get it immediately inoculated with the Cow-pock. Haften to preferve it from that dangerous disease, which fills your hearts with defolation, and by which your children rifk every moment to be infected. Do not deliver them to the nurfes before you have rescued them from this danger. The experience and obfervation of the phyficians and furgeons of this place, who know themselves the feelings of a father, and who I ave inoculated their own children, ought to encourage you to follow their example. In the name of humanity, by all that is dear to you, we request you to follow their exemple; if not, we juftify ourselves when once you shed tears for the lofs of this child; you have not been willing to avail yourselves of this remedy that was offered you, fimple and easy as it is; you have refused it, you have unreasonably doubled to apply it in time, though the fubfcribed phyficians and furgeous have made it our duty to inoculate every child that has been brought to us without the leaft recompence. Our fellow-ct zens know, that we have hitherto accepted no reward from any person whofe circumftances did not allow it." Mr. URBAN, Nov. 2. HEN I did myfelf the pleasure WHE of fending you the tranflation of the Sauterit infeription refpecting the Deity of the Cingalefe, called Beoddha, inferted in p. 814, it occurred to me that fome account of the celebrated island now called Ceylon might not be unacceptable; and as accident has thrown a variety of papers on the fubject into my hands, I fall, as leiture will permit, give them to you. I am not at all aware of who was the author of them; though, from the hand-writing being fimilar to the Jourmal at Mocha (fee p. 305), I fufpect they are by the fame hand; and as that gentleman is dead, it would be a pity fo inuch curious matter fhould be loff to the world, which would certainly be the cafe did not your excellent Repofitory offer an afyluin. AN OFFICER. the fhips were not navigated by the stars, the poles not being difcernible. "Strabo, who mentions Taprobare, gives it the fame extent that Pliny does. Elitas, a captain of Alexander the Great's fleet, who failed round it, fays, that Taprobane contains 5cco ftadias, without fixing either longitude or latitude; that it is diftant from the people of Prafeus above the Ganges about 20 days fail; that there are many islands between this island and India; but of all the islands fituated South it is the moft Southerly. Arianus, a Greek author, fays, in his treatife on the navigation of the Indian feas, that those who fail from the coaft of Comara and Poduca will have to go to an island fituated towards the Weft, called Pallafimando; and, talking of the antient Taprobane, fays, it was confidered as a new world, that it was well known in his day, and produced the largest elephants in India. Eraftothenes, another Greek author, fays, that the ifland of Taprobane is fituated in the Eaftern feas, between the Weft and Eaft on reaching India, 20 days diftant from Perfia. Ptolemy in his maps places Taprubane on the coast of India oppofite Cape Comorin, from which he fays it is diftant 13° 30 South. Piny calls it the Promontorium Calaicum, and fays, that in former times it was termed Sunada; but that in his days it was known by the name of Salica, and its inhabitants Selum; that it was geo ftadias in length and 3000 in breadth, which make about 210 Portugueze miles; that it produces a great deal of rice, cumin, ginger, amber, and hyacinths, and a variety of other precious stones and metals which are found only in Ceylon. Michael Poggus, a Florentine, fecretary to the Pope, and a moft learned man, gave, by order of his matter, an account of who travelled over India by land as far as the voyage of Nicolas de Conti, a Venetian, Cathaya. This is one of thofe authors who confider Sumatra the antient Taprobane; and afferts, that this Venetian was at Su matra, called in former times Taprobane. Maximilian, a native of Transylvania, a man of learning, and fecretary to the Eme peror, fays, in one of his letters to the cardinal of Goltzburg, where he gives an ac count of the first voyages of the Portu gueze to India, that they had heen to the coaft of Calicut, and from thence to Sumatra, formerly called Taprobane. Benedictus Bardone fays, in his defcripe tion of the flands, that the isle of Madagafcar (St. Laurent) is fituated towards the Weft 