been a revolution. The Ostrogoths from Pannonia under Theodoric had in 490 invaded Italy; and after three years of war conquered Odoacer, and established over it an Ostrogothic, in place of the Herulian kingdom: an empire extending from Sicily to Pannonia inclusive; and which lasted above 30 years till Theodoric's death in 526.'-5. Bavaria was still an adjoining independent kingdom.2-6. On occasion of Theodoric's death the Ostrogothic kingdom (though still continued in Italy) having receded from its former extension into the Province of Pannonia, and thus made way for its formal cession that same year 526 by the Greek emperor to the Lombards, these latter had begun a bloody and long-protracted war to reduce the Gepida that contested the province with them ;-therein preparing themselves (as it may be well to observe in passing) for the yet more distinguished part that they were to act, ere the close of the 6th century, in the conquest of the greater part of Italy. Thus, in fine, there existed at the epoch of A. D. 532 the fol to Odoacer, tributario jure. See Ennodius' Letter to Theodoric, B. P. M. ix. 374: 'Quibus (Vandalis) pro annuâ pensione satis est amicitia tua." " Hunneric, the successor to Genseric in the Vandal African kingdom, banished the faithful Trinitarian Bishops of that country to Sardinia, as a province of his kingdom, early in the vith century. See my Vol. ii. pp. 213, 214. "His domestic alliances united the family of Theodoric with the kings of the Franks, the Burgundians, the Visigoths, the Vandals, and the Thuringians ; and contributed to maintain the balance of the great Republic of the West." So Gibbon, vii. 21. Again: "He reduced under a strong and regular government the unprofitable countries of Rhaetia, Noricum, Dalmatia, and Pannonia; from the source of the Danube and territory of the Bavarians, to the petty kingdom erected by the Gepidae on the ruins of Sirmium. vii. 23. 2 See Note 3 to p. 119.-A very few years after the epoch I am describing, the Bavarians, as well as Burgundians and Allemanni, were temporarily subjected to the Franks. Gib. vi. 341.-" In A.D. 788," says Müller ii. 77, "Duke Thassilo of Bavaria, not without impatience, acknowledged Charlemagne superior." On Charlemagne's death, Italy, Bavaria, and Pannonia unitedly constituted the third of his empire bequeathed to Pepin. 3 For a brief sketch of the Lombards' establishment on Roman territory, their previous history, and first exploits there, see Gibbon vii. 274.-Sir I. Newton (on Daniel) makes the Lombards to have been in Pannonia, as early as the reign of Odoacer; for he speaks of their migrating under their king Gudehoc (a cotemporary of Odoacer) from Pannonia into Rugiland on the North of the Danube; and then returning into Pannonia, A.D. 526, under king Audoin. Dr. Allix too, in his list of Gothic kingdoms corresponding with the year 486, inserts the Lombards. But I know not on what authority. Paul Warnefrid is evidently the ancient authority from whom Sir I. Newton chiefly draws his facts; and he says nothing to warrant the representation. See his Hist. Longobard. B. P. M. xiii. 164. lowing ten kingdoms on the platform of the Western Roman empire; viz. the Anglo-Saxons, the Franks of central, Alleman-Franks of Eastern, and BurgundicFranks of South-Eastern France, the Visigoths, the Suevi, the Vandals, the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Bavarians, and the Lombards :-still ten in all. The most important difference between this and the former list is that there the Heruli had place among the ten, here the Lombards the latter being numerically, though not as yet geographically, in the stead of the former. Such then is my second list, and that to which I conceive the sacred prophecy to have had respect, from the circumstance of the epoch being otherwise, as I shall soon have to show, very notable. I may observe that I have drawn up both the one list and the other entirely for myself from historic records, not consulting prophetic Commentators on the subject. And the great coincidence that they exhibit with such of the lists of others as have reference to the same period,1 or nearly 1 That of Dr. Allix, drawn up to suit the same year 486 as my first list, precisely agrees with mine, with but one exception; viz. that he, instead of the Bavarians, specifies the Lombards; for whose existence however as a nation at that early date, within the limits of the ancient empire, 1 can find, as observed in the preceding Note, no authority. With regard to other authors of eminent name, Machiavel enumerates the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Sueves, Vandals, Franks, Burgundians, Heruli, Saxons, Huns, Lombards;-Bossuet, the Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Burgundians, Sueves, Alans, Heruli, Lombards, Allemans, Saxons ;-Mede, the Britons, Saxons, Franks, Burgundians, Visigoths, Sueves, Vandals, Allemans, Ostrogoths, and Greeks ;-Sir I. Newton, the Vandals, Suevi, Visigoths, Alans in Gaul, Burgundians, Franks, Britons, Huns, Lombards, Greeks of Ravenna;-Bishop Newton, the Britons, Saxons, Franks, Burgundians, Allemans, Huns, Lombards, Greeks of Ravenna, and Dukes of Rome.