as will require 213 years more, allowing only one fingle moment to look into space. V. "A fecond Appendix to the improved Solution of a Problem in phytical Aftronomy, inferted in the Philofophical Tranfactions for 1798; containing fome farther Remarks and improved Formula for computing the Coefficiencies A and B, by which the arithmetical work is confiderably fhortened and facilitated. By the Rev. John John Hellins, B. D. Vicar of Potters VI. "Account of a Peculiarity in the Distribution of the Arteries fent to the Limbs of flow-moving Animals; together with fome other Facts. By Mr. Anthony Carlifle, Surgeon." Mr. C. thinks this fingular arrangement is connected with the power the animal has of keeping itself, for a long time, fufpended, or affifts the mufcles in preferving their permanent contraction without alternate relaxation. VII. "Outlines of Experiments and Enquiries refpecting Sound and Light. By Thomas Young, M.D." The Doctor opposes the idea of the divergence of found, and offers fome remarks in favour of Euler's fyftem of light being propagated by an etherial medium. VIII. "Experiments and Obfervations on the Light which is fpontaneoufly emitted, with fome Degree of Permanency, by various Bodies. By Dr. Nathanael Hulme." This photphoric light, emitted by putrefcent bodies, according to the Doctor's experiments, appears to be a conftituent part of the animal, and capable of being feparated from it, and added to any other body, chiefly fluid ones. IX. "Account of a Series of Experiments undertaken with the View of decompofing the muriatic Acid. By Mr. William Henry." X. "On a new fulminating Mercury. By Edward Howard, Elq." PART II. XI. "On double Images communicated by Atmospherical Refraction. By William Hyde Wollafton, M. D." Clear, feientific, and fatisfactory. XII. "Investigation of the Powers of the Prifmatic Colours to heat and illuminate Objects; with Remarks that prove the different Refrangibility of radiant leat. To which is added, an Enquiry into the Method of viewing the Sun advantageoufly with Telefcopes of large Apertures and high magnifying Powers. By William Herfchel." XIII. "Experiments on the Refrangibility of the invifible Rays of the Sun. By the fame." XIV." Experiments on the folar and on the terreftrial Rays that occahon Heat; with a comparative View of the Laws to which Light and Heat, or rather the Rays which occasion them, are fubject, in order to determine whether they are the fame or different. By the fame." XV. "Chemical Experiments on Zoophytes; with fome Obfervations on the component Parts of Membranes. By Charles Hatchet, Efq." XVI. "On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of Conducting Subftances of different Kinds. By Mr. Alexander Volta." In a French letter to Sir Jofeph Banks, untranflated. XVII. "Some Obfervations on the Head of the Ornithorhynchus Paradoxus. By Everard Home, Efq." The beak of this animal is found not to be the mouth, but a part added to the mouth, and projecting beyond it, the cavity of the mouth being fituated as in other quadrupeds, and having two grinding teeth on cach fide, in the lower and upper jaws. XVIII. Account of the Trigonometrical Survey carried on, in the Years 1797, 1798, and 1799, by Order of Marquis Cornwallis, Mafter-general of the Ordnance. By Captain William Mudge, of the Royal Artillery.". The continuation of a vaft work, which it is impoffible to appreciate too highly, with refpect to the inagnitude of the defign, or the ability difplayed in the execution. 213. Philofophical Tranfactions for 1801. PART I. The firft article is the Croonian lecture, by Mr. Home, fuggefted by the cafe of a perfon of 36, and of an irritable habit, thrown from his horse, with his whole weight on his thumb, which fwelled, became fubject to fpafms, and paralytic affections, which, in time, extended to the head, and terminated in death. In dividing the nerves of different animals alive and immediately after being killed, he found the contraction confiderable, and, ceteris paribus, uniform. The Bakerian lecture, by Dr. Young, is defigned chictly to fupport his opinion, that the eye is adapted to vifion at different diftances chiefly, if not entirely, by the mufcular fibres of the cryftalline lens or its coat. III. "On the neceflary Truth of certain Conclufions obtained by Means of imaginary Quantities, By Robert Woodhoufe, M. A. Fellow of Cains College." IV. "On the Production of artificial Cold by Means of Muriate of Lime. By Mr. Richard Walker.” V. "Account of a menftrous Lamb. By Mr. Anthony Carlifle. It wanted wholly wholly the cerebrum, and the head had two external