1306 miles from Ceylon, and in Southern extremity 1800 miles from Taprobane. Many other chronologifts, whom to avoid being tedious we will not quote here, have afferted the fame. But. But our great man, Juan de Barrhos, a perfon of extenfive erudition, fays, that Ceylon is the Taprobane of Ptolemy, as he has more amply demonftrated in his maps of the world, which were loft after his death. The lofs was irreparable; but his. authority ferves as a fufficient proof of what we affert. Ptolemy places the inner Ganges on the coast of India; this, therefore, cannot be confidered as alluding to Sumatra, from its diflance to the outward Ganges. We shall now demonftrate, that the above antient authors did not under the name of Taprobane understand Sumatra, but C-ylon. Pliny fays, that Taprobane is 600 ftadia in length, which make about 206 Portugueze miles; that it was difcovered about the time of the emperor Claudius by a freed man of Arrius Poclaneus, who, failing along the coast of Arabia, was driven off by the Wetterly winds. Fifteen days afterwards he paffed Carmania, and reached Taprobane, where he was graciously received by the king, whom he prefented with fome of the current coin of Rome, which bore the emperor's likeness. On his return, the king fent ambaffadors with him to evince his respect for the Roman emperor. First, it feems neceffary we should examine if what has been alledged of the extent of Taprobane is applicable to Ceylon. Ptolemy points out in his maps, that the Equator was to be paffed two degrees South. This definition of Ptolemy's appears to have been deemed perfectly correct in his days, as the antient inhabitants of the country affirm, taking it for granted, on the authority of their records, that Ceylon ftretched out as far as the Maldavia iflands; that the fea, which destroys all, had in the course of time carried away and covered the lower grounds, fo that the more elevated parts only escaped its fury; in confequence of which this island had been divided into a great many, as they now appear, near to each other, and in latitudes which mariners diftinguish by South-west and North-weft. The number of islands, they faid, amounted to 13,000. This defolation appears to have already began in the time of Ptolemy, according to our Chriftian chronology, of the year 147; for, he fays that there were 1368 inlands in the neighbourhood of Taprobane; to which latter place the beforementioned freed man of Arrius was driven by violent winds from the coafts of Arabia in 15 days. This muft evidently mean Ceylon, being reckoned 500 miles from the coast of Arabia, which is even more than 15 days fail; befides, this ifland is fituated on the coafts of India, beyond Carmania; whereas, on the contrary, Sumatra is evidently GENT. MAG. November, 1802. out of India, many miles beyond the Ganges; and even from Ceylon to Sumatra, with the most favourable wind, it is more than 15 days fail; befides, we difcover at this very day vestiges of Roman edifices in Ceylon, which makes it evident they vifited this ifland; as do alfo a number of coins found here, that must have been brought by the before-named freed-man. In the years 1554 and 1557, when Juan de Metho de Sampay was regent of Mannacy, on demolishing fome old buildings at Mantotte (where to this day very confiderable runs are evident, among which are Roman buildings of marble), the workmen, in the act of taking away a large stone, let it by accident fall on a part of the foundation, which it was in confequence neceffary to remove. They there difcovered an iron chain of fuch admirable workmanship as to bid defiance to the art of any perfon in India. At the fame time were found two coins, one of brafs, entirely obliterated; the other of gold, efficed on one fide, but on the other the buit of a man was pretty vifible, and on fome part of an infcription round the border the following letters were clearly afcertained, c. R. M. N. R. The chain as well as the medals were brought to Juan de Metho, who, confidering them as great curiofities, took them with him to Portugal as an offering worthy of the king; but he was unfortunately loft in his way to Europe in the fhip the St. Bernardo. This veffel was accompanied by the Pompé, on-board of which was Don Manuel de Soifa Continho, who had completed the term of his viceroy ship, and was then returning to his native