Appendix. by hand, with genuine bees wax, mixed with one sixth part of clear turpentine; and, for small sails, in a mixture made with bee swax 4 lb. hogs lard 5 lb. and clear turpentine I lb. In the merchant service, the twine is dipped in tar (L), softened with a proper proportion of oil.

"It is the erroneous practice of some sailmakers not to sew the seams any farther than where the edge is creased down for the tabling; but all sails should be sewed quite home to the end, and, when finished, should be well rubbed down with a rubber. In the merchant service seams are sometimes made broader at the foot than at the head, being stronger. Broad seems are not allowed to be made on courses, in the royal navy, but goring leeches are adopted in lieu of them. Boom-mainsails and the sails of sloops generally have the seams broader at the foot than at the head. The seams of courses and topsails are stuck or stitched up, in the middle of the seams, along the whole length, with double seaming twine; and have from 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. In the merchant service it is common to stick the seams with two rows of stitches, when the sail is half worn, as they will then last till the sail is

worn out.

"The breadth of the seams of courses, topsails, and other sails, in the royal navy, to be as follow, viz. courses and topsails, for 50 gun ships and upwards, one inch and a half, and for 44 gun ships and under, one inch and a quarter, at head and foot; all other sails, one inch at head and foot.

"The tablings of all sails are to be of a proportionable breadth to the size of the sail, and sewed at the edge, with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. Those for the heads of main and fore courses to be four to six inches wide; for sprit courses and mizens, drivers, and other boom sails, 3 to 4 inches wide; for topsails, 3 inches to 4 inches and a half; topgallant and sprit topsails, 3 inches; royal sails, 2 inches and a half; jib and other staysails, 3 inches to 4 inches and a half, on the stay or heist; and for studding sails, 3 inches to 4 inches on the head. Tablings on the foot and leeches of main and fore courses to be 3 inches to 5 inches broad; sprit course and topsails, 3 inches; topgallant and sprit topsails, 2 inches and a half; royals, 2 inches; fore leeches of mizen, driver, and other boomsails, 3 inches and a half 4 inches; after leech, 3 inches; and on the foot 2 or 3 inches. Tablings on the after leech of jibs and other staysails to be from 2 to 3 inches broad; and, on the foot, 2 to 2 inches and a half: on studding sail leeches one inch and a half to two inches and a half; and on the foot, from one to two inches..

to

"Main and fore courses are lined on the leeches, from clue to earing, with one cloth seamed on and stuck or stitched in the middle, and have a middle band half way between the lower reef band and the foot, also four buntline cloths, at equal distances between the leeches, the upper ends of which are carried under the middle band, that the lower side of the band may be tabled upon or sewed over the end of the buntline pieces. They have likewise two reef bands; each in breadth one third

of the breadth of the canvas; the upper one is one sixth Appendix. of the depth of the sail from the head, and the lower band is at the same distance from the upper one; the ends go four inches under the leech linings, which are seamed over the reef bands. All linings are seamed on, and are stuck with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard.

"Main, fore, and mizen topsails have leech linings, mast and top linings, buntline cloths, middle bands, and reef bands. The leech-linings are made of one breadth of cloth, so cut and sewed as to be half a cloth broad at the head, and a cloth and a half broad at the foot; the piece cut out being half the breadth of the cloth at one end, and tapering to a point at the other. The middle bands are put on half way between the lower reef and foot, the buntline cloths join the top-linings, and the buntline cloths and top-linings are carried up to the lower side of the middle band, which is tabled on them. The mast lining is of two cloths, and extends from the foot of the sail to the lower reef, to receive the beat or chafe of the mast. The middle band is made of one breadth of canvas, of the same number as the toplining. It is first folded and rubbed down, to make a crease at one third of the breadth; then tabled on the selvage, and stuck along the crease; then turned down, and tabled and stuck through both the double and single parts, with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. It is the opinion of many, that middle bands should not be put on until the sail is half worn.

"Main and fore topsails have three and sometimes four reef bands from leech to leech, over the leech linings; the upper one is one eighth of the depth of the sail from the head, and they are the same distance asunder in the royal navy, but more in the merchant service. The reef bands are each of half a breadth of canvas put on double; the first side is stuck twice, and the last turned over, so that the reef holes may be worked upon the double part of the band, which is also stuck with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard.

"The top-lining of topsails is of canvas, No 6 or 7. The other linings of this, and all the linings of other sails, should be of the same quality as the sails to which they belong.

"Top-linings and mast cloths are put on the ft side,. and all other linings on the fore-side, of sails. Mizens are lined with one breadth of cloth from the clue five yards up the leech, and have a reef band sewed on, in the same manner as on other sails, at one fifth the depth of the sail from the foot; they have also a nock-piece and a peek-piece, one cut out of the other, so that each contains one yard. Mizen topsails of 50 gnn ships and upwards have three reefs, the upper one is one eighth of the depth of the sail from the head, and the reefs are at the same distance asunder. Mizen topsails of ships of 44 guns and under have two reefs one seventh part of the depth of the sail asunder, the upper one being at the same distance from the head. Main and main top studding sails have each one reef, at one eighth of the depth of the sail from the head. Reef bands should not be put on until the sail is sewed up, a contrary practice being very erroneous. Lower staysails,