ears, and the remains of the finall bones of the ear between thefe organs; one paffage led from the external parts to the fophagus and larynx. The cerebellum was perfect. Mr. C. regrets it did not live to fhew the phænomena of volitions directed to the limbs, and other apparatus, without that intelligence from the organs of the fenfes which regulates and directs the efforts of perfect animals." VI. "An anatomical Defcription of a male Rhinoceros. By Mr. H. Leigh Thomas, Surgeon." The animal, intended for Vienna, died here, under three years old, of a difficulty of breathing, not fo high as a two-year old heifer, but longer; horn just beginning to fprout; hoofs divided in three obtufe parts; eat as much hay, oats, potatoes, and fresh vegetables, as three working-horfes. Qu. Whether the hatic are double horned? (See vol. XXXVIII. pp. 208, 268.) When alive, the animal fhewed no attachment even to the perfon who fed it, but continued torpid, and apparently Stupid. The anatomy, in general, correfponded to that of the horse. The cæcum was, however, much larger, and the internal parts of the ftomach lined with a fecreting membrane. The inteftines were fort, but their furface greatly increafed by long proceffes, refembling the valvule conniventes. The liver was very foft; but this might have arifen from an unnatural mode of living. The urinary organs were apparently very fimple in their firucture, as an injection palled into the ureter, though urged with little force. From the convex fide of the penis being towards the body, this animal muft have been a retrocoïent. 66 Whilft the animal was living, the eyes always ap: peared dull and watery; the upper and under palpebræ were fcarcely ever obferred to come together; the palpebra tertia was frequently carried over the cornea, and correfponded, in fhape and ftructure, to that of the ox. The mufcles of the eyeball were exactly fimilar to thofe of other granivorous animals; the globe of the eye was not larger than that of the fheep; and the cornea was much finaller. Upon cutting through the fclerotic coat, it was found fomewhat harder and thicker than what is obferved in the theep; and, upon endeavouring to feparate it from the choroid, I found an uncommon refiflance at the pofterior part of the eye; though, in other parts, the adhe fion between the coats appeared lefs than what takes place in the human body. This unufual connexion naturally directed my attention more particularly towards it; when I readily dif covered four procefles, arifing by dif tinct tendons from the internal and pofterior portion of the fclerotica, and at equal diftances from the optic nerve. Thefe procelles paffed forwards between the coats, gradually becoming broader, and being infenfibly loft in, and forming a part of, the choroid, at the broadeft diameter of the eye: the connexion between the coats around the outer circle of the cornea was the fame as is obferved in the eye of other animals. The proceffes had a mufcular appearance the fibres running forward in a radiated direction; they were detached from the coats with the greateft facility, except at their origins and infertions, where it required confiderable force to tear them from the fclerotica; and, at their terminations, they became fo intimately connected with the choroid as to form only one fubfiance. On neither of their furfaces was there any thing fimilar to the nigrum pigmentum; the pigment was confined to the infide of the choroid coat, without any ftructure fimilar to the tapetum lucidum. The ciliary procelles were affixed to the crystalline lens; they were extremely fhort and indiftinct, not having that beautiful arrangement commonly feen in the eve of other quadrupeds. The iris was circular, and of a dark brown colour. The cryftalline lens was fomewhat remarkable, with refpect to its form being nearly fpherical; this was very frongly marked, when compared with the lenfes of feveral other animals; the anterior furface was a little flattened." Thefe proceffes are apparently mufcular; but what influence fuch appearances may have on the theory oppofed by Dr. Young in the prefent volume, we cannot stay to enquire. VII. "Demonftration of a Theorem by which fuch Portions of the Solidity of a Sphere are aligned as admit an Algebraic Expreflion. By Rob. Woodhoufe, M. A." VIII. "Account of the Discovery. of Silver in Herland Copper Mine. By the Rev. Malachy Hitchins." Herland mine is fituated in the parish of Givineas, about 7 miles North-east of St. Michael's Michael's Mount, on the South coaft of Cornwall, 23 miles from the mouth of the river Hayle, on the North coaft