-Machiavel dates the Lombards, as I do, A.D. 526. The reader will find it interesting to compare Jerom's list, given at the time of the first irruption of the Goths into Italy, A.D. 409: "Quadus, Vandalus, Sarmates, Haluni, Gepides, Heruli, Saxones, Burgundiones, Alemanni, et hostes Pannonii." (See my Vol. i. p. 369, Note '.)-Also that of Berengaud, the Apocalyptic commentator of the 9th century. "Quarta Bestia," (i. e. of Daniel,) "per quam Romani designati sunt, decem cornua habuisse describitur; per quæ ea regna quæ Romanum imperium destruxerunt designata sunt, sicut S. Hieronymus quorundam assertionem sequens exponit. Eandem itaque significationem habent decem cornua in Apocalypsi hoc loco: significant quippe ea regna per quæ Romanum imperium destructum est. Partem namque Asiæ per se primitus abstulerunt I postea vero Saraceni totam subegerunt: Vandali Africam sibi vindicaverunt, Gothi Hispaniam, Lombardi Italiam, Burgundiones Galliam, Franci * Some word seems wanting here, designative of one of the Barbarian invaders. the same, may add to the Reader's confidence that they are fairly taken.-Let me not forget to add that, as the horns appeared in the Apocalyptic vision diademed, so it was the diadem that the Gothic kings, after and excepting Odoacer, usually wore in badge of sovereignty : (of this examples are given below :) also that at certain long subsequent epochs of note, notwithstanding many intervening revolutions and changes in Western Europe, the number ten has been noted as the number of the Western Roman or Papal kingdoms. So Gibbon of the 12th century; Daubuz of the time of the Reformation,3 Whiston of the commencement of the 18th century;" Cuninghame of that of the last great political settlement of Europe A.D. 1815.5-No doubt at intermediate times between 486 and 533, (as well as afterwards,) lists might be made of existing cotemporary kingdoms on the territory of the Western empire, exhibiting one or two more than the number ten, or one or two short. But I think it may be said that ten, rather than any other, was about that time the characteristic number.6 And Romish Germaniam, Hunni Pannoniam, Alani autem et Suevi multa loca depopulati sunt, quæ eorum subjacebant ditioni." Ad Apoc. xvii. 12. 1 Of Odoacer Gibbon writes, vi. 226: "Odoacer abstained, during his whole reign, from the use of the purple and diadem:"—of Clovis, vi. 338; "On that solemn day" (the day of his inauguration into the Roman consulship) "placing a diadem on his head, Clovis was invested with the purple tunic and mantle : and so again ix. 152 of Pepin's coronation by Boniface. Again of the son of Leovigild, Visi-Gothic king of Spain, A.D. 577, he says, vi. 296; "His eldest son Hermenegild was invested by his father with the royal diadem ; " and ix. 473 of Roderic, the last of the Visigothic line, A.D. 711, before the battle of Xeres; "Alaric would have blushed at the sight of his unworthy successor, sustaining on his head a diadem of pearls.”—Once more in a Papal grant to the Emperor it was said in the middle age, (Hallam, ii. 364 ;) "Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diadema Rodulpho." Speaking of Roger, first king of Sicily, A.D. 1130, Gibbon, x. 310, thus writes: The nine kings of the Latin world might disclaim their new associate, unless he were consecrated by the authority of the Supreme Pontiff: "-the nine kings being enumerated by him in a Note as those of France, England, Scotland, Castile, Arragon, Navarre, Sweden, Denmark, Hungary.-See too Vitringa, p. 788. p. 557. Referred to by Bishop Newton on Dan. vii. 5 p. 144. 