thy righteousness as the waves of the sea.' The world is always thinking that the 'peace as a river' is to be had without having 'hearkened to the commandment,' but the prophet knows better."

After all, it may be said, this is but prophecy after the event. Yet at any rate it may be claimed for Arnold that he opened his eyes to the light before the majority of politicians of either party. He, at any rate, "never affected to be either surprised or indignant at the antipathy of the Irish to us," and while he had grave doubts as to the wisdom of Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, he dreaded a policy of inaction and "drift" on the other side. "The fatal thing at this moment," he writes on October 21, 1886, "is drifting. And the stale old hacks always love to talk plausibly and to drift.' I do not wish to have anarchy in Ireland or to disestablish the Church of England; but Lord Clanricarde as an Irish landlord and Lord Lonsdale as the patron of forty livings have become impossible. They must be seriously dealt with. The old hacks want still to leave them as they are, to talk plausibly about them, and to drift." His idea was to give at once a thorough-going system of local government to the whole of the United Kingdom, and to Ireland especially, before matters there became more acute. "The worst of it is," he writes July 11, 1886, "that the English do not know how much more

'The first Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of Lords on second reading June 8, 1886.

than other people-than the French, the Germans, the Swiss, the Americans they are without any system of local government of an effective kind themselves, and what they lose by being without it, so they can the less understand the necessity of granting something of the kind to the Irish, though they see in a dim way what a necessity there is." First he would assert the law with a resolute hand, but that done, he would without loss of time try to remove the causes of discontent. For while "unswerving firmness in repressing disorder is always a Government's duty, so, too, is unswerving firmness in redressing injustice." Conscious of the extravagances of the popular leaders, he nevertheless clung to the belief that responsibility would exercise a sobering influence even there, and in any case he was convinced that "the Castle and its system are as surely doomed as Protestant ascendency."

Nevertheless, Arnold thoroughly disliked the land legislation which was passed for Ireland in 1870, not indeed from a disposition to exonerate the acts of bad landlords, but from distrust of any radical interference with traditional principles of law. He would rather have taken every individual case of alleged injustice on its merits, and guilt having been brought home to a landlord, he would have summarily executed on him justice forte et dure. His method of so doing was simplicity itself: "A Commission should draw up a list of offenders, and an Act of Parliament should expropriate them without scruple." There would, of course, be

compensation, though he half regretted it, for he feared it was almost certain to be too generous. English landlords would probably be horrified at such procedure, but that, he told them, was only because they were pedants. For himself the dictum of Burke was convincing, at least in reference to Ireland's agrarian troubles: "The law bears and must bear with the vices and follies of men until they actually strike at the root of order," and a bad landlord was for him a traitor to the commonwealth.

THE following list, which has been compiled by the

help of Mr. T. B. Smart's exhaustive Bibliography, is confined to Complete and Collected Works. In each case the date of the first edition is given, and later editions are only named where special reasons require it.

PROSE

England and the Italian Question, 1859.

The Popular Education of France, with Notices of that of Holland and Switzerland, 1861. First printed as a Parliamentary Paper. The Preface appears in Mixed Essays (1879) under the title "Democracy."

On Translating Homer: Three Lectures given at Oxford, 1861.

On Translating Homer: Last Words (a Lecture given at Oxford), 1862.

A French Eton; or, Middle-class Education and the State, 1864.

Essays in Criticism, 1865. First Series, containing Preface, "The Function of Criticism at the Present

Time," "The Literary Influence of Academies," "Maurice de Guérin,” “Eugénie de Guérin,” "Heinrich Heine," "Pagan and Mediæval Religious Sentiment," "Joubert," "Spinoza" (which becomes "Spinoza and the Bible" in the second edition, 1869), and “Marcus Aurelius." A Persian Passion Play was added to the third edition, 1875

On the Study of Celtic Literature, 1867. (Lectures at Oxford.)

Schools and Universities on the Continent, 1868. (Prepared as a Parliamentary Report, with special Preface.) Higher Schools and Universities in Germany, 1874 (containing the part of "Schools and Universities on the Continent" relating to Germany).

Culture and Anarchy: an Essay in Political and Social Criticism, 1869.

St. Paul and Protestantism, with an Introduction on Puritanism and the Church of England, 1870. In the second edition, 1870, the Introductory Essay is placed at the end; in the popular edition of 1887 “A Comment on Christmas" is added, the Preface becomes "Modern Dissent" and a new Preface takes its place.

Friendship's Garland: being the Conversations, Letters, and Opinions of the late Arminius, Baron von Thunder-Ten-Tronckh, 1871.

Literature and Dogma: an Essay towards a Better Apprehension of the Bible, 1873.

God and the Bible: a Review of Objections to "Literature and Dogma," 1875. (In the popular edition of