of the fame county, contiguous to Prince George mine. The filver is contained in the crofs lode, chiefly on the Eastern fide, and it raifes the copper lode. The filver ore is a mixture of galena, native bifinuth, grey cobalt ore, vitreous filver ore, and native filver, in the fame proportions as they are arranged. The rest of the lode is quartz, intermixed with iron, manganefe, and wolfram, with a final proportion of cobalt and antimony. As the lode of filver dips to low, it is not likely to be very productive, especially if there be no greater powers of railing water than the prefent fteam-engines poffets. IX. "Account of an Elephant's Tufk, in which the Iron Head of a Spear was found imbedded. By Mr. Charles Combe, of Exeter College, Oxford" [and fon of Dr. Charles C. Mr. C. fuppofes the weapon to have been thrown by manual firength, confequently it could only have penetrated through the skull contiguous to the root of the tufk. It purfied the natusal courfe of the cavity, pointing downward toward the apex of the tuik. X. "Defcription of the Arfeniates of Copper and Iron, from the County of Cornwall. By the Count de Bournon." XI. "Analyfis of the Arfeniates, and of the red oétaëda! Copper Ore of Cornwall; with Remarks on fome particular Modes of Analyfis. By Richard Chenevix, Efq." Count de B. feems to be a very experienced cryftalJugrapher. The arfeniates of copper are little known, but occur in Klaproth's "Short View of the Mineralogy of Cornwall." Thofe of iron are fill Mr. Chenevix's paper abounds with minute chemical erudition. PART II. more rare. XII. "Hifiorical and anatomical Defeription of a doubtful amphibious Animal of Germany, called by Laurenti Proteus Anguinus. By Charles Schreibers, M. D. of Vienna," This animal is found only in the Sitticher See, a lake in Carniola, and is exhibited in two plates, the entire animal and its inteftines and head; it is 13 inches long, and 1 inch diameter. XIII. Obfervations tending to inveftigate the Nature of the Sun, in order to find the Caufes or Symptoms of its variable Emiffions of Light and 1 Heat; with Remarks on the Use that may poffibly be drawn from Solar Obfervations. By William Herschel." The Doctor thinks there are reafons fufficient to believe that the Sun is a moft magnificent habitable world; and, after fubftituting to the old terms, fputs, nuclei, penumbra, fecule, and luculi, the new ones of openings, fhallows, ridges, nodules, corrugations, and pores, defcribing them, and deducing from figns of fcarcity or of abundance of luminous matter in the Sun, he subjoins a confiderable number of remarks, tending to establish the theory of the Sun's influence on the years, productions of the earth, &c. "Our historical account," this author fays, " of the difappearance of the fpots in the Sun, contains five very irregular and very unequal periods. The first takes in a feries of 21 years, from 1650 to 1670, both included; but is fo imperfectly recorded, that it is hardly fafe to draw any conclufons from it; for we have only a few ohfervations of one or two fpots that were feen in all that time, and thofe were only obferved for a short continuance. How. ever, on examining the table of the prices of the quarter of nine bufhels of the beft or highest-priced wheat at Windfor, marked in Dr. A. Smith's valuable Enquiry into the Nature and Caufes of the Wealth of Nations, we find that wheat, during the time of the 21 years abovementioned, bor e a very high price, the average of the quarter being 21. 1cs. 519d. This period is much too long, to fuppofe that we might fafely compare it with a preceding or following one of equal duration. Befides, no particulars having been given of the time preceding, except that spots in the Sun, a good while before, hegan to grow very fcarce, there might even be fewer of them than from the year 1650 to 1670. Of the 21 years immediately following, we know that they certainly comprehend two thort periods, in which there were no frots on the Sun of thefe, more will be faid hereafter; but, including even them, we have the average price of wheat, from 1671 to 1691, only 21. 45. 44d. the quarter. The difference, which is a little more than as 9 to 8, is therefore still a proof of a temporary scarcity. "Our next period is much better afcertained. It begins in December 1676, which year therefore we should not take in, and goes to April 1684; in all which time, Flamstead, who was then obferving, faw no fpots in the Sun. The average price of wheat, during thefe 8 years, was zl. 75. 78. the quarter. We cannot justly compare this price with that of the preceding 8 rears, |