self into court for a witness: There was a king of ours, whose name was Timaus. Under him it came to pass, I know not how, that God was averse to us, and there came after a surprising manner men of ignoble origin out of the Eastern parts and had boldness enough to make an expedition into our conntry and with ease subdued it by force, yet without our hazarding a battle with them. So, when they had gotten those who governed us under their power they afterwards burnt down our cities and demolished the temples of the Gods, and used all the inhabitants after a most barbarous manner; nay, some they slew and led their children and their wives into slavery. At length they made one of themselves king, whose name was Salatis; he also lived at Memphis and made both the Upper and Lower countries pay tribute and placed garrisons at points which were the most proper for them. He chiefly aimed at securing the Eastern frontier, as foreseeing that the Assyrians, who had then the greatest power, would be desirous of that kingdom and invade them; and as he found in the Sethroite Nome a city very proper for his purpose, and which lay upon the Bubastic channel, but with regard to a certain theologic notion was called Avaris, this he rebuilt and made very strong by the walls he built about it and by a most numerous garrison of 240,000 armed men, whom he put into it to keep it. Thither Salatis came in summer time partly to gather his corn and pay his soldiers their wages and partly to exercise his armed men and thereby to terrify foreigners. When this man had reigned thirteen years there reigned after him. another, whose name was Beon, for forty-four years, after him reigned another, named Apachnas, thirty-six years and seven months; after him Apophis reigned sixty-one years and then Jonias fifty years and one month; after all these reigned Assis fortynine years and two months. And these six were the first rulers among them who were all along making war with the Egyptians and were very desirous gradually to eradicate their race. This whole nation was styled Hyksos, that is, Shepherd Kings; for the first syllable Hyk, according to the sacred dialect denotes a king, as is Sos a shepherd- but this according to the ordinary dialect; and of these is compounded Hyksos; but some say that these people were Arabians." "Now," says Josephus, " in another copy, it is said that this word does not denote kings, but, on the contrary, denotes captive shepherds, and this on account of the particle Hyk; for that Hyk with the aspiration in the Egyptian

tongue again denotes shepherds and that expressly also; and this to me seems the more probable opinion and more agreeable to ancient history." He then represents Manetho as speaking again as follows: "These people whom we have before named kings and called Shepherds also and their descendants kept possession of Egypt for 511 years. That after these the kings of Thebes and of the other parts of Egypt arose against the Shepherds and that a terrible and long war ensued between them. That in the time of a king whose name was Misphragmouthosis (Euseb. Misphragouthosis) the Shepherds were subdued and driven out of other parts of Egypt, but were shut up in a place that contained ten thousand acres; this place was named Avaris; Manetho says that the Shepherds built a wall around all this place, which was a large and strong wall and this in order to keep all their possessions and their prey within a place of strength, but that Thuthmosin (Euseb. Thmouthosin) the son of Misphragmuthosis made an attempt to take them by force and by siege with four hundred and eighty thousand men to lie round about them; but that upon his despair of taking the place by that siege they came to a composition with them that they should leave Egypt and go without any harm to be done them, whithersoever they would; and that after this agreement was arrived at they went away with their whole families and effects, not fewer in number than 240,000, and took their journey from Egypt through the wilderness for Syria; but that as they were in fear of the Assyrians, who had then the dominion over Asia, they built a city in that country which is now called Judaea, and that large enough to contain this great multitude of men, and named it Jerusalem.

Now in another book Manetho says that this nation thus called Shepherds were also, called captives in their sacred books. And this account of his is the truth, for keeping of sheep was the employment of our forefathers in the most ancient times and leading a nomadic life they were on this account called Shepherds. Nor, was it without reason that the Egyptian historians have called them captives, inasmuch as one of our ancestors, Joseph, told the King of Egypt that he was a captive and afterwards sent for his brethren to come into Egypt, the King consenting to provide for them. But about these matters I shall make a more exact inquiry elsewhere," the result of which promise is not now extant.

"But now," he proceeds, "I shall produce the Egyptians as

witnesses to the antiquity of our nation. I shall, therefore, again bring in Manetho and what he says concerning the order of the times, he thus writes: "After the departure of the people of the Shepherds from Egypt he who effected their exodus, namely, King Tethmosis (Aram. Sethmosis,) reigned afterwards twenty-five years and four months and then died, after him his son Chebron, administered the government for thirteen years; after whom Amenophis twenty years and seven months. Then his sister Amesses (Arm. Amenses) twenty-one years and nine months; after her came Mephres for twelve years and nine months; and then Mephramouthosis for twenty-five years and ten months; after him was Tuthmosis (Thmosis) nine years and eight months; after him came Amenophis for thirty years and ten months; then Orus for thirty-six years and five months; then followed his daughter Acenchres for twelve years and one month; her brother Rathotis, then for nine years; then was Acenchres twelve years and five months; and then another Acenchres twelve years and three months; then succeeded Armais for four years and one month; and then came Rameses for one year and four months; after him came Armeses Miamon for sixty-six years and two months; after him Amenophis for nineteen years and six months; after him Sethosis and Rameses, who had an army of horse and a naval force. This king appointed his brother Armais to be his deputy over Egypt, etc., as above.