3 6 The futurist school calls attention to the partial difference of the lists; a difference arising in part from the greater or less geographical extent assigned to the Empire, (for some add in an invader or two of the Eastern Empire ;) in part from the difference of æra to which the lists refer. Might they not as well deny that the great horn of the hc-goat of Daniel viii meant Alexander the Great, (though the Angel asserts as much,) because this horn was broken into four, and writers of eminence, as well as Protestant, have so represented it.1 As to the connexion of those ten early barbaric kingdoms with the Bishops of Rome as their spiritual Head, agreeably with the Apocalyptic symbol of the ten horn's sprouting from the Beast's eighth Head, we shall have ample evidence in the next Chapter. For the present I shall only cite Müller's testimony: 2 who, when speaking of their early rise and mutations, observes, "With the exception of the Papacy, they had no point of union." 3 CHAPTER V. THE BEAST'S DEVELOPMENT, EARLY GROWTH, Superhuman pride and self-exaltation, super-regal power, blasphemy as regards God, and oppression of the saints, such are the chief general characteristics assigned to the ten-horned Apocalyptic Beast, or rather to its eighth Head, in the prophecy.) I say to its eighth Head: for we must never forget the Angel's comment,* showing that it is this that is the grand subject of the description; the body in all being influenced by, and obeying, and supporting its Head. And such characteristics I shall, I expect, in the present Chapter be enabled to show to have attached, one and all, most strikingly to the that expositors might enumerate more or fewer kingdoms than four, as those into which Alexander's kingdom broke up, by referring to different æras? 1 E. g. Machiavelli, Bossuet, Dupin, Calmet, Bishop Walmesley. Brooks, 431. 2 Universal History, i. 412. (English Transl.) 3 Daubuz, p. 557, compares these ten kings to the ten Canaanitish kings, that occupied the land till dispossest by the arrival of the Lord's people Israel. 4 Apoc. xvii. 11; “The beast that was and is not, is the eighth head:" also verse 13; "The ten horns are ten kings that shall give their authority to the beast: i. e. evidently to its ruling head. 5 We may contrast the second Beast; of which, though of course it had a head, yet the two lamb-like horns only are distinctively noted. new sacerdotal Head of the decem-regal revived Roman Empire; i. e. to the POPES or BISHOPS OF ROME. I am led alike by the Apocalyptic description, and that given in those other prophecies which we saw to have reference to the same power, to exhibit this in a twofold chronological point of view, each of which will furnish matter for a separate Section: viz. first in its incipient development, cotemporarily with the rise of the ten kingdoms; secondly as more fully unfolded afterwards, throughout the remainder of the 1260 years, its destined period of prospering. And this will I think appear, that it was all, from first throughout, in the predicted and very peculiar character of ANTICHRIST. "Thou art in character and in name as a rock," said our Lord to Peter, with reference to his noble and true confession, just before made, of Jesus as the CHRist. "Thou art as a rock; and on this rock' will I build my Church." But what, were this to be expounded of Peter not personally alone,2 nor as bound up indissolubly with his true confession of Jesus Christ;3 but of Peter simply as the official representative and head of a derived line of episcopal succession? Such on his other schemes against Christ's Church failing, (as we may infer from a comparison of prophecy and history,) was Satan's reserved plan of proceeding. and upon that rock,' it was his thought, I will build me a kingdom and Church of ANTICHRIST.' 1 Συ ει Πετρος, και επι ταύτῃ τῇ πετρα ωκοδομήσω την εκκλησίαν τε Matt. xvi. 18. My translation, though not exactly accurate, may yet serve to suggest the difference between the πετρος and πετρα. 2 So Whitby explains the passage, with reference to Peter's being the apostle whose sermon instrumentally laid the foundation of the Church in the 3000 first converted at Jerusalem; and his afterwards opening it to the Gentiles, in the reception and baptism of Cornelius. 3 So Augustine explains the passage. "Hoc ei nomen Petrus à Domino impositum est; et hoc in eâ figurâ, ut significaret Ecclesiam. Quia enim Christus petra, Petrus populus Christianus. Petra enim principale nomen est. Ideo Petrus à petrâ, non petra à Petro. Tu es,' inquit, 'Petrus; et super hanc petram quam confessus es, super hanc petram quam cognovisti, dicens, Tu es Christus, Filius Dei vivi, ædificabo ecclesiam meam; id est, super me ipsum, Filium Dei vivi. Super me ædificabo te; non me super te." Serm. lxxvi. 1; and so again Serm. cclxx. 2. It seems to me very remarkable that immediately after this eulogy of St. Peter as a rock on which the Church would be built, (a eulogy following on his true |