country. It is poffible that the above medals were of those brought by the freed-man of Arrius. It is alfo probable that, during a stay of tix months which he made at Ceylon, the king might have ordered fome buildings, according to the Roman order of architecture, to have been carried on under his direction; and that, agreeable, to the prevalent custom of Europe, he might place fome coins or medals, and even the chain, under the foundation. To us, who have minutely examined the letters on thefe coins or medals, and have read many other old infcriptions, it appears that the first of the letters, which is C, expreffes the name of Claudius, and those that are defaced fignified emperor, or imperator, as the following, i. e. R. M. N. R. can have no other meaning, Romanorum, confequently, Claudius Imperator Romanorum. Let us now come from Piiny to Anafioritus, who fays, that Taprobane contained 5000 ftadia without determining either its length or breadth, that it was distant from the country of Prafis about 20 days fail, and that befides there were between it and In dia dia many islands, of which it was the moft Southerly. With regard to the fize of Taprobane, he agrees with Ptolemy, and in that of its being twenty days fail from the Ganges, and that there are many inlands between Taprobane and India. This evidently proves that under Taprobane he underflood Ceylon; for, in fact it is reckoned twenty days fail from the Ganges to Ceylon. It is fituated on the Southernmoft extremity of the coaft of India; and the islands which he mentions are Mamell and all the others defcribed by Ptolemy. Sumatra, on the contrary, is fituated to the Eaft of India, from which it is far removed. Arianus, an author already mentioned, obferves that thofe who fail from Comora and Poduca Weftward will meet Taprobane. He certainly must mean Ceylon; more particularly as Ptolemy places Comora and Poduca in 14° 30', and on the coaft of India oppofite to it; that is, from Cape Comorin, within or higher up along the coaft of Madura or Coromandel, which would appear to be either St. Thomé or Negapatnam for those who fail from the coaft of Coromandel for Ceylon must steer Weftward; and fuch as are bound for Sumatra must go to the Eastward. It is alfo true, that Ceylon produces the largest elephants of any in India, as Arianus himself afferts; but Sumatra offers none of the fame fize (it is not uncommon to fee elephants 13 feet and upwards high in Ceylon, but in Sumatra they are much (maller). Ertofthenes fays, Taprobane is fituated in the Eaftern ocean, between Eaft and Weft, oppofite to the coaft of India, and diftant from Perfia about twenty days fail. He further adds, that it is in 8° North between East and West; that with a strong and favourable wind and a light veffel it is only twenty days from the entrance of the Perfian gulph to Taprobane, which ac • Gounts for about 500 miles. Sumatra, on the contray, is not fituated in the rea! Eaftern ocean, being under the Equator, by which it is divided. All modern chronologists place the antient Taprobane moftly under the Equator, where it is alfo pointed out by Ptolemy; whereas he fays, to reach Taprobane, the Equator must be paffed two degrees South; but they almost all err more or lefs on this occafion. Benedict Bardone, in his remarks on Pliny, tries to refute what that author advances of the North not being visible from Taprobane: he obferves that th fe who refide on this island on the face of Cepe Colai (the Southern extremity) fee the Northern polar ftar, elevated 13° above the horizon; confequently the polar stars are obfervable in the latitude of Tapro bane. On the contrary, those who live under the Equator can neither fee the Arctic or Antarctic poles. In this Bardon contradicts himself, making Sumatra of Taprobane: the Equator cutting Sumatra in the middle, the Northernmost point of which extends only to 5° North latitude, and the Southernmost to five degrees South. The inhabitants of Daya (the most Northern part of Suma tra) cannot fee the North ftar with a greater elevation than five degrees; and those who refide to the Southward can fcarcely perceive it a few minutes above the horizon. It is exactly the reverfe with regard to Ceylon; for the inhabitants of the farthermoft point of Jaffnapatnam have the Arctic pole elevated 8 degrees, and thofe of Point de Galle (the Southernmost end) five degrees; from which it must appear that Ceylon, and not Sumatra, is the ancient. Taprobane, which in thofe days extended as far as two degrees South. This alfo proves that Cape Comorin is the promontorium Calaicum of Pliny. Pto-. lemeus calls it Cape Cory and Cominyn. And we ought to take it as undoubted that in those days, and for a series of years after, the kingdom of Coulafa was the most confiderable and famous of all on the coaft of Malabar, and that it extended as far as the fand banks of Chilace. It is possible, that when Pliny called the Cape Comorin the promontorium Colaicum, he meant to exprefs thereby the famous kingdom of Coulafa, for the fame reafons Ptolemy may have called it Cory; poffibly, also, on account of Tutecorin, which might have been there much famed, as vifited by numerous foreigners, We have likewife taken every trouble and pains to afcertain whence the name of Taprobane can properly have drawn its origin; but throughout Ceylon there is neither harbour, bay, town, village, cape, fountain, river, or mountain, or any thing that has the fmalleft refemblance to it in the Cingalefe or Canarin Chronicles; it is not therefore to be met with in any Indian language. The word Taprobane appears to us to have been compofed from the Greek by Ptolemy, in order to indicate or exprefs thereby the extent or other quality of that country. It received the name of Ceylon in the following manner. The Chinese, in order to arrive at CeyIon, were previously under the neceffity of paffing a number of fhoals, or banks of fand about the island, which were confidered very dangerous. In the course of time this ifland and its first name were no longer known but by these said find banks; and the Perfians and Arabs who retu ned there, and never pafled the fands without great apprehension, always used to fay "they "they were going to Cinlas, or that they the peninfula of Malacca), was exiled A. C. nearly at the place where Trincoma- the country was then without a name. It received that of Lank, or the land of delight and fertility. This is the first name Ceylon had, and which it yet bears. Mr. URBAN, O&. 4. IN this age of inquiry and improvement, I rejoice when feientific fpeculations can be brought into ufeful practice; and though the improve ment be humble which I have now to recommend, it is not unworthy the notice of the ingenious. As men, we are interested in whatever concerns humanity; and my propofal being to refcue a clafs of citizens from a state of wretched degradation, I hope fome will condefcend to take it into confideration. Whilft machines and engines are daily invented to expedite bufinefs, and fave manual labour, can no contrivance be imagined to fweep our chimneys? Muft a number of children be dwarfed and disfigured, and, what is worse, made the victims of brutal cruelty, who, if refcued from fuch a fituation, might contribute to the ftrength of our navy, the culture of our fields, and thus repay, by important fervices, the benevolent invention which raifed them to a place of honour in civil life †. Though I would not be an advocate for cruelty, yet it is to be confidered that, when a tafk is to be performed which nothing but compulfion can effect, the progrefs from confiraint to feverity, and from feverity to barba* It is obvious, that from the nature of the foot, or fome other caufe, the growth of these poor infants is impeded. + See the extracts in p. 988. EDIT. rity, is fcarcely perceptible, and almoft certain. It would require confiderable patience and felf-poffeflion to teach a reluctant, and perhaps a perverfe boy a trade he abhors; and, when taught, few are difpofed, as a matter of choice in the rigours of a winter's morning, to climb, fhivering and naked, a cold and dirty chimney, whilst their only reward is hard fare, and worfe lodging. Fear muft fupply the place of inclination; and while the mafter learns to be a tyrant, the boy acquires the difpofition of a flave, fullen malignity, or fervile defpondency. But my defign is not to excite ufelefs com-' paflion, which whe it dies without fruit leaves the heart harder than when it found it; but to fet on foot fome invention which may attain the end, unaccompanied with circumftances fo unfavourable to the well-being and improvement of hundreds of children. The two public patrons of these poor wretches, Mr. Jonas Hanway and Mrs. Montague, are removed by death; but, if a few generous perfons would unite, and propofe a premium for the beat-conftructed machine to do dily be accomplished. In fome counthe work, I doubt not it would fpeetry places the operation is performed by means of a furze-bush being drawn up and down the chimney; and I have been told it anfwers very well, though the idea is evidently capable of improvement. A Friend to Progrefs in Social Life. Mr. URBAN, Oct. 7. nich notice has been given HE new improvements in the City, of in the London Gazette (p. 867), will make a great alteration in the property of individuals. Lord Hawketbury's plan is, to have a new London bridge, higher up the river than the prefent one, with a wide grand fireet to face the Royal Exchange; to effect this, feveral of the houfes in the front of Cornhill, oppofite the Exchange, and the principal part of Exchange-alley, muft come down, as alfo many houfes in Lombard-fireet, Cannon-ftreet, &c. Behind the Royal Exchange, the houfes in Bartholomew-lane will be fer back at leaft 50 feet. The church will remain, and the arch under the prefent fieeple will lead to the new foot-path; the houfes at the end of Bartholomew-lane in Throgmorton-fireet will come down, to make the opening to the grand fireet, ftreet, which will go through Tokenhoufe-yard, Bell-alley, to London wall, and to face the grand fquare, which will be built where Bedlam now ftands. The ground is all measured, and the plans drawn; even the new ftreets are already named; as foon, therefore, as The Genealogy of PETER BARON HERBERT, Ambassador from the Court of Vienna to Conftantinople; a Branch of the noble and antient House of PEMBROKE. (See p. 912.) Sir William Herbert, created Lord Her-Anne, daughter of Thomas Lord Parr, of bert of Cardiff, and Earl of Pembroke, the 5th of Edward VI. Sir Edward Herbert, knt, feated at Pool castle, in the county of Montgomery, Kendal, efq. fifter and co-heir of William Mary, dau. of Thomas Stanly, of Shandon, county of Hertford, efq. Edmond Herbert, of Cahirmochill, co. Li-Ellen, daughter of Richard Bourk, of merick, efq. fettled in Ireland in the reign Lifmolane, county of Limerick, efq. of of James I.-4th fon. the house of Castleconnel. Morrice Herbert, of Rath-Margaret, dau. of Edmond Bourk, of Ballingard, co. Li, keale, co. Limerick, efq.* merick, efq. She died Feb. 10, 1638, and was interred in the parish church of Rathkeale. Morrice Herbert, efq. fecond fon Mary, daughter of Mac Surpry, co. Cork, efq. Capt. James Herbert Catharine, dau. of Fitz Gerald, of the house of Delmond. Henry Herbert, efq. 2d fonHellen, daughter of Roche, of the house of Fermoy, John Herbert, efq.Frances de Schoederbech. Peter Philip, Baron Herbert, ambaffador Anne, Baronefs from the Court of Vienna to Constantinople, | of Collenbach. eldeft fon, John Herbert, major in his Imperial Majesty's fervice, ad fon. Clementina Edward Amelia Amelia Conftantia, John, Jane, Conunmarried. unmar. "To all and fingular to whom thefe prefents fhall come. died ftane, d. young. young. William Haw kins, efq. Ulfter King of Arms, &c. Principal Herald of all Ireland, fendeth greeting. Know ye, therefore, that I, the faid King of Arms, by the power and authority to me granted by his prefent Majefty, King George the Third, under the great feal of this kingdom of Ireland, do hereby certify, that Peter Baron Herbert, Ambaffador from the Court of Vienna to Conftantinople, is lawfaily defcended in a direct line from Sir William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, as appears by the above Genealogy. In witnefs whereof, I have hereunto put my hand, and affixed the feal of my office, at Dublin, the 22d of June, 1781. (Signed) WILLIAM HAWKINS, Ulfter King of Arms of all Ireland. (Signed) CARLISLE. By the Lord Lieutenant General and General Governor of his Majelty's kingdom of Ireland." * Gariet Herbert, eldest fon of Morrice Herbert, of Rathkeale, co. Limerick, efq. left a daughter, Catharine, who married Edmond Southwell, of Cattlemattress, co. Li merick, efq. by whom he had five fons, four of whom died without iffue. Thomas, the youngest, created a baronet the 4th of August, 1662, 15th of Charles II. lies buried at Rathkeale, and was fucceeded by Sir Thomas, his grandfon, created Baron Southwell, of Caftlemattress, co. Limerick, Sept. 4, 1717, the 4th of George I. Mr. |