AS TO THE TIME OF RAMESES II.

In regard to the time of our Rameses II., who was called by some Mares, who or one of his sons has been understood as Tuthmosis III. and who with his son and successor appears to have created the Rameseum, called also the Memnonium after his son name Amenophis, I may remark that in an unpublished commentary upon the Almagest of Ptolemy by Theon, an Alexandrian scientist at the close of the 4th century of our era, which has been hitherto deemed a very trustworthy authority, there is the following passage: "If we compute the years from Menophres to the end of the Augustan era, we get a sum total of 1605 years; if we add to these the 100 years which had elapsed since the beginning of the Diocletian era, we get 1705 years." * The Augustan era in Egypt

Larcher, Treatise on Herodotus, 11. 553; 2nd Edition.

ended in A. D. 283; and the Diocletian era began on the 29th of August, 284. Hence the period from Menophres down to the

close of the Augustan era in Alexandria is
of which there passed after the Christian era

1605 years

283

66

leaving 1322 years B. C. for Menophres, which name in Africanus is spelled Mencheres, he being the seventh ruler of the old 5th dynasty, and stands in the place of a son of our Rameses II. In the astronomical subjects introduced in the decoration of the Rameseum or Memnoneum, erected by this Rameses II. and his son, in the western part of Thebes, is the arrangement of the 12 Egyptian months, under their usual heads of the three Tetraminies. Between the last month, Mesare, and the 1st of Thoth a space is left corresponding, as is reasonably supposed, to the five days of the Epact (introduced between the end of Mesare, and the beginning of Thoth of the ensuing year), and beneath this is the figure of Sothis, representing the heliacal rising of that star. This, then, must have occurred at the beginning of Thoth or in the middle of the first days of the Epact and it serves to indicate the year in which the building was erected. And since the canicular period commenced when the 1st of Thoth fell on the 20th of July, 1322 B. C., we may assign this date to Menophres or Mencheres, the son of our Rameses II., in whose reign it was completed. This was the man whom Wilkinson (mistaking his father for Sesostris the Great) supposed to have come to the throne in 1355 B. C. The forms Menophres and Mencheres are for Amun-phre and Amun-chre, the ph and ch interchanging, both phre and cheres meaning the Sun or the King. This is also exchangeable with the forms Amun-Phthah, Menephthah or Amenophis. It appears to me that the derivation of Ptah must be P-Theth, meaning "the" revealer, opener, enlightener, and so creator. It must be the original of our word patent, the Latin root pate, to open, and the Phoenician Pataikoi, meaning the Cabiri, in which words the first T of the component Theth is lost. or understoood to be replaced by P. In the composition of names or at least as some names are commonly used, the word Thoth is often found in an abbreviated form, thus Manetho is for Amunthoth or Thothmes. The statue of the ram was one of the chief adornments to the temple of Amun at Thebes. This might suggest the word ram as a formation of the word Amun. If then we prefix R

or Ra to Amun, in its root form, that is, Raam, and add on Phis, which equals Seph or Seth, etc., we have Ramphis or Rameses and so Amenophis, might by some ancient Egyptian historians have been written Ramenophis and so by abbreviation Remphis, as in Diodorus. Memphis is a form of this last name, while Thebes is Tep (Typho) which equals ap-ep and Seth for Teth. One of the best known meanings of both the forms Amun and Seth is a pillar, and they both being of like meaning are often compounded together as in Amenseth or Sethamun, which is exchangeable again with Thothmes. The Latin root am, I love, and the English root am, meaning to be, to live, is the same with the Egyptian root am in Amun, which means the self-existent, he who lives and loves, which last two words are variations of each other, for to love truly is realy to live.

Now, as to our quotation from Josephus relating to a Middle or Hyksos empire, he notices that the Shepherds, an ignoble race, coming from the eastern parts succeeded in overrunning Egypt and in putting themselves in possession of the government at a time when one, whom he calls Timaeos, was king. This name, as in Josephus, I would understand as for Tethmosis, which, as according to Lepsius, from the inscriptions, is spelled Ttms. Josephus would, of course, throw off one T and spell it Timaios, as in the ordinary Greek. The name evidently refers in this case to the chief of the 18th dynasty; but he does not appear to have lost the government of Egypt to any invading force; for he and his descendants continued in its possession for thirty eight reigns.

Josephus and Africanus, both speaking of six particular Shepherd kings would, at once, in the circumstances, suggest to the mind that this 18th dynasty, consisting of just six generations, were the Shepherd kings whose first dynasty consisted of exactly six generations.

The following is the direct line of the generations of the 18th dynasty from Lepsius' Genealogy. I give herein only one representative of each generation: